Ancient Siberian dab zos - ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm Ermak

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-10 21:08

Txawm tias cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem ceeb tau khaws cia cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev thaj yeeb thaum ub uas muaj nyob hauv Siberia thiab Altai ua ntej Yermak. Tab sis rau qee qhov laj thawj, cov ntaub ntawv no tau txais kev saib xyuas ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm, archaeologists thiab lwm tus kws tshaj lij. Txhua tus yuav tsum xav tias Siberia tsis yog thaj av keeb kwm …

Ib tug ntawm cov founders ntawm lub notorious "Norman txoj kev xav", Gerard Miller, ib tug German nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kev pab cuam, yog thawj zaug soj ntsuam Siberia raws li ib tug "lub teb chaws ntawm unhistorical". Nyob rau hauv "Keeb kwm ntawm Siberia" thiab "Kev piav qhia ntawm Kuznetsk koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub xeev Tobolsk nyob rau hauv Siberia nyob rau hauv nws tam sim no lub xeev, nyob rau hauv lub Cuaj Hli Ntuj 1734" nws tsuas yog luv luv hais txog lub nroog uas muaj nyob rau ntawm thaj chaw no ua ntej tuaj txog ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Piv txwv li, nws sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv Malyshevskaya Sloboda (uas yuav luag ob centuries dhau los ntawm Altai mining nroj tsuag, tam sim no nyob rau hauv Novosibirsk cheeb tsam), "nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm tus dej Nizhnyaya Suzunka, 8 versts saum toj no kev sib hais haum, thiab nyob ze lub zos ntawm Kulikova, 12 versts siab dua qhov chaw dhau los ntawm Ob - koj tseem tuaj yeem pom cov kab ntawm cov nroog qub uas tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg qub qub ntawm cov chaw no, tej zaum cov Kyrgyz. Lawv suav nrog av ramparts thiab kwj deg tob nrog qhov khawb ntawm no thiab nyob ntawd, uas, zoo li, sawv tsev."

Lwm qhov, thawj tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Siberia qhia meej tias "tam sim ntawd ua ntej Lavxias teb sab conquest ntawm cov chaw no … lawv tau muaj los ntawm Kyrgyz, lub teb chaws Pagan Tatar … Ntawm no thiab muaj lawv tseem pom cov cim qub ntawm cov nroog qub thiab cov fortifications uas cov no. haiv neeg tau nyob."

Ib txoj hauv kev zoo sib xws, thaum muaj cov nroog qub nyob rau thaj tsam Siberia tsis raug tsis lees paub, zoo li nws tau ua, tab sis tsis yog qhov tshwj xeeb rau cov kws tshawb fawb, tau khaws cia rau hnub no. Feem coob ntawm cov neeg sau keeb kwm Lavxias tseem qhia txog qhov kev ntsuas tau muab los ntawm "txiv ntawm Siberian keeb kwm" Gerard Miller raws li thaj av tsis muaj keeb kwm, thiab hauv qhov no, lawv tawv ncauj tsis quav ntsej lub nroog uas sawv ntawm no ntau pua, tab sis dab tsi nyob ntawd! - Ntau txhiab xyoo ua ntej qhov tsos ntawm Ermak. Archaeologists, nrog rau ob peb qhov tshwj xeeb, yuav luag tsis pom qhov seem ntawm Lavxias teb sab forts, nroog thiab chaw nyob, txawm hais tias muaj ntau cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov cim ntawm lub siab tshaj plaws kev vam meej ntawm cov neeg uas ib zaug nyob ntawm no.

Lub nroog Siberian tau suav rov qab rau lub sijhawm ua ntej Ermak. Nyob rau hauv 1552 Ivan lub txaus ntshai tau txiav txim kom kos lub "Daim duab loj" ntawm Lavxias teb sab av. Tsis ntev no daim ntawv qhia tau tsim, tab sis thaum lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem nws ploj mus, thiab cov lus piav qhia ntawm thaj av tau khaws cia. Nyob rau hauv 1627, nyob rau hauv lub Discharge Order, clerks Likhachev thiab Danilov ua tiav "Book of the Big Drawing", uas hais txog ib puas lub nroog nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob ntawm Siberia ib leeg.

Yog lawm, qhov tseeb, thaum Cossacks tuaj rau Siberia thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, lawv tsis pom lub nroog loj lawm. Tab sis me me fortresses, hu ua lub zos, ntsib lawv nyob rau hauv coob. Yog li, raws li Ambassadorial txiav txim, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam Ob ib leeg, nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, 94 lub nroog tau them se nrog fur yasak.

Nyob ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm yav dhau los

Nyob rau hauv 1940-1941 thiab 1945-1946, cov neeg ua hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej Abakan nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm L. Evtyukhova excavated lub ruins ntawm ib tug palace ua nyob ib ncig ntawm 98 BC, uas muaj nyob rau ib puas xyoo thiab raug tso tseg los ntawm cov neeg nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub qub. thiab tshiab era. Cov qauv zoo nkauj ntseeg tau tias tau koom nrog Suav General Li Ling. Nws yog tus tswv xeev ntawm thaj av Xiongnu sab hnub poob hauv Minusinsk Basin. Lub palace, uas tau txais lub npe Tashebinsky nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm ib tug loj lub zos nrog ib tug cheeb tsam ntawm kaum hectares. Lub tsev nws tus kheej muaj 20 chav, 45 meters ntev thiab 35 nyob rau hauv dav. Lub tsev tseem yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm lub ru tsev pobzeb, qhov hnyav tag nrho yog li tsib tons. Kuj ceeb tias, ob txhiab xyoo dhau los, cov neeg tsim khoom tau tswj hwm los tsim cov rafters uas tuaj yeem tiv taus qhov hnyav.

Cov xov xwm hais txog Siberian nroog nyob rau hauv ancient sij hawm tuaj ntawm Arab neeg mus ncig. Yog li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm lub VIII-IX centuries, lub Arab Tamim ibn al-Muttawai, taug kev los ntawm lub nroog ntawm Taraz ntawm tus Talas River mus rau lub capital nroog ntawm lub Uyghurs Ordu-byyk ntawm lub Orkhon River, qhia txog lub peev ntawm lub nroog. tus huab tais Kimak ntawm Irtysh. 40 hnub tom qab nws tawm hauv Taraz, nws tuaj txog hauv ib lub nroog uas muaj zog loj ntawm vaj ntxwv, nyob ib puag ncig ntawm thaj av cog nrog cov zos. Lub nroog muaj 12 lub rooj vag hlau loj, ntau tus neeg nyob hauv, cov xwm txheej nruj, kev lag luam zoo nyob hauv ntau lub khw.

Al-Muttawai pom lub nroog puas tsuaj nyob rau sab hnub poob Altai, ze ntawm Lake Zaisan, tab sis nws tsis tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm kev nug txog leej twg thiab thaum twg nws tau tsim thiab los ntawm leej twg thiab thaum twg nws raug rhuav tshem. Cov cheeb tsam nplua nuj tshaj plaws nrhiav tau los ntawm Lavxias teb sab miners nyob rau hauv Altai Toj siab thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, uas tam sim no hu ua Ore Altai, tau tshawb pom ntau pua xyoo ua ntej lawv. Cov miners tsuas pom nws dua. Kev loj hlob sai sai tso tseg los ntawm cov neeg thaum ub tau ua haujlwm ua ib qho kev tshawb nrhiav tseeb. Lawv yog leej twg tsis paub meej txog tam sim no, cov kws tshaj lij, nrog rau cov neeg tshaj tawm, hu rau lawv chudyu.

Cov lus dab neeg hais txog kev nplua nuj ntawm Altai Toj siab tau paub txawm tias nyob hauv Ancient Greece. Leej txiv ntawm keeb kwm, Herodotus, tau sau txog Arimasps thiab "vultures zov kub."

Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo Alexander Humboldt, Pyotr Chikhachev thiab Sergei Rudenko, Herodotus txhais tau tias cov pejxeem ntawm Rudny Altai los ntawm arimasps thiab vultures (flu). Tsis tas li ntawd, Humboldt thiab Chikhachev ntseeg hais tias nws yog Altai thiab Ural deposits ntawm kub ore uas yog lub ntsiab ntawm kub muab rau cov European Scythians thiab Greek antique colonies.

Nyob rau hauv lub roob Altai nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo txhiab BC, muaj ib tug nplua nuj thiab vibrant kab lis kev cai, uas tau pom los ntawm Sergei Rudenko nyob rau hauv 1929-1947 thaum lub sij hawm excavation ntawm lub Pazyryk faus mounds. Raws li nws ntseeg, kev vam meej ploj mus nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv, tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib kis, tus yeeb ncuab ntxeem tau lossis kev tshaib kev nqhis. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum cov neeg Lavxias pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Siberia, lawv pom tias cov neeg txawv teb chaws, nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, Shors, ua haujlwm zoo heev ntawm kev ua hlau. Tsis xav tias thawj lub nroog, nrhiav tau ntawm no nyob rau hauv 1618, tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub site ntawm lawv lub zos thiab lub npe hu ua Kuznetsk. Qhov no tau ua pov thawj los ntawm cov lus teb raug xa mus rau Siberian kev txiav txim los ntawm Kuznetsk tus tswv xeev Gvintovkin.

Tyumen, Tomsk, Omsk, Semipalatinsk, Barnaul thiab ntau lwm lub nroog Siberian kuj tau tsim qhov chaw thaj chaw ntawm cov neeg qub thaum ub.

Piv txwv li, nws yog ntseeg tau hais tias nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Oktyabrskaya metro chaw nres tsheb nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Novosibirsk muaj ib tug loj fortress ntawm lub zos Tsattyrt (hauv Lavxias teb sab - Chaty). Nyob rau hauv nws, nyob rau lub rau hli ntuj 22, 1589, 16-xyoo-laus tsov rog ntawm lub xeev Moscow nrog Khan Kuchum xaus. Voevoda Voeikov muab nws sib ntaus rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm Novosibirsk hydroelectric fais fab chaw nres tsheb tam sim no. Khan Kuchum nkaum hauv lub fortress rau qee lub sij hawm los ntawm kev nrhiav, tab sis tom qab ntawd txiav txim siab tawm mus, mus ib txhis nrog nws Siberian Khanate. Nws cov ruins muaj sia nyob mus txog thaum tuaj txog ntawm tus choj tsim. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1912 lawv tau piav qhia los ntawm Nikolai Litvinov, lub compiler ntawm thawj heev siv phau ntawv ntawm Novonikolaevsk. Los ntawm txoj kev, Nikolai Pavlovich nyob rau hauv 1924-1926 coj lub Rubtsovsky koog tsev kawm ntawv kho mob.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshaj lij, zoo li spellbound, txuas ntxiv rov hais dua txog "kev nplua nuj keeb kwm ntawm Siberia", tsis kam saib mus rau qhov tob ntawm ntau pua xyoo. Raws li yog tias lawv tab tom cuam tshuam nrog lub nroog legendary ntawm Kitezh, plunged rau hauv lub pas dej …

Russian Aborigines

Nyob rau hauv 1999, ib tug ancient nroog tau pom, nyob rau hauv lub Zdvinsky koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Novosibirsk cheeb tsam (kom txog rau thaum 1917 nws yog lub Altai cheeb tsam), nyob rau ntawm ntug dej ntawm Lake Chicha. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm kev sib hais haum tau zoo heev - VIII-VII centuries BC, uas yog, nyob rau hauv ntau lub sij hawm ua ntej tshaj li cov tsos ntawm thawj lub nroog ntawm Hunnic era nyob rau hauv Siberia tseem yog hnub tim. Qhov no tau lees paub qhov kev xav tias Siberian kev vam meej yog laus dua li nws zoo li. Kev txiav txim siab los ntawm kev khawb av thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev pom, cov neeg ntawm yuav luag European zoo li nyob ntawm no. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias Chichaburg yog qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm txoj kev ntawm ntau haiv neeg, qhov chaw ntawm Ancient Siberia.

Thawj qhov kev hais tawm ntawm kev lag luam tawm ntawm Ob Dej los ntawm cov tub lag luam Lavxias tau sau tseg hauv 1139. Tom qab ntawd lub Novgorodian Andriy mus rau nws lub qhov ncauj thiab nqa los ntawm qhov ntawd ib tug loj load ntawm furs.

Nws yog ib qho nthuav rau peb tias nws nrhiav tau ib tug Lavxias teb sab kev sib hais haum nyob rau hauv lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub Ob, nyob rau hauv uas muaj ib tug bargaining, nyob rau hauv uas, raws li nws muab tawm, Lavxias teb sab tub luam tau ntev pauv lawv cov khoom rau zoo heev Siberian furs. Muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg, luam tawm, tshwj xeeb, hauv phau ntawv los ntawm Leonid Kyzlasov "Ancient nroog ntawm Siberia" uas cov tub lag luam Lavxias hauv XII - thaum ntxov XIII centuries pauv nrog lub nroog ntawm Kyrgyz Kaganate. Kuj ceeb tias, cov mummies khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus ntawm ib tug poj niam thiab ib tug txiv neej, pom nyob rau hauv nruab nrab-1990s ntawm lub Altai siab toj siab Ukok, tsis yog rau cov Mongoloid, tab sis rau cov haiv neeg Caucasian. Thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub thiab cov khoom zoo ntawm Scythian, los yog "tsiaj" style, khawb los ntawm hillockers nyob rau hauv lub qub mounds ntawm Altai, kuj ua tim khawv rau cov kab lis kev cai siab ntawm cov neeg thaum ub uas nyob ntawm no, lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog lub ntiaj teb, tshwj xeeb, nrog Western Asia.

Tsis deb ntawm ciam teb ntawm Altai Territory thiab Kazakhstan, archaeologists tau tshawb pom loj nyob rau hauv lub Bronze Age, uas lawv hu ua, tsis zoo heev - proto-lub zos los yog cov chaw hais txog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog. Cov no yog unfenced formations occupying txawv txawv cheeb tsam loj - los ntawm tsib mus rau peb caug hectares. Piv txwv li, Kent occupies 30 hectares, Buguly I - kaum ib, Myrzhik - peb hectares. Lub zos ntawm Baishura, Akim-bek, Domalaktas, Naiza, Narbas, Kzyltas thiab lwm tus tau nyob ib ncig ntawm kev sib haum xeeb ntawm Kent nyob rau hauv ib lub vojvoog ntawm tsib kilometers.

Cov lus piav qhia ntawm ob qho tib si kev vam meej thiab rhuav tshem lub nroog Siberian thaum ub ua ntej Yermak tuaj yeem pom hauv cov kws sau ntawv xws li Takhir Marvazi, Salam ntawm-Tarjuman, Ibn Khordadbeh, Chan Chun, Marco Polo, Rashid ad-Din, Snorri Sturlusson, Abul-Gazi, Sigismund Herberstein, Milescu Spafari, Nikolay Witsen. Cov npe nram qab no ntawm cov nroog Siberian ploj mus tau nqis los rau peb: Inanch (Inandzh), Kary-Sairam, Karakorum (Sarkuni), Alafkhin (Alakchin), Kemidzhket, Khakan Khirkhir, Darand Khirkhir, Nashran Khirkhir, Ordubalyk, Kamkamchut, Apruchian, Chinhai,, Arsa, Sahadrug, Ika, Kikas, Kambalyk, Grustina, Serpenov (Serponov), Kanunon, Kossin, Terom thiab lwm yam.

ntawv xov xwm "Altayskaya Pravda", 04.02.2011

Tus sau: Anatoly Muravlev

Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm yav dhau los tsis tau tshaj tawm lub nroog Siberian muaj nyob rau hauv Remezov Chronicle, uas yog thawj zaug qhia tawm los ntawm Nikolai Levashov.

Semyon Remezov thiab nws peb tus tub "Drawing Book of Siberia" tuaj yeem raug hu ua thawj Lavxias teb sab geographical atlas. Nws muaj cov lus qhia ua ntej thiab 23 daim ntawv qhia loj loj uas npog tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Siberia thiab sib txawv ntawm kev nplua nuj thiab nthuav dav ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Phau ntawv muaj cov duab kos ntawm cov av: Lub Nroog Tobolsk thiab cov nroog nrog txoj kev, lub nroog Tobolsk, lub nroog Tara, lub nroog Tyumen, lub tsev loj cuj Turin, lub nroog Vekhotursky, lub nroog Pelym, thiab lwm lub nroog thiab ib puag ncig.

Cov duab kos los ntawm "Daim Ntawv Qhia ntawm Siberia" los ntawm Semyon Remezov: