Chichaburg - paub tsis meej ntawm lub nroog qub ntawm Siberia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 90s ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thaum lub sij hawm aerial photography nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Novosibirsk, cov kws tshawb fawb nrhiav tau ib tug mysterious anomaly ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Chicha, nyob 5 km ntawm lub regional center nyob rau hauv Zdvinsk. Daim duab qhia meej txog cov qauv ntawm cov tsev, ntxiv rau, ntawm thaj tsam ntawm ntau tshaj 12 hectares.

Cov kws tshawb fawb, siv cov cuab yeej geophysical, tshawb xyuas qhov chaw tsis paub hu ua Chichaburg. Cov duab qhia txog cov ntsiab lus meej ntawm txoj kev, lub quarters, cov qauv kev tiv thaiv muaj zog, thiab nyob rau sab nrauv - cov khoom seem ntawm cov khoom tsim metallurgical.

Nws muab tawm hais tias kuj muaj chav kawm stratification nyob rau hauv lub nroog - pob zeb palaces nyob ib sab mus rau lub tsev ntawm commoners. Raws li kev khawb av ua ntej, kev sib hais haum tau tsim nyob rau hauv 7th-8th centuries BC, yog li ntawd, ib tug tsim kev vam meej muaj nyob rau hauv Siberia tib lub sij hawm raws li lub ancient Greek …

Chichaburg yog ib qho chaw archaeological nyob rau hauv Zdvinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Novosibirsk cheeb tsam ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Bolshaya Chicha. Nws sawv cev rau qhov seem ntawm lub nroog loj nrog thaj tsam ntawm ntau dua 240 txhiab square meters kwv yees li ntawm 9th-7th centuries BC, lub sijhawm hloov pauv ntawm tooj liab mus rau hlau. Kev tshawb fawb yog ua los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm SB RAS.

Archaeological excavations tau ua ntej los ntawm kev kawm geophysical ntawm thaj chaw. Cov kev tshawb fawb geophysical tau qhia tias thaj chaw ntawm kev sib hais haum yog ib puag ncig los ntawm kev tiv thaiv muaj zog - ramparts thiab ditches. Qhov kev sib hais haum tau muab faib ua cov sectors sib txawv, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ntau lub tsev thiab lub tsev, thaum txhua lub sector, zoo li tag nrho lub nroog, muaj kev npaj kom meej. Judging los ntawm cov excavations nqa tawm thiab cov seem ntawm cov khoom siv hauv tsev pom, cov neeg ntawm yuav luag European tsos, tab sis ntawm txawv haiv neeg, nyob rau hauv txhua lub sector. Qhov no qhia tias txoj kev ntawm ntau haiv neeg hla hauv Chichaburg.

Nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Chicha nyob rau hauv lub Zdvinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Novosibirsk cheeb tsam, npog nrog ib tug ib nrab-meter txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb, ib tug ancient nroog tau muab zais rau ntau centuries. Cov neeg nyob hauv tau tso tseg tam sim ntawd, tej zaum vim yog hluav taws, dej nyab, khiav tawm ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov neeg nyob ze lossis los ntawm kev sib kis loj heev …

Thawj qhov kev khawb hauv cov chaw no tau ua rov qab rau xyoo 1979 los ntawm archaeologist Vyacheslav Molodin, tom qab ntawd nws tau pom tias muaj kev sib haum xeeb thaum ub tau pom ntawm no. Xyoo tas los, kev ntoj ke mus kawm ntawm lub koom haum Archaeology ntawm Siberian ceg ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences thiab German Archaeological lub koom haum ua hauj lwm nyob rau ntawm no, geophysical kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub teb chaws tau ua thiab ib tug sensational nqe lus - muaj ib tug ancient kev sib hais haum nyob rau hauv ib tug. me me ntawm lub ntiaj teb, tejzaum nws yog ib tug proto-lub nroog ntawm lub 8th-7th centuries BC. Daim duab qhia txog 300 lub tsev, nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm kev tiv thaiv kwj dej thiab lub rampart, nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ruaj khov tshaj plaws, tej zaum, nyob ib feem ntawm qhov kev sib haum xeeb thaum ub nrog ntau dua ib txhiab tus neeg nyob.

Archaeologists tau ua kom paub tseeb tias tag nrho cov phiaj xwm, sawv cev los ntawm cov txheej txheem geophysical, coincides nrog qhov tseeb. Nws muaj peev xwm piav qhia txog lub monument, uas nyob txog 20 hectares - 650 m ntev thiab 400 m dav (ib cheeb tsam sib npaug rau lub nroog nyob sab Europe medieval), nyob rau peb sab nws tau fenced nrog ib tug moat thiab ib tug qis rampart, nyob rau plaub - Nws tau tiv thaiv los ntawm cov ntug dej siab ntawm Lake Chicha.

Ntau qhov kev pom - cov hlab ntsha ceramic nrog cov khoom zoo nkauj, ntau yam riam phom, cov yam ntxwv ntawm nees harness paub meej tias kev sib tham ua ntej ntawm 8-7 centuries BC, lub lig Irmen kab lis kev cai, kev hloov ntawm Bronze Age mus rau thaum ntxov Iron Age.

Archaeologists ua hauj lwm rau 4 excavations nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog. Cov cuab yeej roughest uas lawv tau siv yog shovel, tab sis feem ntau yog shovels thiab txhuam. Cov txheej saum toj kawg nkaus twb raug cuam tshuam los ntawm ntau xyoo ntawm plowing. Thawj excavated nyob complexes yog pits 9x9 meters. Cov no yog semi-dugouts, cov phab ntsa thiab ru tsev uas tau ua los ntawm ntoo. Cov khoom siv hauv kev tsim kho, ntoo, tsis muaj sia nyob - 2800 xyoo dhau los.

Thaj, tib neeg tau nyob ntawm no tau ntev. Cov chaw tau nruab, muab faib ua cov chaw hauv tsev: nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw tau muab tso rau hauv cov hlab ntsha, cov lauj kaub ceramic, hauv lwm qhov, cov nqaij raug txiav, cov pob txha tau pom, muaj tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm hearths - hlau tau yaj nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm lawv - seem ntawm ceramics. nrog cov kab mob ntawm cov thermal cuam tshuam tau pom - tawg ntawm cov pwm pwm, slags, bronze thiab txawm tias ib daim hlau. Zoo li txhua tsev neeg smelted hlau rau lawv tus kheej xav tau kev pab. Tab sis qhov twg lawv tau txais cov ore? Koj puas tau coj nws los ntawm Altai, Ural, Kazakhstan? Puas muaj kev lag luam, pauv khoom lag luam? …

Qhov thib peb excavation yog fraught nrog ib tug paub tsis meej - cov ceramics pom muaj nyob rau hauv lwm haiv neeg - Gamayun, yam ntxwv ntawm lub Irtysh thiab Trans-Urals. Ntau cov hlab ntsha ceramics tau pom los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm hauv "lub tsev", kaum ob ntawm lawv tau ua tsis zoo. Nws tseem tsis tuaj yeem hais kom paub meej tias thaj chaw zoo li cas, tej zaum yog ib qho kev lag luam, qhov twg ntau pab pawg tuaj pauv khoom. Tej zaum muaj txoj kev lag luam dej - Lake Chicha, nyob ze ntawm lub pas dej Chanovskie, feem ntau yuav muaj kev txuas ntxiv ntawm Lake Chany. Yog tias koj muaj hmoo txaus los nrhiav cov khoom tawg ntawm lub nkoj, qhov kev xav no yuav raug lees paub. Nws kuj tseem yuav yog tias cov khoom no tau xaus rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua txawv teb chaws raws li khoom plig rau tus nkauj nyab los ntawm Urals nyob deb, yog tias muaj kev sib txuas ntawm pawg neeg, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim kom muaj kev sib yuav.

Cov excavations coj lwm surprise - ib tug faus neeg thaum kawg nrhiav tau - txog rau tam sim no, thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm lub monuments ntawm lig Irmen kab lis kev cai, tsis pom ib tug faus neeg. Archaeologists tsis paub tias peb cov poj koob yawm txwv tau ua dab tsi nrog lawv cov pab pawg neeg tuag: txawm hais tias lawv siv cov kev cai ntawm kev kub hnyiab, huab cua lossis dej faus. Tus poj niam los ntawm qhov faus, raws li kev kwv yees ntxhib, muaj hnub nyoog 60 xyoo, lub cev pob txha tau khaws cia zoo, nws tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv tshuaj ntsuam genetic tsom xam, ob peb lub hlis anthropologists thiab geneticists yuav muaj peev xwm qhia seb hom neeg twg nws koom nrog.. Txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau hauv qhov faus no tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis ob peb lub lauj kaub ceramic, tus poj niam tsis tau koom nrog pawg neeg nom tswv.

Nyob rau hauv lub excavation, nyob rau hauv lub feem ntau fortified ib feem ntawm kev sib hais haum, ntau fragments ntawm me figurines, tejzaum nws tshwj xeeb yog tawg, tau pom. Ib tug ntawm cov figurines tsis zoo li ib tug lizard nrog ib tug crest nrog pronounced txiv neej thiab poj niam kev sib deev yam ntxwv. Tag nrho cov no qhia txog ritual xwm ntawm av nplaum sculpture.

Koj tuaj yeem hais li cas txog cov neeg uas nyob hauv kev sib hais haum? Feem ntau, lawv tau yos hav zoov, thaj chaw tau pom tias muaj hav zoov ntau dua, cov pob txha tawg ntawm cov tsiaj hav zoov - elk, dais, sable, beaver, nrog rau cov tsiaj hauv tsev - nees, nyuj, dev tau pom. Tus dev tau faus, xws li kev cai dab qhuas feem ntau muaj nyob hauv cov neeg yos hav zoov. Cov pob txha taub hau thiab riam tau pom los ntawm riam phom. Txawm li cas los xij, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog undoubtedly herding.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov cuab yeej pob txha tau pom tias zoo li cov kab mob, yog tias qhov no yog qhov tseeb, ces cov pej xeem tau koom nrog kev ua liaj ua teb, uas yuav ua rau peb hais txog cov rudiments ntawm kev vam meej. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 8th-7th BC nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe muaj ib tug txheej txheem ntawm kev hloov ntawm ib tug primitive communal mus rau ib pawg neeg zej zog. Nws zoo li lub monument hnub rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm thaum hloov pauv los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev coj noj coj ua thaum ntxov mus rau cov chav kawm thaum ntxov, uas yog, mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev ua tub rog.