Nikolai II yog tus tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab aviation

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nicholas II's naval aviation tau tsim los ntawm kos, tab sis dhau los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab aviation hnub rov qab mus rau lub reign ntawm Nicholas II. Yog, contrary to the myths of Soviet keeb kwm, nws yog ib tug txiv neej ntawm kev vam meej. Nyob rau hauv nws, ntau yam kev siv thev naus laus zis rau kev ua tub rog thiab kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb tau tsim kho. Aviation yog tsim nyob rau hauv nws los ntawm kos thiab dhau los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab ntau tshaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua, Russia tsis muaj nws tus kheej aviation, los yog txawm lub hauv paus rau nws creation. Muaj tsuas yog lub siab xav muaj zog ntawm huab tais muab Russia lub ntuj.

Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tsim aviation tau ntsib nrog qee yam tsis muaj kev nkag siab ntawm Nikolai cov neeg koom nrog.

Cov memoirs ntawm Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich yog qhia: "… Tus Minister of War, General Sukhomlinov, co luag. "Kuv nkag siab koj yog lawm, Koj tus Hwjchim," nws nug kuv ntawm ob lub luag: "Koj puas yuav siv cov khoom ua si no hauv peb pab tub rog?" [1] (Peb tab tom tham txog dav hlau)

Los ntawm kos mus rau cov thawj coj hauv ntiaj teb

Xyoo 1911, thawj qhov kev sim ntawm kev tsim lub dav hlau tub rog tau ua nyob rau hauv Russia, tab sis tsuas yog peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, cov tub rog huab cua huab cua tau dhau los ua kev tsim ua tub rog puv ntoob.

Raws li kev kwv yees luam tawm nyob rau hauv Soviet Tub Rog Encyclopedia, tsarist air fleet muaj 263 lub dav hlau. Muab piv rau daim duab no nrog rau lwm lub tebchaws, cov kws sau ntawv xaus lus tias thaum pib tsov rog, Lavxias Imperial Navy yog qhov loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb. [2]

6 xyoo tom qab lub encyclopedia tau luam tawm, ib tug nyias monograph los ntawm V. B. Shavrov ntawm aviation ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau luam tawm, qhov twg tus sau, raws li cov ntaub ntawv archival, systematizes cov ntaub ntawv hais txog tag nrho cov aircraft tsim.

Tus sau luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv hais tias los ntawm 1914 lub tsarist huab cua fleet muaj 600 aircraft. [3]

Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ib (Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1) tsis tau dhau los ua qhov cuam tshuam rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hom riam phom no. Txog rau xyoo 1917, 20 lub tuam txhab dav hlau tau tsim nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman. Thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog xyoo, cov dav hlau dav hlau tau ntxiv los ntawm 5,600 lub dav hlau. Los ntawm 1917, Imperial Navy muaj 6,200 lub dav hlau. [4]

Kev sib piv: Hauv tebchaws Askiv, tsuas yog xyoo 1919, lub dav hlau dav hlau muaj 4,000 lub dav hlau (30% tsawg dua hauv peb lub tebchaws los ntawm 1917) [5]

Lub teb chaws Yelemees yog tib lub teb chaws uas tshaj Russia nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm aircraft. Txog xyoo 1917, lub teb chaws Yelemees tsim ntau tshaj 20 txhiab lub dav hlau. [6]

Los ntawm kos thiab tsis muaj lub hauv paus kev, Nicholas II tswj los tsim ib hom riam phom siab heev. Qhov loj tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb ua ntej Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ob thiab thib ob tom qab lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm 1917.

Muaj cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws txog cov khoom ntim ntawm cov tuam txhab tsim hluav taws xob hauv tsev. Piv txwv li, cov nroj tsuag Dux tsim 60 lub dav hlau ib hlis twg, Shchetinin cog - 50, Anatra - 40, Lebedev cog - 35, RBVZ - 25 aircraft [7]

Qhov ntau ntawm domestic aircraft tau txawv los ntawm ntau yam. Tus kws sau ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm kev tsav dav hlau tau tham los ntawm peb saum toj no kho tias "tag nrho cov npe ntawm cov dav hlau ua hauv Russia suav nrog 315 lub npe ntawm cov qauv Lavxias qub, ntawm 38 tau tsim ua ntu zus, thiab 75 txoj haujlwm muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm kev vam meej. Cov npe ntawm cov kws sau ntawv-tsim qauv ntawm Lavxias aircraft suav nrog 120 lub npe thiab 4 lub koom haum. " [yim]

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas tus kws tshawb fawb V. B. Shavrov, uas luam tawm cov duab no nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub Central State tub rog keeb kwm Archive (Central State tub rog keeb kwm Archive), openly lees paub qhov zoo ntawm lub tsarist aircraft.

"Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm tag nrho cov xov tooj ntawm sim aircraft, Russia tsis lag tom qab lub siab heev capitalist lub teb chaws ntawm lub xyoo ntawd" thiab "Lub theem ntawm kev ua tau zoo ntawm Lavxias teb sab aircraft feem ntau tsis qis dua li ntawm txawv teb chaws." [9]

Thiab qhov no txawm hais tias nyob rau sab hnub poob thawj lub dav hlau tau tawm hauv xyoo 1903, thiab hauv Russia xyoo 1911 (8 xyoo tom qab), tab sis tom qab rau xyoo kev lag luam tau kov yeej tag nrho. Peb qhov ceev ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav tau ntau tshaj li ob zaug sai li nyob rau sab hnub poob.

Tab sis kev ntes mus rau sab hnub poob tsis txaus rau peb. Lavxias teb sab aviation yog teem ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub ntiaj teb no cov ntaub ntawv.

Piv txwv li, lub dav hlau Ilya Muromets, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1913, tau los ua lub ntiaj teb no tus thawj bomber. Lub dav hlau no tau teev cov ntaub ntawv hauv ntiaj teb rau kev nqa lub peev xwm, tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb, lub sijhawm thiab qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm lub davhlau. [10]

Igor Ivanovich SIKORSKY ua tus creator ntawm Lavxias teb sab aircraft

Txij li thaum xyoo 1908, ua ke nrog nws cov npoj yaig los ntawm lub koom haum F. Bylinkin, Sikorsky pib tsim lub dav hlau, suav nrog ob lub nyoob hoom qav taub qauv (uas tseem tsis tau ya vim tsis muaj lub cav muaj zog).

Xyoo 1908-1909. nws sab laj nrog cov kws tshaj lij hauv tsev thiab txawv teb chaws, mus ntsib Fabkis thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees dua.

Xyoo 1910 nws tau tawm thawj zaug ntawm lub dav hlau C-2 ntawm nws tus kheej tsim. Qhov kev vam meej tiag tiag tuaj thaum lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav xyoo 1911. tau tsim lub dav hlau C-5. Ntawm nws, Sikorsky tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm tus kws tsav dav hlau thiab thaum lub sij hawm ua tub rog ua kom pom qhov zoo tshaj ntawm nws lub dav hlau hla lub tsheb txawv teb chaws.

I. I. Sikorsky ntawm nws lub dav hlau

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 1911, Sikorsky tau tsim nws thib rau lub dav hlau (C-6) nrog lub cav muaj zog dua thiab muaj peb lub rooj tsav xwm. Ntawm nws, nws tau teeb tsa lub ntiaj teb ceev cov ntaub ntawv hauv davhlau nrog ob tus neeg caij tsheb.

Thaum lub Plaub Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1912, lub dav hlau no tau tshwm sim ntawm Moscow Aeronautics Exhibition, qhov chaw uas nws tau txais txiaj ntsim zoo heev. Lub koom haum Lavxias teb sab Technical Society tau muab khoom plig rau Sikorsky "rau kev ua haujlwm muaj txiaj ntsig hauv aeronautics thiab rau kev ywj pheej ntawm kev tsim lub dav hlau ntawm nws tus kheej, uas ua rau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo."

Ib tug neeg tsim qauv zoo (tus menyuam kawm ntawv uas tsis kawm tiav!) tau raug caw tuaj rau St. Petersburg mus rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshaj lij ntawm kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm Lavxias teb sab naval aviation - qhov no yog li cas Sikorsky los ua nws tus tsim.

Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab ua haujlwm tsuas yog ib xyoos, nws tau tawm ntawm kev pabcuam tub rog, dhau los ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv lub tuam txhab kev lag luam ntawm lub tuam txhab sib koom ua ke "Lavxias teb sab-Baltic Wagon Plant" (RBVZ).

Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1912, nws tau los ua tus tsim qauv thiab tus thawj coj ntawm cov nroj tsuag no. Muaj Sikorsky xyoo 1912-1914. Ntawm ntau lub tsheb tub rog tau tsim lub ntiaj teb thawj plaub lub cav cua loj "Lavxias teb sab Knight" thiab tom qab ntawd los ntawm nws lub hauv paus - "Ilya Muromets", txawv ntawm qhov dav dav dav thiab tau tsim lub hauv paus rau ntau lub cav aviation.

Lavxias Knight tau teeb tsa lub ntiaj teb cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm ya 1 teev 54 feeb nrog xya tus neeg caij tsheb. Cov tshuab ntawm cov qauv zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim txawv teb chaws tsuas yog ob peb xyoos tom qab

Tsar Nicholas II tau hais tias xav pom "Lavxias Knight". Lub dav hlau ya mus rau Krasnoe Selo, Tsar nce toj thiab zoo siab rau qhov nws pom. Tsis ntev Sikorsky tau muab khoom plig los ntawm Huab tais - ib lub moos kub.

"Ilya Muromets" tau los ua lub dav hlau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. Nws tau zoo siv los ua cov foob pob hnyav thiab cov dav hlau tshawb nrhiav ntev. Lawv tsim lub "Air Squadron" - thawj tsim ntawm lub tswv yim aviation.

Sikorsky nws tus kheej tau koom nrog hauv lub koom haum ntawm pab tub rog, cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm thiab siv cov tswv yim ntawm lawv cov kev sib ntaus sib tua. Nws siv sijhawm ntau nyob rau pem hauv ntej, saib xyuas nws cov dav hlau hauv kev nqis tes ua, thiab ua qhov tsim nyog hloov pauv rau lawv tus qauv tsim. Tag nrho ntawm 85 "Muromtsy" ntawm rau lub ntsiab hom tau tsim.

Ntxiv nrog rau cov foob pob hnyav, Sikorsky tsim xyoo 1914-1917. lub teeb fighters, naval reconnaissance aircraft, lub teeb fighter reconnaissance aircraft, twin-engine fighter-bomber thiab tua aircraft, i.e. yuav luag tag nrho cov dav hlau dav hlau ntawm txhua hom siv hauv Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Igor Ivanovich, aircraft cav, khoom siv thiab riam phom tau tsim thiab loj-tsim, tshiab factories tau tsim rau lawv ntau lawm. Qhov no yog li cas ib tug haib diversified domestic aviation kev lag luam tau tsim.

Thaum muaj hnub nyoog 25 xyoos, I. I. Sikorsky tau txais qhov kev txiav txim ntawm St. Vladimir, IV degree

Lub kiv puag ncig kev puas tsuaj ua rau xaus rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov neeg tsim qauv ci ntsa iab hauv tsev. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws pom tias tsoomfwv tshiab yog cov neeg tawm tsam Lavxias.

"Igor Ivanovich tawm hauv tebchaws Russia vim nws raug hem tias yuav raug tua," nco qab nws tus tub Sergei Igorevich, uas txuas ntxiv nws txiv txoj haujlwm.- Thaum pib ntawm 1918, ib tug ntawm nws yav dhau los cov neeg ua hauj lwm, uas ua hauj lwm rau lub Bolsheviks, tuaj rau nws lub tsev thaum hmo ntuj thiab hais tias: "…" Qhov xwm txheej no txaus ntshai heev. Kuv pom qhov kev txiav txim rau koj tua."

Nws yog lub sijhawm ntawm Red Terror, thaum lawv raug tua ntawm qhov chaw, tsis muaj kev sim siab. Thiab Sikorsky ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau cov neeg tawg rog: ua phooj ywg ntawm Tsar thiab ua ib tus neeg nyiam heev. Txhua Petrograd paub nws, ntau tus saib nws zoo li tus phab ej …"

Nws tawm ntawm Murmansk. Nws thawj zaug nyob hauv Fabkis, txij xyoo 1919 hauv Tebchaws Meskas.

Tsim kev dav dav dav dav

Thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 23, 1914, los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Emperor Nicholas II, ib pab tub rog ntawm cov nkoj huab cua "Ilya Muromets" tau tsim, lub taub hau ntawm Mikhail Shidlovsky.

Qhov no yog li cas lub ntiaj teb thawj tsim ntawm hnyav plaub-engined bombers tshwm sim thiab ntev-ntev aviation ntawm Russia yog "yug". Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "tus yawm txiv" ntawm cov neeg tawg rog niaj hnub nws tus kheej tau coj mus rau saum huab cua thaum lub Kaum Ob Hlis 23, 1913.

Nws yog ib lub dav hlau loj loj nrog plaub lub cev muaj zog, uas yuav tsum nqa lub tsheb hnyav tshaj tsib tons rau saum huab cua. "Muromets" muaj ob lub tshuab rab phom platform - ib qho yog nruab nrab ntawm cov khiav ntawm lub chassis, qhov thib ob yog yuav tsum tau nyob rau ntawm lub fuselage.

Thaum lub sij hawm thawj lub davhlau ntawm lub biplane, Sikorsky nws tus kheej zaum ntawm lub helm, thiab rau lub hlis tom qab kuaj lub tshuab, thawj qhov kev txiav txim rau kaum lub dav hlau tau txais rau cov tub rog Lavxias teb sab. "Muromtsy" yog qhov tseem ceeb, yog li cov neeg tsav dav hlau tau tsim los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm nkaus xwb. Txawm tias tus kws kho tsheb dav hlau yuav tsum muaj tus tub ceev xwm qib.

Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1914, thawj "Ilya Muromets" tau hloov mus rau hauv lub dav hlau nrog lub tshuab muaj zog dua - qhov no yog li cas cov foob pob "B" tshwm sim.

Lawv tau nruab nrog ob rab phom tshuab, foob pob tawg thiab pom lub foob pob yooj yim. Cov neeg coob ntawm lub tsheb muaj rau tus neeg. Thaum Lub Rau Hli 5, 1914, lub dav hlau tau teem caij davhlau ntev li 6 teev 33 feeb thiab 10 vib nas this.

Ntev-ntau aviation ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv thawj lub ntiaj teb ua tsov ua rog

Cov tub rog tau nruab nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm dav hlau thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv av, nws lub khw kho mob, tsev khaws khoom, chaw sib txuas lus, kev pabcuam huab cua, lub tsev kawm ntawv dav hlau nrog kev cob qhia dav hlau, lub nkoj ntawm cov tsheb thiab txawm tias muaj kev tiv thaiv dav hlau.

Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1914 thiab 1918 lub dav hlau ntawm Ilya Muromets series tau ua txog 400 hom kev tshawb nrhiav thiab kev foob pob ntawm cov yeeb ncuab lub hom phiaj. Lub sijhawm no, 12 tus yeeb ncuab tua raug rhuav tshem, thaum Russia poob tsuas yog ib qho "Muromets".

Thaum lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog, lub dav hlau tau niaj hnub niaj hnub. Thaum lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1916, pawg tub rog tau txais ob lub dav hlau E-hom tshiab, qhov hnyav ntawm qhov hnyav tshaj xya tons. Cov foob pob tawg no muaj yim lub ntsiab lus tua hluav taws, muab lub foob pob hluav taws, thiab lub foob pob ntawm 800 kilograms.

Los ntawm xyoo 1917, Sikorsky tau tsim cov phiaj xwm tshiab, txawm tias muaj zog dua "Muromets" "hom Zh". Nws tau npaj tsim kom muaj txog li 120 lub foob pob hnyav. Tab sis Lub Ob Hlis Revolution tau tshwm sim, thiab maj mam tawg ntawm cov qauv tshwj xeeb ntawm pawg tub rog pib.

Shydlouski tau tshaj tawm tias yog huab tais huab tais thiab raug tshem tawm ntawm chaw ua haujlwm. Pawg tub rog tau ua ntej deprived ntawm nws exclusivity, thiab tom qab ib pliag nws tau hais tias nws yuav tsum disbanded tag nrho.

Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 1917, cov tub rog German tau mus txog Vinnitsa, qhov chaw uas muaj tub rog ntawm cov nkoj huab cua nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd. Thaum lub sijhawm khiav tawm, nws tau txiav txim siab hlawv cov dav hlau kom tsis txhob mus rau cov yeeb ncuab.

Lub Ilya Muromets tau ua nws qhov kawg ntawm lub Kaum Ib Hlis 21, 1920. Tom qab ntawd, cov dav hlau tau siv rau hauv cov neeg caij dav hlau tom qab thiab hauv tsev kawm ntawv aviation.

Lub dav hlau no ntshai tus yeeb ncuab thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1.

Keeb kwm Pyotr Multatuli nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm "Lavxias teb sab Pilots ntawm lub German tsov rog ntawm 1914-1917" sau cov ntaub ntawv hais tias "Lub rau hli ntuj 14, 1915," Ilya Muromets "nyob rau hauv kev tswj ntawm tus tsav Bashko nqa tawm ib tug ua tau zoo bombardment nyob rau hauv lub chaw nres tsheb Prezherovsk, qhov twg ib tug. coob tus German tsheb ciav hlau tau sau.

Nrog kev sib tsoo ncaj qha, Bashko tawg lub tsheb ciav hlau nrog lub plhaub. Cov yeeb ncuab kuj raug kev puas tsuaj hnyav hauv cov neeg ua haujlwm. Kev ceeb ntshai uas tshwm sim ntawm Austro-German cov tub rog tau xaus nrog kev ntes ntawm 15,000 tus neeg. " [kaum ib]

Russia - lub teb chaws ntawm aerobatics

Thawj qhov kev ntsuas rau kev cob qhia cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv cov tub rog Lavxias tau ua nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1910. Lawv tau ua los ntawm Main Engineering Directorate, uas cov tub rog aeronautical units yog subordinate.

Nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1910, xya tus tub ceev xwm Lavxias thiab rau qib qis tau raug xa mus rau Fabkis: thawj zaug rau kev cob qhia dav hlau, qhov thib ob rau kev cob qhia hauv tshuab.

Thawj lub davhlau kev cob qhia formations tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 1910. Qhov no yog preceded los ntawm lub creation ntawm aviation clubs thiab cov koom haum nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm lub tsev aircraft, kev cob qhia flights, tsim theoretical teeb meem, kev sib tw thiab txhawb aviation.

Cov koom haum pej xeem zoo li no tau ua haujlwm hauv St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kiev, Odessa, Saratov thiab lwm lub nroog. Kev tsim ntawm Lavxias teb sab tub rog aviation tsev kawm ntawv tau yooj yim heev los ntawm lub All-Lavxias teb sab Aero Club (VAK), Moscow thiab Kiev Aeronautics Societies, thiab lub Odessa Aero Club.

Thaum lub sij hawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no tau tsim nyob rau hauv Russia, Aeronautical Training Park (UVP), nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm St. Petersburg, tau ua haujlwm txog 25 xyoo.

Lub koom haum ntawm kev cob qhia rau tub rog pilots tau teem siab heev nyob rau hauv Russia thaum lub sij hawm ntawd. Ua ntej pib xyaum xyaum ya davhlau, txhua tus neeg tsav dav hlau yav tom ntej tau kawm tshwj xeeb theoretical chav kawm, uas suav nrog cov hauv paus ntawm aerodynamics, huab cua, aviation technology thiab lwm yam kev qhuab qhia. Cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov kws tshaj lij hauv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau koom nrog hauv kev xa cov lus qhuab qhia rau cov neeg tsav nkoj.

Thaum kawg ntawm 1911, Lavxias teb sab tub rog department muaj nyob rau ntawm nws pov tseg txog 50 kev cob qhia pilots, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm pib tsim thawj aviation detachments.

Cov tsev kawm ntawv dav hlau tswj hwm tus kheej los ntawm Nicholas II kawm tiav cov kws tshaj lij hauv chav kawm siab tshaj plaws.

Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1913, tsuas yog 3 xyoos tom qab, tom qab tsim lub tsev kawm ntawv thawj zaug hauv tebchaws Russia, tus kws tsav dav hlau Lavxias Pyotr Nesterov tau ua. thawj daim duab aerobatics hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb - Loop.

Thaum cov Germans tawm tsam Russia, Nesterov mus rau pem hauv ntej thiab ua ib tug ace. Rau kev tua ntawm Nesterov lub dav hlau, cov yeeb ncuab tau cog lus tias yuav tau txais txiaj ntsig loj, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsum tua nws. Nws tuag ua thawj huab cua ram hauv keeb kwm.

Kev ua tsov ua rog ua rau muaj ntau tus aviator-heroes los ua pov thawj lawv tus kheej, piv txwv li, A. A. Kozakov. Isseldovatels nco ntsoov tias "Ib qho kev ntseeg tob hauv Orthodox Christian, Kozakov ib txwm nce mus rau saum ntuj nrog lub cim ntawm St. Nicholas Wonderworker." [12] Nyob rau hauv tus account ntawm no ace - 17 German aircraft (qhov no tsuas yog officially sau npe). Raws li kev kwv yees tsis raug cai - 32).

Lub imperial aviation yog nto moo rau nws aces pilots. Thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, ntau qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg tsav nkoj Lavxias paub. Tshwj xeeb yog paub: Tus tauj ncov loj E. N. Kruten, Lieutenant Colonel A. A. Kazakov, Tus tauj ncov loj P. V. Argeev, uas tau tua txog 20 tus yeeb ncuab aircraft txhua.

Tus huab tais German Wilhelm II, uas tawm tsam Russia xyoo 1914, tau thov los ntawm nws cov tub txib: "Kuv xav kom kuv cov neeg tsav dav hlau sawv ntawm qhov siab ntawm kev kos duab ib yam li cov neeg Lavxias ua." [14]

Cov thev naus laus zis siab los tiv thaiv Niam Txiv

Nicholas II tswj kom dhau cov neeg European nyob hauv tsuas yog 6 xyoo hauv qhov lawv tau ua rau 14 xyoo, tab sis kuj nce qib ntxiv. Nws yog Russia uas tsim thawj tus neeg foob pob, nws yog Lavxias tus kws tsav dav hlau uas dhau los ua tus tsim ntawm aerobatics, nws yog Russia uas tsim thiab siv lub ntiaj teb thawj lub dav hlau nqa khoom hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua. Deck-based naval aviation tau yug los.

Nyob rau hauv 1916, nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm DP Grigorovich, thawj domestic torpedo bomber GASN (lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb hydroaeroplane) tau tsim nyob rau ntawm Gamayun cog, qub PRTV.

Lub torpedo tau raug tshem tawm hauv qab lub fuselage. GASN tau nkag mus sim hauv lub Yim Hli 1917.

Nyob rau hauv 1916, D. P. Grigorovich tsim ib tug xov tooj ntawm tshwj xeeb tshuab.

Qhov tseeb hais tias muaj 315 lub npe ntawm thawj Lavxias teb sab kev tsim ua tim khawv rau cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb thiab cov txuj ci ntawm cov tub ceev xwm uas muab lub sij hawm rau lawv. Xws li ib tug nplua nuj ntau yam ntawm cov qauv tau yug los nyob rau hauv tsuas yog 6 xyoo.

Nicholas II tau qhia tias cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tuaj yeem ua li cas yog tias peb muab sijhawm rau lawv thiab muab kev txhawb nqa lub xeev muaj peev xwm.

Lub sijhawm Nicholas II tawg cov ntaub ntawv txawm tias Stalin txoj kev lag luam.20 lub tuam txhab dav hlau thiab 6200 lub dav hlau hauv tsuas yog 6 xyoo los ntawm kos! Qhov no yog txawm tias qhov tseeb tias 5,600 ntawm lawv tau tsim nyob rau hauv tsuas yog 3 xyoos, thiab hauv kev ua tsov rog.

Los ntawm 1917, txawm tias muaj tsov rog, kev lag luam Lavxias tau mus txog qib ntawm kev tsim khoom ntawm 1,897 lub dav hlau ib xyoos twg. [15]

Thiab qhov no yog txhua yam tsis muaj kev tsim txom thiab pov tseg

Nyob rau lub sijhawm xyoo 1913 txog 1917, Nicholas II tau coj 12 lub dav hlau thauj khoom nruab nrog M-5 thiab M-9 ya nkoj mus rau hauv cov tub rog.

Nicholas II's naval aviation tau tsim los ntawm kos, tab sis dhau los ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb.

Raws li lub Ib Hlis Ntuj Tim 1, 1917, Lavxias teb sab Naval Aviation yog ib tug impressive quab yuam thiab suav nrog 264 lub dav hlau ntawm ntau hom.

Ntawm cov no, 152 lub dav hlau thiab 4 lub npas me me tswj tau nyob hauv Dub Hiav Txwv Fleet, 88 lub dav hlau hauv Baltic. Lwm 29 lub dav hlau muaj nyob rau hauv Petrograd thiab Baku tub ceev xwm tsev kawm ntawv aviation.

Txij lub Cuaj Hlis 1916 txog Lub Tsib Hlis 1917 ib leeg, lub nkoj tub rog tau txais 61 lub dav hlau tsim los ntawm Grigorovich M-11 thiab M-12; 26 ntawm lawv ya mus rau Hiav Txwv Dub, kwv yees li 20 tawm mus rau lub Baltic. Hauv Hiav Txwv Dub thiab Baltic aviation units, ntsig txog, 115 thiab 96 tus tub ceev xwm, 1039 thiab 1339 tus thawj coj, cov tub ceev xwm tsis yog tub ceev xwm thiab cov neeg ntiag tug tau ua haujlwm.

Qhov no yog cov cuab yeej cuab tam nplua nuj uas Tub Rog Liab tau txais thiab tom qab ntawd tau ua haujlwm ua ib qho ntawm nws cov yeej.

Qhov chaw:

1. Romanov. A. Yu. Memoirs ntawm Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich Romanov. M. 2014.

2. Lavxias teb sab tub rog // Soviet tub rog encyclopedia. / ed. N. V. Ogarkov. Phau 7. M., Voyenizdat, 1979. p. 167-175

3. Shavrov VB Keeb kwm ntawm aircraft tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR mus txog rau thaum 1938 - 3rd ed., Kho - M.: Mechanical engineering, 1985

4. Ibid.

5. D. A. Sobolev. Keeb kwm ntawm aircraft 1919 - 1945. M. 1997.

6. O. S. Smyslov. Aces tiv thaiv aces. Hauv kev sib ntaus rau saum ntuj ceeb tsheej domination. M. 2013

7. Shavrov VB Keeb kwm ntawm aircraft tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR mus txog rau thaum 1938 - 3rd ed., Kho - M.: Mechanical engineering, 1985

8. Ibid.

9. Ibid.

10. Andreev IA Combat aircraft. M., 1994, nr 34.

11. Multatuli P. V. Lavxias teb sab pilots ntawm German tsov rog 1914-1917 URL:

12. Ib.

13. Ib.

14. Ib. Nrog rau kev xa mus rau Lub Xeev Archives ntawm Lavxias Federation. F. 601., ib. 1.d. 2326 ib. 3.

15. Shavrov V. B. Keeb kwm ntawm aircraft tsim nyob rau hauv lub USSR txog 1938 - 3rd ed., Kho - M.: Mechanical engineering, 1985

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