Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsis lees paub qhov hais tias "kos ib tug Lavxias teb sab - koj yuav pom ib tug Tatar"

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub Mongol ntxeem tau tshuav yuav luag tsis muaj kab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab genomes, thiab cov Scythians tsis yog peb cov yawg koob. Los ntawm leej twg cov Russians tuaj thiab dab tsi tuaj yeem kawm txog lawv los ntawm DNA - hauv cov khoom ntawm RIA Novosti.

Lub genome ntawm Russia yog dab tsi?

"Lub genome ntawm Lavxias teb sab, zoo li lub genome ntawm lwm yam kab mob, muaj plaub nucleotides: adenine, guanine, cytosine thiab thymine, uas yog monoesters ntawm phosphoric acid thiab txuas los ntawm ib tug phosphodiester bond. Ntau tshaj 99.5 feem pua ntawm cov nucleotide sequences nyob rau hauv lub genomes ntawm tag nrho cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no zoo tib yam, thiab tag nrho cov sib txawv yog suav tias yog ib nrab ib feem pua los yog tsawg dua - ib feem kaum, "- lus rau RIA Novosti Vladimir Bryukhin, ua tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Dobrzhansky Center for Genomic Bioinformatics, St. State University.

Thaum DNA tau txais los ntawm ib tiam dhau ib tiam, ntau yam kev hloov pauv tshwm sim hauv nws cov qauv. Cov no yog cov ntxig lossis qhov khoob (kev tshem tawm) ntawm cov tawg, ntev lossis luv rov ua dua ntawm qee qhov sib xyaw ntawm nucleotides, ib leeg-nucleotide polymormisms, thaum tsuas yog ib tsab ntawv hloov pauv hauv qee qhov ntawm cov noob, thiab lwm yam txawv. Qee qhov tshwm sim los ntawm lub caij nyoog (genetic drift), lwm tus yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev hloov mus rau ib puag ncig. Tag nrho cov no, raws li txoj cai, nyob rau hauv qhov tsis-coding ib feem ntawm lub genome, ib tug uas tsis nqa cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov synthesis ntawm cov proteins.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm genome tuaj yeem tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab tau txais ib qho foothold hauv cov pejxeem. Tom qab ntawd nws ua haujlwm ua tus cim uas qee cov pej xeem txawv ntawm lwm tus. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nws yog deb ntawm ib txwm ua tau unambiguously piv cov pejxeem nrog cov neeg keeb kwm.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau tshawb pom ntau yam ntawm genomes

Muaj yuav luag ob puas haiv neeg nyob rau hauv Russia, ntawm uas hais txog yim caum feem pua hais tias lawv yog Lavxias teb sab. Tab sis txawm tias lawv cov kws tshawb fawb xav tias lawv yog "polyethnos", qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov neeg Balto-Slavic thiab Germanic thaum ub, Finno-Ugric thiab Turkic haiv neeg, ntau haiv neeg tsawg. Cov genomes ntawm Russians los ntawm ntau lub cheeb tsam, feem ntau nyob sib ze sawv daws yuav, txawv markedly. Nyob rau hauv ib lo lus, nws yog unrealistic coj tag nrho cov genetic ntau haiv neeg ntawm Russians nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau denominator thiab tau ib tug tej yam genome ntawm "nruab nrab Lavxias teb sab".

Vim li no, piv txwv li, rau qhov project "Lavxias teb sab Genomes", uas yog siv nyob rau hauv lub auspices ntawm St. Petersburg State University, ntau tshaj li tsib caug pejxeem tau raug xaiv, nrog rau peb caug lub regional Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg. Txog tam sim no, 330 genomes los ntawm 17 cov neeg tau ua tiav. Qhov no tsis txaus rau kev txheeb cais, tab sis cov kws tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no tau qhia qee qhov txiaj ntsig.

"Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej, feem ntau, cov neeg Lavxias muaj ntau qhov sib xws nrog Finno-Ugrians, Baltic thiab Western European genomes, uas, txawm li cas los xij, qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm kev tsiv teb tsaws thiab kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg. Ugric, thiab cov Russians yav qab teb yog nyob ze rau Western European sawv daws yuav thiab xyaum tsis muaj cov Finno-Ugric tivthaiv, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov Russians nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb hnub poob thiab nruab nrab ntawm Russia, "tus kws tshawb fawb txuas ntxiv.

Cov noob qhia txog cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev noj qab haus huv

Cov kws tshawb fawb txaus siab rau ob qho tib si haiv neeg thiab kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov noob sib txawv: predisposition rau cov kab mob, kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov tshuaj, qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev noj lawv.

"Raws li peb cov kev tshawb fawb tau pom, qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov genome ntawm txhua tus neeg muaj 50-60 genomic variants uas cuam tshuam qhov yuav tshwm sim ntawm tus kab mob tshwj xeeb," sau tseg Bryukhin.

Nws tau ntev tau paub tias qee yam kab mob tshwm sim muaj ntau dua hauv qee cov neeg ntau dua li lwm tus. Piv txwv li, phenylketonuria, uas yog tshwm sim los ntawm cov kab mob metabolic thiab ua rau kev puas hlwb nrog kev noj zaub mov tsis zoo, tsis tshua muaj neeg nyob sab Europe thiab Russians. Tab sis cov neeg Mari, Chuvash, Udmurts thiab Adyghe yuav luag tsis muaj. Txog qhov sib txawv ntawm caj ces yog lub luag haujlwm rau qhov no, cov kws tshawb fawb yuav tsum paub.

"Qhov feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob sib txawv hauv TBC1D31 gene, cuam tshuam, piv txwv li, nrog rau cov mob ntshav qab zib mellitus, txawv ntawm Pskov thiab Novgorod cov pej xeem los ntawm yuav luag ob zaug thiab xya zaug piv rau cov pej xeem Yakut," tus kws tshawb fawb ntxiv, hais ntxiv tias. cov no yog cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej.

Thiab yog tias koj khawb ntxaum

Cov noob caj noob ces txuas DNA thiab haiv neeg li cas? Lawv mus ncig ua si mus rau ntau thaj chaw, coj cov qauv ntawm cov neeg hauv zos thiab sau cov haiv neeg twg lawv xav tias lawv yog lawv tus kheej, lawv niam lawv txiv thiab pog yawg tuaj ntawm qhov twg. Yog tias tsawg kawg peb tiam neeg ntawm ib tsev neeg nyob hauv ib lub zos thiab hu lawv tus kheej Russians, xws li ib tug genome yog ntaus nqi rau cov haiv neeg no los ntawm ib cheeb tsam.

Nuclear thiab mitochondrial DNA yog tom qab ntawd cais tawm ntawm cov qaub ncaug lossis cov ntshav kuaj hauv chav kuaj thiab ua tiav kev ua tiav. Cov txiaj ntsig - cov hlua ntawm ntau lab ntawm cov ntawv - raug tshuaj xyuas hauv cov haujlwm, cais cov cim paub, nrhiav cov tshiab, thiab sib piv nrog ib leeg. Extraction thiab sequencing txoj kev, nrog rau kev tsom xam algorithms, yog tas li raug txhim kho.

Nyob rau hauv 2015, cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm General Genetics ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences, ua ke nrog txawv teb chaws lug txhawb cov miv, luam tawm cov kev tshwm sim ntawm ib tug loj-scale kev tshawb fawb ntawm Lavxias teb sab genomes. Raws li lawv cov ntaub ntawv, cov pab pawg sab qaum teb, nruab nrab thiab sab qab teb tau pom meej meej. Qhov txawv yog nyob rau hauv lub "substratum", uas yog, cov haiv neeg uas nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub European ib feem ntawm Russia ua ntej lub sij hawm tuaj txog ntawm lub Slavs thiab Balts.

Kev sim txheeb xyuas qhov qub poj koob yawm txwv substrate nrog cov neeg niaj hnub no tsis yog lawm. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav kom xaus tias nws muaj txawm tias ua ntej kev faib cov pej xeem mus rau Slavs, Balts, Germans, Finno-Ugric haiv neeg, thiab lwm yam. Peb tau sib cais los ntawm nws rau ntau tshaj ib txhiab xyoo. Cov neeg no yog leej twg, tus tuav ntawm cov kab lis kev cai, tseem yuav pom.

Cov kev xav dav dav hais tias cov Slavs yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Scythians thiab, nyob rau hauv qhov dav dav, Asians, tsis tau lees paub rau tib lub laj thawj: cov Scythians nyob ob thiab ib nrab txhiab xyoo dhau los. Cov neeg Lavxias kuj tseem muaj lawv cov noob, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm lwm haiv neeg uas nyob ze rau peb lub sijhawm.

Nws zoo ib yam li cov noob ntawm Neanderthals thiab Denisovans, uas cov neeg Lavxias muaj, zoo li cov neeg niaj hnub no feem ntau, txij li peb txhua tus nqis los ntawm tib cov poj koob yawm txwv uas tawm hauv Africa ntau pua txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tseem tsis lees paub qhov txiaj ntsig zoo ntawm Tatar-Mongols rau lub pas dej hauv Lavxias. Tus quab tau cuam tshuam txog keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai, tab sis nws txoj kab tsis tshua pom nyob hauv cov noob. Cov neeg Esxias feem ntau tam sim no nyob rau hauv me me, tab sis ntau ancient, los ntawm cov haiv neeg uas nyob rau hauv Siberia ntev ua ntej cov txheej xwm ntawm lub XII-XIV centuries.

Ib qho piv txwv piv txwv yog kev kawm txog genomes ntawm Cossacks. Qee cov kws sau keeb kwm lees paub tias txij li Cossacks nyob ntawm ciam teb ntawm Russia, tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm cov pab pawg neeg hais lus Turkic, lawv tuaj yeem nqus cov steppe (lub ntsiab lus ntawm Mongol-Tatar).

Cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias, ua ke nrog lawv cov npoj yaig Ukrainian, txiav txim siab los tshuaj xyuas qhov no thiab ua raws cov genomes ntawm plaub pawg Cossack. Nws muab tawm hais tias cuaj caum feem pua ntawm cov noob pas dej ua ke ntawm lub Upper thiab qis Don, Kuban, Zaporozhye zoo ib yam li cov East Slavic, xws li nyob rau hauv Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians. Tab sis Terek Cossacks yog ib qho kev zam, lawv muaj kev pom zoo ntawm North Caucasian noob.

Kev kawm txog cov genomes ntawm Russians thiab lwm haiv neeg nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws yog lub ntsiab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no science. Yog tsis muaj qhov no, nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub no, cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw thaum ub, kom paub meej thiab ntsuas keeb kwm kev xav. Thiab qhov no yog qhov tsim nyog txhawm rau txhawm rau kawm txog kev sib kis ntawm cov kab mob sib kis, txhawm rau nrhiav cov cim caj ces uas yuav pab ua cov tshuaj tsom.