Cov kws tshawb fawb piav qhia qhov tsis meej ntawm cov funnels ntawm Lavxias teb sab platform los ntawm hydrogen degassing

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Tshaj li 15 xyoo dhau los, ntau qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev tsim cov craters tau raug sau tseg hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm European ib feem ntawm Russia. Ntawm lawv, ob hom sawv tawm: tawg thiab puas tsuaj.

Cov txheej txheem nrog cov tsos ntawm cov craters tawg yog qee zaum zoo nkauj heev. Thaum lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1991, 400 meters los ntawm ciam teb ntawm lub nroog Sasovo (sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub Ryazan cheeb tsam), muaj ib tug muaj zog tawg, vim hais tias ntawm lub qhov rais thiab lub qhov rooj tau khob tawm nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub nroog.

Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, xws li kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev poob siab ntawm lub nroog tuaj yeem ua rau tawg ntawm tsawg kawg yog ob peb kaum tons ntawm TNT. Txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm cov khoom tawg tau pom. Txoj kab uas hla ntawm tus tsim funnel No. 1 yog 28 meters, qhov tob yog 4 meters.

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1992, 7 km sab qaum teb ntawm Sasovo, hauv thaj chaw cog qoob loo, lwm qhov tawg tawg (15 m txoj kab uas hla, 4 m qhov tob) tau pom, thaum tsis muaj leej twg hnov qhov tawg (tab sis thaum lawv sow, nws tseem tsis tau muaj). Tus cwj pwm tawg yog tsim los ntawm lub annular ejection framing lub funnel nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug roller. Tsis tas li ntawd, raws li cov neeg ua pov thawj pom cov crater nyob rau hauv lub xeev tshiab, muaj cov khoom tawg nyob ib ncig ntawm - lumps ntawm av.

Peb muaj qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tias qhov tsim ntawm cov craters no tau txuas nrog hydrogen degassing ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Thiab peb kuj paub tias compact hydrogen gas analyzers tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ntsuas cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov hydrogen dawb nyob rau hauv ib tug roj sib tov nyob rau hauv lub concentration ntawm 1 ppm mus rau 10,000 ppm (qhov ib lab - ib feem ntawm ib lab, 10,000. ppm = 1%).

Peb tau mus xyuas Sasovsky funnels nyob rau hauv Lub yim hli ntuj 2005, thiab caw Vladimir Leonidovich Syvorotkin, kws kho mob ntawm Geological thiab Mineralogical Sciences, nyob rau hauv lub mus txawv tebchaws, uas muaj cov khoom tsim nyog thiab ua siab zoo pom zoo kom paub peb nrog rau txoj kev "hydrogenometry".

Kev ntsuas los ntawm V. L. Syvorotkin hauv cheeb tsam Sasovsky pom tias muaj cov hydrogen dawb hauv huab cua subsoil. Hmoov tsis zoo, los ntawm lub sijhawm peb mus ntsib (Lub Yim Hli, 2005), funnel No. 1 tig mus rau hauv lub pas dej me me, thiab yog li kev ntsuas tsis tau ua ncaj qha rau hauv lub funnel nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, ob qho tib si nyob rau thaj tsam tam sim ntawd thiab ntawm qhov deb ntawm ob peb puas meters, lub xub ntiag ntawm hydrogen tau tsim. Funnel No. 2 tau khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus, ua kom qhuav tag, thiab kev ntsuas ntawm nws hauv qab tau pom ob zaug qhov concentration ntawm hydrogen piv nrog thaj chaw uas nyob ib sab.

Yog li, tam sim no nws muaj peev xwm kwv yees kwv yees cov ntsiab lus ntawm hydrogen nyob rau hauv subsoil huab cua, thiab qhov no zoo li yog ib qho teeb meem zoo heev los ntawm txhua qhov kev pom. Peb yuav 2 hydrogen gas analyzers VG-2A thiab VG-2B (qhov ntau ntawm kev ntsuas hydrogen concentrations rau thawj yog los ntawm 1 txog 50 ppm, rau qhov thib ob los ntawm 10 mus rau 1000 ppm), me ntsis txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qauv hauv av, thiab Xyoo 2006 peb tau ua ntau qhov kev mus ncig ua si hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Lavxias platform (Lipetsk thiab Ryazan cheeb tsam).

Nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm thaj av Lipetsk, peb pom lub dab dej No. 3 ntawm thaj av dub dub. Nws txoj kab uas hla yog 13 meters, qhov tob yog 4.5 meters. Tsis muaj emissions nyob ib ncig ntawm nws. Qhov funnel no tau pom nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 2003. Peb qhov drilling tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm 3 meters (hauv qab ntawm lub funnel) nyob rau hauv lub arkose sands lumps ntawm rog chernozem, uas poob rau ntawm qhov chaw, uas unambiguously paub meej tias nws tsis ua hauj lwm.

Kev ntsuas ntawm hydrogen concentration nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub funnel pom zero. Nyob rau ntawm qhov deb ntawm 50 meters thiab txuas ntxiv mus rau sab hnub poob, thawj cov cuab yeej (nws muaj qhov rhiab heev) tau pib pom cov concentrations ntawm ob peb ppm, tab sis tsis ntau tshaj 5 ppm. Txawm li cas los xij, ntawm qhov deb ntawm 120 m ntawm qhov funnel, lub cuab yeej "choked" nrog hydrogen. Cov cuab yeej thib ob ntawm tib lub ntsiab lus pom tias muaj ntau dua 100 ppm. Kev nthuav dav ntawm qhov chaw no tau pom tias muaj lub hauv paus hydrogen anomaly, uas stretches nyob rau hauv meridional kev taw qhia rau 120 meters, muaj ib tug dav ntawm txog 10-15 meters, nrog rau qhov siab tshaj plaws tus nqi mus txog rau 200-250 ppm.

Hais txog cov khoom ntawm hydrogen

Ib qho ntawm cov khoom sib txawv ntawm hydrogen yog nws qhov tshwj xeeb muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm hauv cov khib nyiab, uas yog ntau zaus (thiab txawm tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm qhov loj) siab tshaj qhov diffusion ntawm lwm cov roj. Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, tsis muaj txoj kev ntseeg hais tias lub zos anomaly peb txheeb xyuas yog faus, thiab tau tseem (kwv yees) los ntawm ancient sij hawm geological. Feem ntau, peb pom qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub dav hlau hydrogen niaj hnub nyob rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Kev paub txog geological qhia tias yog tias muaj qhov tshwm sim endogenous zoo sib xws hauv qhov chaw thiab lub sijhawm (hauv peb qhov xwm txheej, lub dab dej thiab lub dav hlau hydrogen), ces, feem ntau, lawv muaj feem cuam tshuam txog caj ces, piv txwv li. yog derivatives ntawm ib tug txheej txheem. Thiab xws li, pom tseeb, yog hydrogen degassing ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Hydrogen ("hydrogen", - lus - "muab yug los rau dej") yog ib qho khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg. Nyob rau hauv lub qhov hws, tawg thiab micropores ntawm cov pob zeb ntawm lub qab ntug ntawm lub crust, muaj txaus dawb (faus) oxygen, nrog rau cov pa oxygen tsis muaj zog bound chemically (feem ntau, hlau oxides thiab hydroxides). Cov kwj deg endogenous ntawm hydrogen, ua nws txoj kev tawm, yeej siv rau kev tsim dej. Thiab yog tias lub dav hlau hydrogen nce mus txog nruab hnub, peb tuaj yeem paub tseeb tias ntawm qhov tob nws muaj zog dua, thiab, raws li, nws yuav tsum xav tias qee cov txheej txheem endogenous tau mus rau qhov tob, uas yuav tsum tau suav nrog rau peb nyob. qhov saum npoo no.

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, lub dav hlau sib sib zog nqus dej yeej tsis sterile hydrogen. Lawv ib txwm muaj chlorine, sulfur, fluorine, thiab lwm yam. Peb paub qhov no los ntawm lwm thaj chaw uas hydrogen degassing tau mus ntev. Cov ntsiab lus hauv cov kua dej-hydrogen yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau lub tebchaw, nrog rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov kua qaub (HCl, HF, H2S). Yog li, lub dav hlau hydrogen nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm thawj kilometers twv yuav raug hu ua acidified dej, uas, ntxiv mus, yuav tsum muaj ib tug siab kub (vim lub geothermal gradient thiab exothermic xwm ntawm tshuaj tiv thaiv), thiab xws li dej sai heev "noj" carbonates.

Nyob rau hauv lub sedimentary npog ntawm Lavxias teb sab Platform, lub thickness ntawm carbonates yog ntau pua meters. Peb txhua tus tau siv los xav tias qhov tsim ntawm karst voids hauv lawv yog cov txheej txheem so, txij li peb tau koom nrog nws nrog cov dej ntws los nag thiab dej daus mus rau qhov tob, uas, qhov tseeb, yog distilled thiab, ntxiv rau, txias. Qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm lub dav hlau hydrogen (thiab lub qhov dej tshiab nyob ib sab ntawm lub dav hlau no) ua rau peb rov xav txog cov kev xav paub no. Acidified thermal dej, tsim nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub dav hlau hydrogen, tuaj yeem sai heev "noj" karst voids thiab yog li provoke cov tsos ntawm sinkholes ntawm lub ntiaj teb nto (thaum peb hais tias "ceev", peb txhais tau tias tsis yog lub sij hawm geological, tab sis peb li - tib neeg, nrawm ntws). Hauv qab no peb yuav tham txog qhov ua tau ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub sijhawm tam sim no.

Physics ntawm Sasov tawg

Tam sim no cia peb rov qab mus rau qhov tawg tawg ntawm lub nroog Sasovo. Muaj ntau yam tsis meej pem cuam tshuam nrog qhov tawg no. Qhov tawg tau tshwm sim thaum hmo ntuj ntawm lub Plaub Hlis 12, 1991 ntawm 1 teev 34 feeb. Txawm li cas los xij, 4 teev ua ntej ntawd (Lub Plaub Hlis 11, thaum yav tsaus ntuj), loj (raws li cov pov thawj - loj) pob luminous tau pib ya mus rau thaj tsam ntawm kev tawg yav tom ntej. Xws li ib lub pob ntawm ci dawb xim tau pom saum lub chaw nres tsheb ciav hlau. Nws tau pom los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb thiab lub depot, ntau tus neeg caij tsheb, tus neeg tsav tsheb ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob shunting diesel (nws yog tus uas tsa lub tswb). Cov xwm txheej tsis zoo nyob rau saum ntuj tau pom los ntawm cadets ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv dav hlau dav hlau dav hlau, cov neeg ua haujlwm tsheb ciav hlau, cov neeg nuv ntses. Ib teev ua ntej qhov tawg, ib qho txawv txawv ci ntsa iab tshaj qhov chaw ntawm lub qhov tsua yav tom ntej. Ib nrab teev ua ntej qhov tawg, cov neeg nyob hauv sab nrauv ntawm lub nroog tau pom ob lub pob liab liab hla ntawm qhov chaw ntawm kev tawg yav tom ntej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tib neeg hnov lub ntiaj teb tshee thiab hnov lub suab nrov. Tsuas yog ua ntej qhov tawg, cov neeg nyob hauv cov zos nyob ib puag ncig pom ob lub teeb xiav ci ntsa iab ci ntsa iab saum ntuj saum lub nroog.

Qhov tawg nws tus kheej tau ua ntej los ntawm lub zog, loj hlob rumble. Lub ntiaj teb co co, phab ntsa co, thiab tsuas yog ib tug shock yoj (los yog nthwv dej?) ntaus lub nroog. Lub tsev pib sway ntawm ib sab mus rau sab, TVs thiab rooj tog zaum poob hauv cov tsev, chandeliers ya mus rau smithereens. Cov neeg tsaug zog tau muab pov los ntawm lawv lub txaj, da dej nrog iav tawg. Ntau txhiab lub qhov rais thiab qhov rooj, nrog rau cov ntawv los ntawm lub ru tsev, raug tshem tawm. Qhov tsis txaus ntseeg siab tau rub tawm ntawm lub hau npog, tawg cov khoom hollow - ntim cov kaus poom, lub teeb teeb, txawm tias cov menyuam yaus cov khoom ua si. Cov kav dej phwj tuaj tawg hauv av. Thaum lub suab nrov tuag, cov neeg xav tsis thoob rov hnov lub suab nrov, tam sim no, zoo li nws tau rov qab …

Tag nrho cov no dais me ntsis zoo ib yam li qhov tawg zoo tib yam. Raws li cov kws txawj (explosives engineers), yuav ua rau xws li kev puas tsuaj rau lub nroog, nws yog tsim nyog los detonate tsawg kawg yog 30 tons ntawm TNT.

Tab sis yog vim li cas ces xws li ib tug me me funnel? Xws li ib tug funnel yuav ua tau nrog ob tons ntawm TNT (qhov no yog hais los ntawm V. Larin, ib tug blaster nrog ntau xyoo ntawm kev paub, leej twg, tom qab lub caij teb, yuav tsum detonate ib thiab ib nrab mus rau ob tons ntawm explosives, txij li thaum nws yog. tsis muab rov qab rau lub tsev khaws khoom).

Nws zoo nkaus li coj txawv txawv uas nyob ib puag ncig ntawm lub funnel tam sim ntawd, cov nyom, bushes thiab ntoo tseem nyob tsis tu ncua los ntawm kev poob siab lossis kub siab. Thiab vim li cas cov ncej, uas nyob ze, qaij ntawm lub funnel? Vim li cas lub kaus mom npog tau tawg, thiab vim li cas cov khoom hollow tawg?

Thiab, thaum kawg, vim li cas qhov "tawg tawg" tau tig tawm mus rau lub sijhawm, thiab tau nrog lub suab nrov, kev co ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab lub teeb pom kev txawv txawv (ntxiv rau cov pob luminous thiab ci ntsa iab uas tau pom ua ntej tawg, qhov tsim funnel nws tus kheej glowed hmo ntuj kom txog thaum nws yog dej nyab).

Yog vim li cas rau qhov tsis meej "kev tawm tsam" ntawm lub nroog tseem tsis tau paub meej (cov kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tias tsis yog tib neeg lossis xwm txheej tuaj yeem tsim tau zoo li no).

Tam sim no peb version. Peb paub tias tuaj yeem muaj cov dav hlau hydrogen hauv zos hauv nruab nrab Russia. Cov dav hlau no yuav tsum, raws lawv txoj kev, nrog rau kev tsim cov dej thermal, uas, ntxiv rau, yuav tsum muaj cov ntxhia pob zeb ntau heev. Thermal mineralized dej, nkag mus rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, feem ntau tso tawm lawv cov mineralization nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ntau yam "hydrothermalites", kho cov uas twb muaj lawm system ntawm permeable pores thiab tawg. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, lub dav hlau hydrogen nyob rau sab qaum teb ntug dej hiav txwv tuaj yeem tsim ib hom ntom "cap" nyob ib puag ncig nws tus kheej, uas kaw lub qhov hluav taws xob hydrogen rau sab nraud. Xws li ib qho teeb meem ua rau tsub zuj zuj ntawm hydrogen thiab lwm yam gases nyob rau hauv ib tug tej yam ntim ("boiler") nyob rau hauv lub tswb, uas yuav ua rau ib tug ntse nce nyob rau hauv siab. (Cov pa roj npuas ntab los ntawm qhov tob tob hauv cov kua dej tsis zoo ua rau muaj kev nce siab hauv qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov kab ke uas muaj cov kua dej no.). Thaum lub siab nyob rau hauv lub boiler tshaj lithostatic siab, ib tug breakthrough ntawm ob lub hau thiab lub overlying strata yuav muaj tseeb tshwm sim nyob rau hauv qhov chaw. Thiab peb yuav tau txais lub tshuab muaj zog. Cov emissions no yuav dominated los ntawm hydrogen thiab dej, tejzaum nws nrog ntxiv ntawm carbon dioxide. (Qhov no, volcanic hlab ntawm tawg - diatremes yog tsim, tsuas yog nyob rau hauv no variant silicate melts ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug tsis zoo compressible kua.)

Yog li, Sasovskaya funnel No. 1 nws tus kheej tau tsim tsis yog tshwm sim los ntawm kev tawg, tab sis vim yog kev tawg ntawm lub dav hlau roj, muaj feem ntau ntawm hydrogen, yog li nws (lub funnel) yog li me me (Ntawm kev kub ceev, roj jets. khaws lawv txoj kab uas hla, thiab thaum lawv nkag mus rau hauv lub funnel, lawv txawm tawm ntawm phab ntsa).

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, hydrogen tov nrog oxygen nyob rau hauv cov huab cua, thiab ib tug huab ntawm detonating roj tau tsim, uas twb tau tawg lawm, i.e. Qhov kev tawg no tau tshwm sim rau ntawm qhov loj. Thaum lub sij hawm tawg combustion ntawm hydrogen, ib tug loj npaum li cas ntawm tshav kub tau tso tawm (237.5 kJ ib mole), uas ua rau ib tug ntse expansion (explosive expansion) ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv cov khoom. Nyob rau hauv cov huab cua nyob rau hauv xws li "volumetric" tawg tom qab lub poob siab pem hauv ntej, ib tug rarefaction cheeb tsam (nrog tsis tshua muaj siab) yog tsim.

Lub npe hu ua "nqus foob pob" muab cov nyhuv tib yam hauv kev tawg. Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias thaum cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev siv tshuab tawg tau kawm txog qhov xwm txheej hauv Sasovo, ntau qhov tshwm sim (rho tawm cam khwb cia hlau npog los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas qhov dej, ruptures ntawm hollow khoom, qhov rais thiab qhov rooj khob, thiab lwm yam) ncaj qha qhia lub tshuab nqus tsev tawg.. Tab sis cov tub rog tshaj tawm nyob rau hauv txoj kev categorical tshaj plaws hais tias lub detonation ntawm "lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum" yuav tsum raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov npe ntawm cov ua tau. Thiab tseem, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cuab yeej siv hlau tshiab kawg, lawv combed txhua yam nyob ib puag ncig, tab sis tsis muaj qhov tawg ntawm lub foob pob tawg.

Nthuav yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev suav cov qhov ntev ntawm lub hauv av boiler nrog cov hauv qab no tsis:

- "boiler" ntawm qhov tob ntawm 600 meters, qhov twg lub siab lithostatic yog 150 bar;

- qhov no yog ib qho ntim, uas tsuas yog 5% ntawm porosity nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev sib txuas lus kab noj hniav;

- kev sib txuas lus voids tau ntim nrog hydrogen nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm 150 atm.

- tawg tsuas yog ib-nees nkaum ntawm dab tsi khiav mus rau hauv cov huab cua los ntawm underground boiler, tus so tsuas yog tawg;

- qhov tawg tau tso tawm lub zog sib npaug rau qhov tawg ntawm 30 tons ntawm TNT.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej no, qhov ntim ntawm lub boiler tuaj yeem nyob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm - 30x30x50m.

Yog li ntawd, lub cauldron tau miniaturized ntawm ib tug geological scale. Tab sis lub zog khaws cia hauv nws yog ntau txhiab zaus ntau dua li lub zog hauv chav boiler ntawm thermal fais fab nroj tsuag. Txog ib mais ntawm kuv lub tsev muaj qhov chaw nres tsheb thermal, thiab thaum lub siab los ntawm lub boiler tso rau ntawd, ces kuv mus lag ntseg, thiab lub khob hauv chav tsev vibrates. Tam sim no xav txog seb qhov hum thiab kev vibration yuav zoo li cas yog tias tsis nyob deb ntawm koj lub tsev, hauv av, ib txhiab zaus ntau lub cauldron muaj zog tau tawg thiab nws cov ntsiab lus raug thawb mus rau saum npoo, crushing rau-pua pua-meter txheej ntawm pob zeb. Nyob ze nws yuav yog av qeeg tiag tiag nrog lub zog hauv av.

Tam sim no hais txog lub teeb pom kev tsis meej. Kev siv hluav taws xob muaj zog hauv thaj tsam ntawm av qeeg yav tom ntej yog ib qho tshwm sim: cov plaub hau sawv ntawm qhov kawg, cov khaub ncaws bristle thiab crackle, txawm koj kov - txhua yam ntaus nrog cov hluav taws xob zoo li qub. Thiab yog tias qhov no tshwm sim thaum hmo ntuj, ces koj pib ci. Ib daim phuam qhuav tuaj yeem ya mus, ib yam li cov ntaub pua plag ya. Qhov tshwm sim yog ob qho tib si zoo nkauj thiab eerie tib lub sijhawm (koj tsis paub ntau npaum li cas nws "shakes").

Ntau cov seismic shocks yog ua ntej thiab nrog rau cov tsos ntawm luminous spheres (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ze ntawm lub epicenter). Qee cov kws tshawb fawb hu lawv "plasmoids", tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv no tseem tsis tau qhia meej.

Hauv Tashkent, thaum muaj av qeeg nto moo, qhov kev tshee tseem ceeb tshwm sim thaum hmo ntuj, thiab cov kev pabcuam hauv nroog tam sim ntawd, ntawm lawv thawj lub cim, txiav lub nroog los ntawm hluav taws xob. Txawm li cas los xij, nrog lub hwj chim tawm, qee qhov ntawm txoj kev teeb pom kev zoo ignited spontaneously thiab ci thaum lub sij hawm thiab tom qab seismic shock rau 10-15 feeb. Daim ntawv tshaj tawm xov xwm ntawm Tashkent av qeeg kuj tau hais tias nyob rau hauv tsaus nti cellars, qhov twg tsis muaj hluav taws xob teeb pom kev zoo, nws tau ci ntsa iab li hnub. Nws tau raug kwv yees tias kev siv hluav taws xob thiab teeb pom kev zoo yog qee yam cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm kev ntxhov siab hauv pob zeb.

Yog li, yog tias lub dav hlau hydrogen yog "xauv" ntawm qhov tob, qhov no tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm kev tsim cov funnel raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov pa roj rau lub ntiaj teb saum npoo. Thiab, pom tau tias, qhov kev tawg no tsis yog ib txwm nrog los ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev (lub tshuab nqus tsev) tawg hauv qhov chaw. Yog tias lub dav hlau hydrogen nce mus txog qhov chaw tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam, ces, feem ntau, peb yuav tau txais lub qhov dej (karst) funnel.

Pom tau tias, cov kev xaiv no yog vim qhov sib txawv ntawm lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ntawm pob zeb, los ntawm qhov tob hydrogen infiltration tshwm sim. Thiab, tau kawg, yuav tsum muaj kev hloov pauv nruab nrab ntawm cov hom huab cua no, thiab lawv yog.

Txog hnub nyoog ntawm cov funnels

Funnels pib tshwm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab platform nyob rau hauv lub 90s, thiab nyob rau hauv 15 xyoo dhau los muaj tsawg kawg yog 20 ntawm lawv. Tab sis cov no tsuas yog cov craters uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov neeg tim khawv, thiab peb tsis paub yuav ua li cas muaj pes tsawg tus ntawm cov uas tsis tau pom, los yog tsis tau pom, tab sis tsis tau qhia rau pej xeem.

Thaum lub sij hawm, lub funnels "hnub nyoog" thiab sai sai tig mus rau hauv me me saucer-puab kev nyuaj siab overgrown nrog bushes thiab hav zoov, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog yog hais tias lawv nyob rau hauv xoob chalk sands. Thiab muaj ntau pua pua ntawm cov laus, "saucer-shaped" (feem ntau zoo kawg nkaus puag ncig) sawv daws yuav. Lawv qhov ntau thiab tsawg yog los ntawm 50 mus rau 150 m hauv txoj kab uas hla, qee qhov ntawm lawv ncav cuag 300 meters.

Judging los ntawm satellite dluab, nyob rau hauv ib co cheeb tsam lawv nyob txog li 10-15% ntawm thaj chaw, zoo ib yam li pock marks nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub ntsej muag tom qab ib tug mob hnyav (Lipetsk, Voronezh, Ryazan, Tambov, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam). Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm geological, lawv lub hnub nyoog yog niaj hnub, txij li thaum lawv tau tsim tom qab glaciation, thaum lub niaj hnub nyem twb tsim (piv txwv li, lawv lub hnub nyoog tsis tshaj 10 txhiab xyoo). Los ntawm tib neeg cov qauv, cov funnels no yog "prehistoric", yog "ib txwm", thiab tib neeg tsis tau pom (thiab tsis nco qab) lawv tsim (uas yog, lawv muaj ntau tshaj li ib txhiab xyoo).

Koj muaj peev xwm tsim ib tug version: ob peb txhiab xyoo dhau los muaj ib tug active txheej txheem ntawm tsim funnels, ces nws nres thiab tam sim no pib dua. Tab sis ua li cas hydrogen degassing coj? Puas yog vim li cas rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm "prehistoric" funnels, los yog tsis? Thiab yog hais tias muaj, puas muaj kev so hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm hydrogen degassing ntawm Lavxias teb sab platform rau ntau txhiab xyoo, thiab tsis ntev los no nws tau pib dua? Puas yog nws mus tas li, thiab cov dav hlau hydrogen muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los? Tseem tsis tau muaj lus teb rau cov lus nug no.

Tam sim no nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias thaum lub dav hlau hydrogen (tseem muaj nyob rau tam sim no) tau tshwm sim hauv thaj chaw nruab nrab ntawm Lavxias Platform. Peb kuj tsis paub ntev npaum li cas lub dav hlau hydrogen yuav tsum "ua haujlwm" rau lub funnel kom tshwm. Qhov no yuav tsum tau tsom rau kev tshawb fawb, kev sim, kev suav. Ib tus tsuas tuaj yeem kwv yees (rau qhov muaj laj thawj) tias hydrogen tuaj yeem "ua haujlwm" sai.

Tab sis yog hais tias peb muab rau hauv tus account tias ntau lub kaum ob craters tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub dhau los 15 xyoo, thiab ua ntej lub sij hawm ntawd zoo li tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi (txawm hais tias twb muaj "glasnost"), ces nws hloov tawm hais tias hydrogen dav hlau yog ib tug tshiab tshwm sim., ntawm keeb kwm tsis ntev los no. Peb tsis paub yog tias nws muaj lub cim thoob ntiaj teb, lossis tsuas yog muaj thoob plaws hauv Russia.

Ntawm lo lus nug ntawm "Noctilucent Clouds"

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, tej zaum ib tug yuav tsum xyuam xim rau Noctilucent Clouds. Lawv muaj cov dej khov dej khov thiab nyob ntawm qhov siab ntawm 75-90 km (hauv thaj tsam mesopause). Cov kws paub txog huab cua tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia tias dej vapor nkag mus rau hauv thaj chaw no li cas. Qhov kub ntawm qhov ntawd poob mus rau rho tawm 100 ° C, thiab tag nrho cov dej khov tawm tag nrho ntawm qhov siab qis dua.

Tab sis yog hais tias muaj dissipation ntawm hydrogen los ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau sab nrauv, nws muaj peev xwm nkag mus rau hauv lub mesopause cheeb tsam. Qhov no yog saum txheej ozone, muaj ntau lub hnub ci hluav taws xob thiab muaj oxygen - txhua yam uas xav tau los tsim dej. Qhov tseem ceeb (intrigue) ntawm no yog tias tsis muaj Noctilucent Huab mus txog rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1885. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Lub Rau Hli 1885, ntau tus neeg saib xyuas los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws pom lawv ib zaug. Txij thaum ntawd los, lawv tau dhau los ua ib qho kev tshwm sim zoo tib yam (tsis tu ncua), thiab tam sim no tau tsim tias qhov tshwm sim no yog thoob ntiaj teb. Tab sis qhov tseeb qhov tseeb no puas tuaj yeem suav tias yog pov thawj hauv kev pom zoo ntawm hydrogen degassing?

"Countryside" anomaly

Kev mus rau Lub Ntiaj Teb Lub Ntiaj Teb yog ib qho kev lag luam zoo nkauj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg thaum ntxov, thaum twb muaj qoob loo, muaj yoov tshaj cum tsawg, thiab huab cua tseem siv tau. Tab sis tib lub sijhawm, lawv muaj lub nra hnyav vim qhov yuav tsum tau tsav lub SUV muaj zog nrog lub tsheb laij teb tiv thaiv ntawm lub log (txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau huab cua ntub). Thiab cov kev mus ncig no kuj nyuaj heev vim yog txoj kev loj ntawm ib txoj kab uas txhaws nrog cov tsheb thauj khoom maj mam.

Yog li ntawd, nkag mus rau hauv lwm txoj kev tsheb thauj mus los, txhua zaus peb ua npau suav - "zoo npaum li cas nws yuav pom qhov tsis zoo ntawm hydrogen hauv peb lub teb chaws", uas tuaj yeem ncav cuag los ntawm "Dmitrovka" los ntawm Moscow chav tsev hauv ib teev. Nyob ntawd koj muaj da dej, da dej, thiab koj tuaj yeem tos cov huab cua phem los ntawm qhov cub, tab sis yog tias huab cua ntshiab me ntsis, thiab koj twb ua haujlwm lawm.

Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej no mus ntsib mus rau lub dacha, lawv ntsuas nws txoj cai nyob rau hauv lawv qhov chaw - nws tig tawm mus rau ntau 500 ppm … Lawv pib ntsuas ib ncig, thawj zaug nyob rau hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm ob peb meters, ces kaum, ces ntau pua meters, thaum kawg - kilometers, thiab nyob txhua qhov chaw ntau pua. ppm ua, thiab hauv txhua qhov kev ntsuas plaub lub cuab yeej tau pom ntau dua 1000 ppm … Tam sim no, peb tau tsim kom muaj qhov tsis sib xws hauv cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam Moscow, qhov ntev ntawm qhov (los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb) tsis tsawg dua 130 km, nrog qhov dav ntawm ntau tshaj 40 km.

Thiab peb tsis tau delineated nws tsis tau, tab sis nws zoo li nws loj dua, txij li cov huab peripheral ntsuas pom qhov tseem ceeb tshaj. 1000 ppm … Qhov no anomaly npog tag nrho cov Moscow.

Kev paub txog qhov xwm txheej tam sim no: nyob rau lub sijhawm tam sim no, ntawm Lavxias platform, kev ua kom cov txheej txheem endogenous cuam tshuam nrog hydrogen degassing tau pib. Peb txoj kev vam meej tseem tsis tau ntsib qhov tshwm sim, thiab yog li ntawd nws yuav tsum tau tshawb xyuas tag nrho.

Yuav ua li cas?

Thaj, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau pib nrog lub zos hydrogen anomalies, uas sau cov outflows ntawm hydrogen dav hlau mus rau lub ntiaj teb nto. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los xaiv cov txheej txheem geophysical los kawm txog qhov tshwm sim no.

- Yog hais tias lub dav hlau hydrogen tsim ib cheeb tsam permeability uas muaj cov dej-hydrogen kua, ces nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no cov kab rov tav reflecting nto yuav tsum tau "ntxuav tawm". Yog li ntawd, cov cheeb tsam zoo li no yuav raug sau tseg los ntawm txoj kev seismic (piv txwv li, los ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm nthwv dej).

- Sab qaum teb ntawm thaj chaw xws li yuav muaj cov dej qab ntsev, piv txwv li. natural electrolyte nrog high hluav taws xob conductivity. Yog li ntawd, cov cheeb tsam no tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm txoj kev tshawb nrhiav hluav taws xob (piv txwv li, los ntawm txoj kev magnetotelluric sounding - MTZ).

- Nws yuav tsum tau borne nyob rau hauv lub siab hais tias permeability (porosity) yog tsim los ntawm hydrogen nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm nws infiltration (thaum nws yog sau nyob rau hauv dav hlau ntws). Thiab nws tuaj yeem tsim qhov porosity (thiab cavernosity) tsis yog hauv cov carbonates xwb, tab sis kuj muaj nyob rau hauv granites, granite-gneisses, crystalline shales, thiab lwm yam., uas yog nrog los ntawm metasomatic transformation ntawm silicate pob zeb (kaolinization, argillization). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov ntom ntom ntawm pob zeb txo qis heev (qee zaum nrawm), uas qhib qhov ua tau zoo ntawm daim ntawv thov gravimetry.

- Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj qhov ntxeem tau (ntws nrog dej), seismic nthwv dej propagation nrawm nrawm zuj zus, thiab qhov no tso cai rau peb cia siab rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm txoj kev seismic tomography.

Cov txheej txheem kev soj ntsuam geophysical, kuaj ntawm cov hydrogen anomalies hauv zos thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas craters, thiab tsim los tshawb nrhiav hydrogen dav hlau zais ntawm qhov tob (thiab cov cheeb tsam ntsug permeability), yuav tsum tau kuaj xyuas los ntawm kev drilling. Tom qab ntawd nws tuaj yeem siv los txheeb xyuas thaj chaw muaj kev phom sij hauv thaj chaw uas muaj cov khoom tiv thaiv tshwj xeeb los yog yuav tsum muaj.

Nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias ob peb xyoos dhau los, ob lub qhov tsua tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam tam sim ntawm Kursk NPP. Yog tias peb kawm nrhiav "hydrogen boilers", ces, muaj peev xwm ua tau, peb yuav hloov kho kom lub siab tawm ntawm lawv nrog qhov dej thiab siv cov hydrogen tau los ntawm txoj kev no, piv txwv li. peb yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig ntau thiab cov nyiaj tau los ntawm qhov tshwm sim uas, tsis muaj peev txheej, tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj thiab ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj.

Tam sim no peb tsis tuaj yeem hais meej txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm thaj av hydrogen anomaly uas npog tag nrho Moscow, thiab dab tsi ua rau peb xav tsis thoob - tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsawg dhau. Ib yam yog qhov tseeb: nws loj dhau, thiab peb tsis tuaj yeem cia siab tias yuav tswj hwm cov txheej txheem endogenous uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog nws. Cov txheej txheem no, feem ntau yuav, twb tau ua tiav ntawm qhov tob, tab sis tseem tsis tau tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv zoo li yuav tshwm sim nyob rau yav tom ntej, thiab ntau qhov xwm txheej txaus ntshai tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog lawv, uas peb npaj tau zoo dua ua ntej.

Lub neej yav tom ntej yog "tib neeg"

Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv cov kev txwv ntawm lub regional anomaly, cov tsos ntawm tawg thiab sinkhole craters yog ua tau. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb geoecologists ntawm Moscow (uas tseem tsis tau muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov dav hlau hydrogen), 15% ntawm lub nroog thaj chaw nyob hauv thaj chaw muaj kev pheej hmoo karst, thiab sinkholes hauv cov cheeb tsam no tuaj yeem tshwm sim txhua lub sijhawm. Cov kws tshaj lij paub txog qhov no, hais lus thiab ceeb toom, tab sis tsis qhia ntau yam hauv kev yuam cov tub ceev xwm los ntsuas qhov tsim nyog.

Thaj, lub tswv yim hais txog qhov "unhurried" tsim ntawm karst kab noj hniav yog ib qho tseem ceeb calming. Tab sis nyob rau hauv peb version, thaum hydrogen "ua hauj lwm" (uas muaj peev xwm "ua hauj lwm" sai), qhov kev hem thawj no yuav tsum tau kho nrog rau qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau sim, yog tias tsis lig, kom ceev nrooj ua ntau yam kev tshawb fawb geophysical thiab geochemical, thiab coj lawv mus rau yav tom ntej hauv kev saib xyuas hom txhawm rau tsim kom muaj kev sib tw thiab kev coj ua ntawm cov txheej txheem endogenous.

Cov kev tshawb fawb no yuav tsum tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau saum npoo, tab sis (uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev!) nyob rau hauv lub qab ntug, uas yuav tsum tau ib tug network ntawm parametric qhov tob nrog ib tug tob ntawm 100 m mus rau 1.5 km. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los sau cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb kom sai li sai tau txhawm rau nkag siab yooj yim uas peb yuav tsum txav mus ntxiv hauv peb cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev npaj lub neej.

Tam sim no peb tsis paub meej txog qhov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv kev sib txuas nrog endogenous hydrogen degassing hauv Moscow. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias nws yog peb lub siab nyiam, tam sim no peb yuav tam sim no (txawm tias ua ntej qhov xwm txheej hauv ntiaj teb lub plab hauv qab lub nroog tau pom tseeb) peb yuav ua kom qeeb ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev ntau-storey. Lawv lub hwj chim ntawm lub hauv paus horizons yog qhov zoo heev. Thiab yog tias muaj cov dav hlau hydrogen nyob hauv lub nroog (thiab lawv muaj) muaj peev xwm ua tau dej ("sov" thiab tshuaj lom neeg), ces cov dej no yuav, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, erode pob zeb uas nyob rau hauv ib tug stressful lub xeev, i.e. yuav erode pob zeb nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm skyscrapers.

Thiab tsis tas yuav xa mus rau cov tsev siab siab ntawm Stalin txoj kev tsim kho, uas tau sawv rau ntau tshaj li ib nrab xyoo pua. Ua ntej, lawv tau tsim txawv; thiab qhov thib ob, hydrogen degassing, feem ntau yuav tshwm sim tom qab, thiab peb pib pom nws cov txiaj ntsig tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 15 xyoo dhau los (kev txiav txim los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tawg tshiab thiab tsis ua haujlwm craters ntawm Lavxias teb sab platform).

Txog yav tom ntej, tab sis twb "geological"

Nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub "Hypothesis ntawm ib tug Initially Hydride ntiaj teb", ib cheeb tsam hydrogen anomaly yog ib tug ntxov ntxov tsos mob (cov pov thawj) ntawm kev npaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab Platform rau lub outpouring ntawm toj siab-basalts (cuav). Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias peb lub platform tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov txheej txheem thaum ub uas cov cuab yeej magmatism tseem tsis tau tshwm sim nws tus kheej, ntawm qhov seem nws tau nthuav dav hauv Mesozoic thiab Paleogene.

Qhov tshwm sim no tau kawm zoo, thiab nws yog qhov zoo: qhov tsis muaj qhov ua tiav ntawm qhov ua ntej tectonic thiab geothermal kev ua ub no, tshwm sim tam sim ntawd thiab loj loj ntawm cov lava tawg. Qhov no tsis yog volcanism zoo tib yam, cov no yog "dej-basalts" - txhais lus txhais tias "dhuav dej basalts" (" dej nyab"- txhais los ntawm Lus Askiv - dej nyab, dej nyab, dej nyab).

Nyob rau hauv Is Nrias teb, nyob rau Deccan toj siab, cov basalts yog dej nyab nrog 650,000 km2, peb muaj ntau tshaj ntawm lawv nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Siberian platform. Cov txheej txheem no yog ntau theem, tab sis qhov ntim ntawm ib qho kev tshwm sim yog qhov xav tsis thoob - lawv tuaj yeem dej nyab (ib lub sijhawm) ntau txhiab square kilometers (piv txwv li, tag nrho Moscow ntawm ib lub sijhawm). Ib yam yog kev nplij siab (thiab calming): qhov kev tawm ntawm toj siab-basalts yog lub neej yav tom ntej geological, thiab ntau lab xyoo yuav dhau mus ua ntej nws. Tab sis cov lab no yuav tsis muaj nyob - tom qab tag nrho, lub regional hydrogen anomaly twb muaj lawm. Thiab Vajtswv txwv, yog hais tias nws kuj "s zaum" nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub asthenosphere protrusion yuav yog (tab sis nws zoo nkaus li tias qhov no yog raws nraim li cas tau npaj).

Txawm li cas los xij, lub ntiaj teb yuav tsum tau xa cov cim qhia meej txog qhov pib ntawm "kev nyab xeeb-basalts" tshwm sim, uas tsis tuaj yeem saib tsis tau (peb yuav tsis tham txog nws qhov xwm txheej tam sim no). Thiab peb ntshai tias tom qab lub teeb liab no peb yuav muaj sijhawm me ntsis rau kev khiav tawm, tej zaum ob peb xyoos, tab sis tej zaum tsuas yog lub hlis xwb. Txog tam sim no, qhov teeb meem no tseem tsis tau txais.

Lub zeem muag zoo li cas?

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj qhov zoo nkauj zoo nkauj: nws muaj peev xwm ua rau thaj tsam tsis sib xws ntawm qhov tob ntawm 1.5-2-2.5 km (hauv lub hauv paus crystalline ntawm lub platform) yuav sau nyob rau hauv ob peb lub zog hydrogen ntws, los ntawm qhov uas nws yuav. tuaj yeem nqa hydrogen los ntawm qhov dej.

Qhov no tau cog lus zoo heev rau kev tsim cov hydrogen ntawm kev lag luam. Tam sim no tag nrho lub ntiaj teb npau suav ntawm kev hloov lub zog rau hydrogen, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg paub qhov twg yuav tau txais nws. Peb muaj kev cia siab tias Lub Ntiaj Teb yuav tos nrog cov basalts, thiab yuav ua rau peb tsawg kawg yog ib puas lossis ob xyoos ntawm kev nyob ntsiag to kom peb tuaj yeem sau npe "tsev" hydrogen (rau kev khib ntawm peb cov neeg nyob ze), thiab tom qab ntawd peb ' yuav tuaj nrog ib yam dab tsi.

Xaus

Cov saum toj no, txawm tias tag nrho nws "preliminaryness", qhia tau hais tias qhov xav tau rau lub koom haum ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm ntau yam kev tshawb fawb. Hais txog yam kev tshawb fawb nws yuav tsum yog thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi thaj chaw yog ib qho kev sib tham tshwj xeeb, thiab peb npaj txhij rau nws (ntau qhov tseeb, peb yuav luag npaj).

Tib lub sijhawm, kuv xav piav qhia txog ib qho kev taw qhia hauv cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no. Peb tab tom tham txog kev tawg methane hauv cov mines, uas tsis ntev los no tau dhau los ua ntau zaus. Hauv methane (CH4) - muaj 4 hydrogen atoms ib carbon atom, i.e. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm atoms, natural gas feem ntau yog hydrogen.

Thiab yog hais tias lub dav hlau ntawm hydrogen los ntawm qhov tob thiab poob rau hauv cov thee seams, ces, ntawm chav kawm, methane yuav tsim: 2H2 + C = CH4. Yog li, cov dav hlau hydrogen tam sim no tuaj yeem tsim qhov kub ntawm methane tsub zuj zuj hauv cov pob zeb, thiab cov methane hauv cov hotbeds no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev kub ntxhov txaus.

Qhov xwm txheej no hnyav dua los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qee lub sijhawm dhau los, thaum ua ntej drilling tau ua tiav los txiav txim siab qhov txaus ntshai "los ntawm kev tawg", cov foci no yuav tsis muaj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias qhov drilling tau ua ntev dhau los (10-15 xyoo. dhau los).

Nyob rau hauv luv luv, yog hais tias nws hloov tawm hais tias cov chaw ntawm methane tsub kom nyob rau hauv cov thee basins yog tsim los ntawm cov dav hlau hydrogen, ces nws yuav yooj yim dua los tsim ib tug zoo system ntawm kev tiv thaiv kev ntsuas uas yuav txo tau cov kev pheej hmoo thiab poob.