Keeb kwm ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom tawm tsam Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov xwm txheej tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm kev iab liam siv los ntawm Russia ntawm cov paj hlwb ntawm "Novichok" hom hauv Tebchaws Askiv tau los txog rau qhov kawg. Tshiab "qhov tseeb thiab kev sib cav" tawm tsam Russia tau tawg mus rau hauv plua plav, yuam lub teb chaws txoj kev coj noj coj ua tuaj nrog ntau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg uas zoo li tsawg dua thiab tsis tshua muaj siab.

Nws yog dav paub tias Winston Churchill tau hais txog kev siv tshuaj riam phom los ntawm Tebchaws Askiv thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib: "Kuv tsis tuaj yeem ua tus thawj coj ntawm cov pov thawj thiab cov tub rog." Cov kab lus no qhia tau zoo heev rau tag nrho txoj cai txawv teb chaws ntawm Great Britain. Nyob ntawm qhov xwm txheej thiab cov txiaj ntsig, Tebchaws Askiv yog tus tsim kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab kev coj ncaj ncees, lossis tus neeg ua phem thiab neeg phem.

Qhov kev txhawj xeeb no, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom.

Nyob rau hauv 2013, lub British tsab ntawm The Economist luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm tshuaj xyuas "Tus duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm Ypres", uas muab ib tug luv luv keeb kwm ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas zaj dab neeg no kiag li tsis tau hais txog kev siv riam phom tub rog los ntawm Great Britain nws tus kheej, thiab qhov tseeb ntawm lawv siv tawm tsam Russia thiab USSR yog qhov tsis muaj tseeb. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tawm tsam USSR tau paub. Hauv particular, cov tshuaj riam phom tau siv nyob rau hauv Adzhimushkai quarries, lub Odessa catacombs thiab tawm tsam partisans nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Belarus thiab Ukraine, raws li zoo raws li, raws li ib co lus ceeb toom, thaum lub sij hawm ua phem rau lub 10th thiab 30th ntug dej hiav txwv roj teeb nyob rau hauv Sevastopol. Thiab thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv cov pa phem loj heev los ntawm cov tub rog German tawm tsam Russia. Nws txaus kom nco qab qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv 2015 ntawm Osovets fortress thiab Attack of the Dead. Russia, raws li ib tug neeg raug tsim txom ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom, yog xyaum tsis tau hais nyob rau hauv Western keeb kwm, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag qhov no tshwm sim ntau zaus, thiab feem ntau yog los ntawm Great Britain.

Koj yuav xav tsis thoob, tab sis thawj zaug siv cov pa phem tawm tsam Russia tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog Crimean. Cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tau siv tawm tsam lub nroog Odessa, uas tsis muaj chaw nres nkoj tub rog thiab tub rog, lossis cov roj teeb ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw muag mis nyuj ntawm Rear Admiral Mikhail Frantsevich Reinecke, ib tug phooj ywg ntawm Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov nyob rau lub Tsib Hlis 13, 1854, nws yog sau:

“… Hnub no (rau Sevastopol - sau ntawv) ob lub foob pob tsis hnov tsw tau coj los ntawm Odessa, pov rau hauv lub nroog thaum lub Plaub Hlis 11 (fir) los ntawm Askiv (Li) thiab Fabkis (Fabkis) steamers. Ib tug ntawm lawv pib qhib nyob rau hauv Menshikov lub tshav puam nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm Kornilov, thiab ua ntej lub tes tsho qhib kiag li, lub intolerable stench yog li ntawd phem heev poured rau txhua leej txhua tus uas Kornilov mob; Yog li ntawd, lawv tau nres unscrewing lub tes tsho thiab muab ob lub foob pob rau cov khw muag tshuaj kom decompose lawv cov muaj pes tsawg leeg. Tib lub foob pob tau qhib hauv Odessa, thiab tus neeg tua phom uas qhib nws fainted, tau txais ntuav ntuav; nws mob tau ob hnub, thiab kuv tsis paub tias nws zoo lawm."

Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo 1854, British chemist thiab industrialist Mackintosh npaj noj Sevastopol los ntawm kev nqa cov nkoj tshwj xeeb mus rau ntug dej hiav txwv fortifications ntawm lub nroog, uas, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm nws, yuav spew tawm ib tug ntau ntawm cov tshuaj uas ignite los ntawm kev sib cuag nrog. oxygen. Raws li Macintosh sau:

… qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov uas yuav yog qhov tsim ntawm cov tuab tuab, ua rau muaj huab cua los yog pa taws, uas npog lub fort lossis roj teeb, nkag mus rau hauv cov embrasures thiab cov neeg koom nrog thiab caum cov phom thiab txhua tus neeg sab hauv.

Los ntawm kev tua kuv cov foob pob hluav taws thiab foob pob hluav taws, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov khoom uas muaj cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tam sim ntawd, nws yooj yim ua rau hluav taws kub hnyiab ntawm tib neeg thiab cov khoom siv, tig tag nrho cov chaw pw hav zoov mus rau hauv hiav txwv hluav taws loj."

Tom qab kawg ntawm Crimean Tsov Rog, British Mechanic's Magazine tau sau tias: "Koj tuaj yeem hu rau kev siv cov plhaub zoo li no tsis yog tib neeg thiab kev qias neeg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, tab sis … yog, txawm li cas los xij, tib neeg xav tawm tsam, ces qhov kev tuag thiab kev puas tsuaj ntau dua. txoj kev ua tsov rog yog, qhov zoo dua."

Thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog Lavxias teb sab pej xeem, tshuaj lom tau siv los ntawm ob tog ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Muaj tseeb, Bolsheviks siv OVs uas tseem nyob rau hauv warehouses thiab ib lub Hoobkas nyob rau hauv lub Volga cheeb tsam ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntau lawm, thiab "dawb" - feem ntau ntawm British thiab Fabkis ntau lawm, uas tau muab rau lawv los ntawm lub Entente lub teb chaws, feem ntau yog cov British. Qhov no yog vim lub fact tias lub Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws tau txiav txim ntawm qhov ntau npaum li cas tshuaj munitions tshaj lub teb chaws ntawm sab hnub poob. Nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv Kaum ib hlis 1916, 95 txhiab tshuaj lom thiab 945 txhiab suffocating shells raug xa mus rau cov tub rog nyob rau hauv lub teb. Nyob rau hauv Fabkis, thaum tsov rog, txog 17 lab tshuaj projectiles tau tsim, nrog rau 13 lab 75-mm thiab 4 lab caliber los ntawm 105 mus rau 155 hli. Hauv xyoo kawg ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog, Edgewood Arsenal hauv Tebchaws Meskas tau tsim txog 200,000 chemical shells ib hnub. Nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees, tus naj npawb ntawm cov tshuaj plhaub nyob rau hauv cov mos txwv phom tau nce mus rau 50%, thiab nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1918, thaum tawm tsam Marne, cov Germans muaj txog li 80% ntawm cov tshuaj nyob rau hauv mos txwv. Hmo ntuj ntawm Lub Yim Hli 1, 1917, 3.4 lab mustard-filled shells raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm 10 km pem hauv ntej ntawm Neuville thiab sab laug ntug dej ntawm Meuse. Hauv tebchaws Askiv, tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg tsawg tsawg tau tsim.

Tsis tas li ntawd, "Reds" kuj siv OV tawm tsam cov pej xeem thiab cov neeg ntxeev siab, xws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm Tambov uprising, nyob rau hauv uas cov "Dawb" tsis pom.

Cov Tub Rog Dawb tau siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob hauv cov xwm txheej sib cais, txawm hais tias lub hom phiaj siv riam phom tshuaj lom neeg, thiab tsis yog me me. Lawv txwv lawv tus kheej rau cov phiaj xwm thiab lub siab xav kom tau txais los ntawm British, uas tsis yog ib txwm muaj. Muaj cov neeg paub txog kev siv tshuaj riam phom los ntawm Red Army:

- kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob los ntawm cov phom loj thaum lub sij hawm tawm tsam ntawm White Army ntawm lub nroog Volsk.

A. Yelenevsky "Lub caij ntuj sov ntawm Volga (1918) // 1918 nyob rau sab hnub tuaj ntawm Russia". M., 2003. S. 149.

- kev siv cov pa roj asphyxiant hauv lub plhaub thaum muaj kev tawm tsam ntawm lub zos Pokrovskoye, Ishim pem hauv ntej, Lub Rau Hli 28, 1918

Dmitry Simonov, Ishim Regiment: Los ntawm Keeb Kwm ntawm White Guard Tub Rog hauv Siberia (1918).

- kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob thaum tua kev tawm tsam hauv lub zos Gimry xyoo 1919-1920.

Toodorsky A. Red Army nyob rau hauv lub roob. Kev ua haujlwm hauv Dagestan. Nrog ib tug preface. S. S. Kameneva. M., 1924. S. 125

- txiav txim rau tus thawj coj ntawm pawg tub rog ntawm 25th division comrade. Kravtsuk ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj plhaub thaum lub sij hawm ua phem rau Ufa.

Ib daim qauv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Krasny Yar ze Ufa.

- foob pob hluav taws ntawm General Drozdovsky armored tsheb ciav hlau ze ntawm Pologino thiab Chaplino chaw nres tsheb nrog cov tshuaj lom neeg.

Vlasov A. A. Hais txog armored tsheb ciav hlau ntawm pab tub rog pab dawb. // Tub rog nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Russia: Lub ib hlis ntuj - Lub rau hli ntuj 1919. / Comp. S. V. Volkov. - M.: ZAO Centropoligraf, 2003.-- p. 413.

Kuj tseem muaj qhov tseeb ntawm kev siv thiab kev xav ntawm kev siv riam phom los ntawm cov tub rog ntawm Cov Tub Rog Dawb:

- Kev thov rov hais dua ntawm Ataman Krasnov rau cov pej xeem thaum Lub Rau Hli 1918 tau paub dav: "Nyob rau hauv koj cov kwv tij Cossack nrog lub tswb nrov … Yog tias koj tso kev tawm tsam, kev txom nyem rau koj, kuv nyob ntawm no, thiab nrog kuv 200,000 tus tub rog xaiv thiab ntau. pua phom; Kuv coj 3000 lub tog raj kheej ntawm asphyxiant gases, kuv yuav strangled tag nrho cov cheeb tsam, thiab ces tag nrho cov ciaj sia yuav tuag nyob rau hauv nws." Hauv kev muaj tiag, Krasnov tsuas muaj 257 balloons nrog OM, uas tsis tau siv.

- Lub Plaub Hlis 18, 1919, ntawm Shitkinsky pem hauv ntej, cov chav dawb, feem ntau yog Dawb Czechs, nyob ze ntawm lub zos ntawm Biryusinskoye raug rho tawm los ntawm cov neeg koom nrog liab.

"Kev tawm tsam rau lub zog ntawm Soviets hauv Irkutsk xeev (1918-1920). (Partisan txav hauv cheeb tsam Angara) ". Sat. cov ntaub ntawv. Irkutsk. Ib., 1959, 234.

Lub Czech roj teeb thiab lub tsheb armored raug rho tawm haujlwm nrog cov pa roj asphyxiant ntawm cov zos ntawm Biryusa thiab Kontorka.

P. D. Krivolutsky, "Shitkinsky partisans", Irkutsk, 1934

- Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob rau cov tub rog Liab los ntawm Cov Ncej thaum lub sij hawm Polish phiaj los nqis tes ntawm Styr River, Brody koog tsev kawm ntawv, Lub Xya hli ntuj 1920

S. M. Budyonny, "The Path Traveled" Part II.

- kev siv thaum Lub Yim Hli 1920 ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob nrog phosgene xa los ntawm Askiv tawm tsam qhov chaw ntawm 16th Army hauv cheeb tsam Baranovichi los ntawm Cov Ncej Dawb.

"Kev pabcuam tshuaj lom neeg thaum muaj kev tsov rog rog xyoo 1918-1921."

- Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 5, 1920, Wrangel's Caucasian pab tub rog, sim ua kom tawg mus rau Astrakhan, siv cov plhaub phom tiv thaiv Soviet 304th hauv cheeb tsam Salt Zaymishche.

- Colonel Mikheev thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm Kozheozersky monastery nyob rau hauv Lub Xya hli ntuj 1919. Qhov kev thov rau cov neeg Askiv muab 300-400 lub tog raj kheej ntawm cov pa phem tau raug tsis kam lees.

TsGAVMF, f. 164, d.125. L. 108. Cited in: V. V. Tarasov. Kev sib ntaus tawm tsam cov invaders hauv Murman xyoo 1918-1920. L.: Lenizdat, 1948. p. 217.

- thaum Bolsheviks tawm tsam tom qab lub siege ntawm Tsaritsyn, British adviser Williamston tau hais tias Baron Wrangel siv roj tawm tsam kev nce qib. Ntau lub plhaub nrog OV tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb, txawm li cas los xij, vim yog qhov tsis zoo rau OV ntawm cov tub rog dawb thiab tub ceev xwm, cov riam phom no tsis tau siv.

H. Williamston, “Farewell to Don. Civil War nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv phau ntawv teev lus ntawm ib tug British tub ceev xwm 1919-1920 , Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf, 2007, p. 155.

- kev hem thawj ntawm kev siv OM los ntawm ataman hauv mines ntawm Taganrog District

"Rabocheye Delo", Ekaterinoslav, No. 29, Kaum Ob Hlis 18, 1918.

Cov British tsis tsuas yog muab rau Russia nrog tshuaj riam phom, tab sis kuj siv lawv heev intensively, feem ntau nyob rau sab qaum teb sab. Thaum Lub Ob Hlis 7, 1919, nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv, Tus Tuav Ntaub Ntawv ntawm Tsov Rog Winston Churchill tau hais kom "siv cov tshuaj lom neeg kom tag nrho, ob qho tib si los ntawm peb cov tub rog thiab los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias uas peb muab."

Los ntawm tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Perevalov:

- “Lub Tsib Hlis 25, 1919 Hnub dhau mus ntsiag to. Thaum txog 17:00 British torpedo nkoj No.77 raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm vil. Adzhimushkay nrog grenades. Thaum 22 teev tsaus ntuj nws tau tua ntawm lub square nyob ze ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nrog 15 suffocating shells. Passes.

- Cov dav hlau luv luv British tau poob ntau lub foob pob hluav taws rau ntawm txoj haujlwm ntawm Red Army ze Arkhangelsk, xa los ntawm Great Britain mus rau Arkhangelsk nyob rau ua ntej ntawm lub kiv puag ncig.

M. Khairulin, V. Kondratyev, “Kev Tsov Rog ntawm Lub Tebchaws Perished. Aviation in the Civil War”, Moscow, Yauza, 2008, p. 139

- Lub Plaub Hlis 4, 1919, tus thawj coj ntawm Royal Artillery ntawm British Expeditionary Force nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Russia, Major Delage, tau faib cov mos txwv uas tau txais, suav nrog cov foob pob hluav taws, ntawm cov phom. Ntawm lub teeb 18-pounder cannon - 200 daim, ntawm 60-phaus phom - los ntawm 100 mus rau 500, ntawm 4.5-inch howitzer - 300, 700 tshuaj rounds raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm ob lub 6-inch howitzers hauv cheeb tsam Pinezhsky.

- Thaum Lub Rau Hli 1-2, 1919, cov neeg Askiv tau raug rho tawm haujlwm ntawm lub zos Ust-Poga nrog 6-nti thiab 18-pounder phom. Nyob rau hauv peb hnub, nws raug rho tawm haujlwm: 6-dm - 916 grenades thiab 157 gas shells; 18-lb - 994 frag grenades, 256 shrapnel thiab 100 gas shells. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 3, cov tub rog Askiv tau tua phom loj ntawm sab laug-bank outpost, tua 200 chemical shells txhua.

Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom los ntawm cov neeg Askiv tau qis heev, ntawm cov Russians feem ntau yog cov neeg raug tsim txom. Raws li txoj cai, cov lus txib Askiv tau hais txog qhov no los nag, huab cua pos huab, uas txo cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev siv roj. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, yog vim li cas yog outdated riam phom thiab mos txwv. Feem ntau rau cov tshuaj tua kab mob, lub tog raj kheej thiab cov grenades, Livens Projector M1 mortar tau siv.

Nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws roj mortar nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob, tua ntawm 1500 meters thiab muaj qhov tseeb tsawg heev. Cov tub ceev xwm Askiv tau hais kom siv 4-nti niaj hnub (102-mm) tshuaj mortars ntawm Stokes system nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Russia. Txawm li cas los xij, Churchill txwv tsis pub ua qhov no vim yog qhov tsis pub leej twg paub, thiab yog li ua rau qeeb ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam mortar hauv USSR rau 10 xyoo. Churchill ntshai tias Stokes 'mortars nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm trophies yuav xaus rau ntawm tes ntawm Red Army thiab USSR kev lag luam yuav muaj peev xwm luam tau cov mortar no, zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd. Thiab nws hais yog lawm. Tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1929 raug ntes Stokes mortars ntes los ntawm Suav thaum lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem ntawm Tuam Tshoj Eastern Railway coj mus rau Moscow. Thawj Soviet counterparts nkag mus rau cov tub rog tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1936.

Tab sis cov British tsim riam phom txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau Russia. Raws li Tus Saib Xyuas tau sau rau xyoo 2013 hauv tsab xov xwm "Winston Churchill qhov kev xav tsis thoob ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom", nyob rau lub hli dhau los ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, hauv chav kuaj mob Porton Down, nyob ze ntawm Skripal raug tshuaj lom, muaj kev puas tsuaj ntau dua. riam phom raug tsim - ib qho khoom siv zais sab saum toj "M Ntaus". Cov cuab yeej muaj cov pa phem heev hu ua diphenylaminechloroarsine. Tus Thawj Tub Ceev Xwm Charles Faulkes, leej twg tsim M Device, hu nws tias "qhov riam phom zoo tshaj plaws uas tau tsim."

Tus thawj coj ntawm British tub rog kev pab cuam, Sir Keith Price, tau ntseeg hais tias nws siv yuav ua rau lub zog sai sai ntawm lub Bolshevik tsoom fwv, thiab thaj chaw ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm Dawb Hiav txwv mus rau Vologda yuav tsum deserted. Cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws Askiv tau hnov qab tsis zoo rau kev siv "M Device", ntau yam rau kev ntxhov siab ntawm Churchill, uas tau npaj siv lub cuab yeej txuas ntxiv tawm tsam cov neeg ntxeev siab nyob rau sab qaum teb Is Nrias teb. Nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv tsis pub leej twg paub txog kev siv "M Device" tawm tsam Russia thiab Russians, Winston Churchill tau hais tias:

"Kuv tau pom zoo siv cov pa tshuaj lom tawm tsam cov pab pawg neeg tsis raug cai."

Yog li ntawd, 50,000 M Devices tau tsim nyob rau hauv Porton Down, uas tom qab ntawd raug xa mus rau Russia. British huab cua tawm tsam nrog lawv siv tau pib thaum Lub Yim Hli 27, 1919 nrog kev foob pob ntawm lub zos Yemetsk, 170 km deb. sab qab teb ntawm Arkhangelsk. Cov tub rog Red Army ntshai thaum pom huab cua ntsuab. Cov uas tau mus rau hauv huab tau ntuav ntshav thiab poob tsis nco qab lawm.

Tshuaj tua kab mob txuas ntxiv mus thoob lub Cuaj Hli. Cov chaw nyob Chunovo, Vikhtovo, Pocha, Chorga, Tavoigor thiab Zapolki tau raug foob pob hluav taws. Churchill tsis txaus siab rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev foob pob tshuaj lom neeg, thiab thaum lub Cuaj Hli, kev tawm tsam tau raug tso tseg. Ob lub lis piam tom qab ntawd, cov riam phom uas tseem tshuav tau poob rau hauv Hiav Txwv Dawb ntawm qhov tob ntawm 40 fab, qhov chaw lawv tseem nyob.

Daim duab tseeb ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom los ntawm Great Britain tawm tsam Russia yog qhov dav thiab ntev. Cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws Askiv yeej tsis tau tos txog qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, lossis, raws li Churchill tau hais, "cov pab pawg tsis raug cai." Cov neeg Askiv txaus siab rau lawv tus kheej rau lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua, thiab cov kev xav ntawm Russians tau hloov pauv me ntsis rau hnub no. Raws li kev xyaum dav dav ntawm cov neeg Askiv siv tshuaj riam phom tiv thaiv cov neeg Lavxias, peb tuaj yeem hais tau yam xyuam xim tias Sergei Skripal thiab nws tus ntxhais Yulia tau raug tshuaj lom tsis yog los ntawm Lavxias, tab sis los ntawm British cov kev pabcuam tshwj xeeb. Thiab yog tias tsoomfwv Askiv ntsib cov lus nug ntawm kev puas tsuaj tag nrho ntawm Russia thiab nws cov pejxeem, ces nws muaj feem ntau tias cov neeg Askiv txhais tes yuav tsis flinch thiab lub siab yuav tsis sawv. Hmoov tsis zoo, tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tib neeg tshuav nyob rau hauv pawg neeg kav tebchaws Askiv, cov neeg tseem ceeb thiab kev tsim los ntawm tam sim no. Zoo heev.

Tam sim no txhua lub teb chaws uas ib zaug muaj cov pa roj thiab lwm yam tshuaj hauv kev pabcuam tau rhuav tshem lawv tag nrho, lossis tseem ua nws. Tab sis "chemistry" tsis yog ib txwm ua rau tus cwj pwm tsis zoo.

Kev Tsov Rog Loj (lub npe ntawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 1 txog thaum ntxov 1940s) tau txais nws lub npe qub vim li cas. Tsis ntev ua ntej nws, nees thiab lub laub tau txav mus los ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, thiab cov thawj coj yws yws tias cov yeeb ncuab tsis sib ntaus sib tua raws li kev cai, siv cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv kev ua phem. Thiab tam sim no, yuav luag ib hmos, qhov hluav taws kub ntawm tag nrho cov tub rog tau nce ntau heev. Thawj thawj zaug hauv kev ua phem, tso tsheb hlau luam, flamethrowers tau siv, aviation, anti-aircraft thiab anti-tank artillery thiab, ntawm chav kawm, tshuaj riam phom tshwm sim loj heev.

Tom qab ntawd nws tau thov los ntawm tag nrho cov tog neeg thiab nws yog deb ntawm kev txaj muag los siv nws. Cov tshuaj chlorine, bromine, phosgene - cov lus no paub ntau tus los ntawm phau ntawv chemistry pib ua rau muaj kev ntshai tiag tiag hauv cov tub rog ntawm qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb. Nws zoo nkaus li tias Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb - qhov no yog tus thib ob horseman ntawm lub apocalypse ntawm ib tug nees liab, hu ua Tsov rog. Tom qab ntawd cov roj tau siv raws li qhov zoo tshaj plaws uas lawv tuaj yeem ua tau, nws tau tso tawm los ntawm cov pa roj carbon monoxide, ntim rau hauv grenades, plhaub ntim nrog rau hauv mortars, cannons, howitzers, thiab lwm yam.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, cov ntaub ntawv nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom tseem yog kev siv tshuaj chlorine los ntawm German pab tub rog tiv thaiv cov tub rog Lavxias uas tiv thaiv Osovets fortress nyob rau hauv niaj hnub Poland. Vim tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv cov roj no, yuav luag tag nrho cov garrison raug tua. Cov ob peb uas tswj kom muaj sia nyob tsis tau tos cov tub rog German nkag mus rau hauv lub fortress thiab ua ib qho amazing, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej, sim tawm tsam.

Dab tsi yog qhov xav tsis thoob ntawm cov neeg German thaum los ntawm qhov ntawd, qhov twg yuav tsum tsis muaj leej twg muaj sia nyob, lawv tau tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias, uas twb tsis muaj zog zoo ib yam li cov neeg. Hais txog cov xwm txheej ntxiv, cov keeb kwm tsis muaj kev pom zoo, tab sis qhov tseeb tseem yog tias cov Germans tau thim rov qab thiab Osovets tau tuav rov qab.

Ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib 2, ntau lub tebchaws tau sau cov khoom siv tshuaj lom neeg tseem ceeb. Ntau tus kwv yees txawm tias ntau tshaj li thaum tsov rog kawg, kev siv qhov kev tuag no. Tab sis qhov ntawd tsis tshwm sim. Thiab nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg xav tias rau qhov no yuav tsum ua tsaug rau qhov hu ua Geneva Protocol, uas xyoo 1925 txwv tsis pub siv "chemistry".

Tom qab tag nrho, cov ntaub ntawv zoo sib xws tau muaj txij li xyoo 1899, thaum Hague Convention txwv tsis pub "siv cov mos txwv, tib lub hom phiaj ntawm kev lom yeeb ncuab cov neeg ua haujlwm." Thiab nws tsis tau txwv tsis pub leej twg los ntawm kev siv roj av hauv Thawj Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias tsis yog Hitler lossis Stalin txawm suav nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm txoj cai lij choj thoob ntiaj teb, tsis hais txog kev cog lus ntawm tus kheej. Thiab nws tsis zoo li tias qee yam ntawm "daim ntawv" khaws cia lawv los ntawm volleys ntawm plhaub nrog chlorine thiab mustard gas. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm hostilities thoob plaws hauv tsov rog, tshuaj riam phom tau siv ob peb zaug. Tab sis tawm tsam cov pej xeem pej xeem nws tau siv tsis tu ncua. Nws yog roj (Zyklon B) uas Nazis siv rau kev tua neeg ntawm cov neeg Yudais.

Lub sijhawm tom ntej, riam phom chemical tau nquag siv hauv Nyab Laj, thiab feem ntau cov pej xeem kuj raug kev txom nyem los ntawm nws. Cov dav hlau Asmeskas tau txau cov tshuaj phem rau tib neeg hla hav zoov Nyab Laj hauv kev sim ua kom puas cov qoob loo ua liaj ua teb ntawm cov pej xeem. Muaj cov xwm txheej ntawm kev siv tshuaj riam phom los ntawm Viet Cong, tab sis lawv tsis tau qhia meej meej hauv qhov chaw qhib.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, hom riam phom no tsuas yog siv los ntawm peb lub ntiaj teb no (tsuas yog Middle East) thiab cov neeg phem. Feem ntau, kev siv "chemistry" yog txuam nrog lub npe ntawm yav dhau los Iraqi thawj coj Saddam Hussein. Nws muaj ntau heev "tarnished" nws lub koob npe nrov los ntawm kev siv no unconventional txhais tau tias ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Thiab qhov no, thaum lub sij hawm Asmeskas ntxeem tau ntawm Iraq nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 2000s, tsis txhob hnov qab nco ntsoov rau Western xov xwm. Tsuas yog ob peb xyoos xwb, Hussein tau tswj hwm roj rau cov tub rog Iranian thiab cov pej xeem ntawm nws lub tebchaws, Iraqi Kurds.

Tsis tas li ntawd, cov pa roj tau siv los ntawm Chechen cov neeg phem thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog thawj zaug hauv tebchaws thiab los ntawm cov neeg Nyij Pooj, uas xyoo 1995 tau txau cov roj sarin hauv Tokyo subway. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau tswj kom tua, raws li ntau qhov chaw, los ntawm 12 txog 27 tus neeg. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg raug tsim txom muaj txog li rau txhiab tus neeg.

Txij li thaum xyoo 2011, cov lus "tshuaj riam phom" yog ze rau kev ua tsov rog hauv Syrian Arab koom pheej thiab tsis tshua muaj hais cais los ntawm lub teb chaws no.

Xyoo 1993, ntau lub tebchaws (xws li Russia) tau kos npe rau daim ntawv cog lus thoob ntiaj teb txwv tsis pub siv riam phom. Nyob rau hauv 1997, Lavxias teb sab Federation tau pom zoo rau lub rooj sib tham no thiab pib cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv mus rhuav tshem tag nrho cov arsenal ntawm tshuaj riam phom. Raws li lub Kaum Ob Hlis 2014, peb lub teb chaws tau tshem tawm 85% ntawm arsenal. Cov seem kawg ntawm cov tshuaj lom yuav tsum raug rhuav tshem los ntawm Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 31, 2020.