Ntoo suav cov cim npe los ntawm kev khawb hauv Staraya Russa

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ntoo cim npe tau raug kho nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Tebchaws Europe txij thaum lub sijhawm Antiquity. Thaum lub sij hawm Nrab Hnub nyoog thiab niaj hnub nim no, lawv tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb thiab yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lub neej niaj hnub. Kev siv cov cim npe yog qhov loj heev: los ntawm txoj kev sau cov lej yooj yim thiab kev qhia suav rau kev siv lawv ua cov nqi pauv thiab qhov sib npaug ntawm cov nyiaj tsis yog nyiaj ntsuab.

Ore mining, engraving los ntawm George Agricola phau ntawv De Re Metallica Libri XII (1556).

Cov ore mined yog suav nrog cov ntawv sau rau ntawm daim ntawv ntoo -

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIX. Cov ntawv sau ntoo tau maj mam poob tawm ntawm kev siv dav, tab sis lawv siv tau sau tseg los ntawm ethnographers txawm nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Suav tag los ntawm Slovenia, ser. XX caug xyoo -

suav tag los ntawm Lapland, 1890 -

Rau ntau txhiab xyoo, txoj kev sau cov lej no thiab khaws suav tau ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev lag luam hauv zej zog. Cov nuj nqis ntoo cim tau hais nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xws li Napoleon Code thiab "Charter of the Russian Empire's Commercial Judicial Proceedings" (1887).

Judging los ntawm cov archaeological pom nyob rau hauv Staraya Ladoga, Novgorod, Pskov, Staraya Russa, Torzhok, Tver, Rostov, Beloozero, ntoo cim npe sawv cev sticks nrog notches twb dav nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm lawv hais, nyob rau hauv lub npe ntawm ntau ntau los yog boards, nyob rau hauv sau ntawv. (Novgorod thawj chronicle (nyob rau hauv 1207), cov khoom ntawm Pskov tsev hais plaub tsab ntawv (lig xyoo pua 15th), Novgorod birch bark ntawv, raws li zoo raws li nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tom qab sau).

Nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, kev siv cov cim ntoo tau sau tseg los ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm ethnographers kom txog rau thaum 20th, thiab nyob rau hauv tej thaj chaw deb mus txog rau lub xyoo pua 21st.

suav tag rau hnub so dais, lub zos Ust-Urna, Khanty, 2006 -

Thaum lub sij hawm excavations hauv Staraya Russa, ntau tshaj 650 medieval ntoo cim tau pom (duab thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm suav cov cim npe pom txij li xyoo 2005 tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb archaeological). Txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm qhov kev sau no tso cai rau tsis yog tsuas yog qhia cov ntaub ntawv tshiab rau hauv kev tshawb fawb, tab sis kuj qhia lwm txoj hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog pawg ntawm kev tshawb pom.

Cov duab thiab kos duab ntawm suav cov cim npe los ntawm kev khawb ntawm xyoo sib txawv -

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis txaus ntseeg me ntsis tau them nyiaj rau txoj kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov kev tshawb pom no.

Tam sim no, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab historiography, muaj ob txoj hauv kev rau kev faib cov cim npe.

Ib qho ntawm cov keeb kwm thiab archaeological, sawv cev los ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm RK Kovalev. Txheeb xyuas qhov kev sau keeb kwm ntawm Novgorod thiab kos duab ntawm ntau yam kev sib piv, nws tau hais txog kev sau npe ntawm cov cim npe thiab kev faib tawm ntawm cov lej suav.

Economists M. I. Kuter thiab A. V. Kuznetsov muaj kev sib txawv ntawm qhov teeb meem no, xav txog cov cim npe tsis yog ib pawg ntawm archaeological pom, tab sis raws li lub hauv paus ntawm keeb kwm ntawm kev tsim accounting nyob rau hauv Russia.

Txawm li cas los xij, twb nyob rau thawj theem ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv qub Lavxias teb sab, nws tau pom tseeb tias cov kev faib tawm tau pom muaj ntau qhov tsis zoo. Vim li no, kuv yuav tsum tau tsim kuv tus kheej system.

Ua ntej, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los txheeb xyuas cov cim qhia los ntawm cov cim npe kom meej meej qhov txawv ntawm lwm yam khoom.

Lub cim tseem ceeb ntawm lub cim yog muaj cov nicks. Cov ntawv sau ua ke sawv cev ib txoj hauv kev sau tus lej hauv chav tsev thiab siv tsis yog rau qhov peb hu ua cim npe xwb. Piv txwv li, foob lub tog raj kheej kuj feem ntau muaj qhov tsis zoo, tab sis qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv rau sau tus lej siv nrog rau cov lej Cyrillic.

Ntoo lub tog raj kheej-cov foob los ntawm Novgorod -

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub Novgorod thiab qub Lavxias teb sab excavations, cov seem ntawm cov cav cabins nrog cav tau cim nrog notches, uas qhia tau hais tias qhov kev txiav txim ntawm nteg lub cav.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, suav nrog kev nqis tes ua tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog ntawm cov nplaum tshwj xeeb, tab sis kuj ntawm cov khoom sib txawv kiag li (piv txwv li: whorls, spindles, rab ntaj khoom ua si, xub xub, lub thoob tuav, nplawm kov, thiab lwm yam). "tig" lawv rau hauv tag …

Spindle, whorl, ntoo xub thiab cov khoom ua si ntaj tag -

Ntawd yog, txhua yam khoom uas muaj cov lej sau tseg hauv chav ntsuas ntsuas siv cov ntawv sau lossis cov ntawv thov thaum lub sijhawm suav lossis suav nrog kev ua lej tuaj yeem suav nrog suav cim npe. Cov khoom raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov array no, cov haujlwm uas tau hais meej meej thiab cov lej sau ua lub luag haujlwm nruj me ntsis (cov log hauv lub tsev log, lub tog raj kheej-cov ntsaws ruaj ruaj). Ib qho yooj yim sib cais pawg yog "credit" lossis cais cov cim npe.

Tag nrho "suav" tag yog siv los xam thiab sau nws cov txiaj ntsig, thiab faib los txhim kho cov nqi thiab tus lej ntawm ob "tus neeg".

Tab sis cia peb tsis txhob nyob ntawm lawv thiab rov qab mus rau cov suav.

Suav cov cim npe tau pom ntawm yuav luag txhua qhov kev khawb hauv Staraya Russa.

Feem ntau cov neeg sawv cev sau los ntawm Borisoglebsky thiab Pyatnitsky-I excavations.

Nyob rau hauv lub Pyatnitsky excavation site nyob rau hauv 2002-2012. kev cai strata ntawm 11th-15th centuries tau kawm. nrog ib tug tuab ntawm txog 6 m. Excavations tshawb xyuas thaj chaw ntawm ob thaj av nyob rau hauv keeb kwm core ntawm lub nroog thiab tsis hloov ciam teb nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm kawm. Qhov xwm ntawm lub tsev thiab complex ntawm cov ntaub ntawv kab lis kev cai ua tim khawv rau ib tug es siab zoo raws li txoj cai, active ntau lawm thiab economic kev ua si ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm cov vaj tse. Ib qho ntxiv, tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb, qhov kev tshawb pom los ntawm Borisoglebsk excavation, qhov chaw ntawm 255 cim tau sau tseg nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm 11th-12th centuries nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm ob thaj av.

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias sau los ntawm cov cim npe los ntawm Staraya Russa yog piv rau tus lej rau Novgorod ib qho thiab yog ib qho loj tshaj plaws hauv Tebchaws Europe.

Kev suav cov cim npe yog qhov txawv ntawm ntau yam sab nraud. Ntawm lawv, raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm morphological, qee yam tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv: peg tag nrog lub ntsiab lus kawg (7) thiab stakes tags (wedges) nrog cov ntawv sau rau ntawm cov npoo ntawm qhov ntse ntse (1) (Kovalev cov ntawv), cov cim ua los ntawm pre-processed tetrahedral rods (ib tug).

Txawm li cas los xij, tam sim no, nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb cov hom cim npe no tau ua haujlwm nruj me ntsis lossis ua haujlwm rau tib lub hom phiaj ib yam li lwm tus.

Kev suav cov cim npe muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov txheej txheem kawm los ntawm 11th mus rau 15th centuries, txawm li cas los xij, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm lawv cov lej yuav tsum raug sau tseg, pom nyob rau hauv 11th - 1st ib nrab. XII xyoo pua.

Cov hom ntoo siv los ua cov cim suav muaj ntau haiv neeg (swb 26) tab sis feem ntau yog ua los ntawm ntoo thuv, birch thiab spruce. Tej zaum qhov kev xaiv ntawm cov khoom siv tsis raug tsom thiab tau hais los ntawm cov khoom siv raw hauv zos.

Yuav ua li cas thiab suav nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cim ntoo?

Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, cov qub Lavxias teb sab sau tam sim no suav nrog 649 cim npe (nrog rau cov credit sawv daws yuav). Ntawm cov no, 591 daim ntawv tau tshuaj xyuas nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm txoj kev tshawb no. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov cim ntawm cov cim tseem muaj sia nyob yog li ntawm 1 txog 130. Cov ntawv sau hauv kab yog suav txij li 1 txog 46, thiab cov lej ntawm cov cim nyob ntawm 1 txog 8.

Ntawm 89 cim npe, kab ntawm cov ntawv sau tau muab faib ua ntu. Tus naj npawb ntawm qhov chaw nyob hauv chav haujlwm muaj ntau yam, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 thiab 25 notches txhua.

Ntawm 8 lub cim npe, cov tuam haujlwm tau faib tsis tu ncua. Piv txwv li, ib qho alternates ntawm 3 thiab 7, lwm yam 8, 4 thiab 3 notches, thiab lwm yam.

Yav dhau los nws tau hais tias txhua kab ntawm cov ntawv sau thiab (lossis) cov lej ntawm cov ntawv cim npe yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus lej tau txais thaum lub hom phiaj ua haujlwm (feem ntau suav) thiab qhov zaus ntawm kev siv tus lej tuaj yeem muab cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov txheej txheem thiab units ntawm suav.

Rau qhov no, cov duab tau tsim, cais rau tus lej ntawm cov ntawv sau rau tag nrho cov cim npe thiab, sib cais, rau cov lej ntawm cov lej hauv kab tag nrho.

Tus neeg sawv cev ntawm cov khoom sau ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais cov ntaub ntawv lub hom phiaj tag nrho uas tau rov ua dua tshiab ntawm ntau pawg.

Peaks thiab troughs raug kaw rau ntawm kab kos, qhov sib xyaw ua ke uas qhia txog qee yam qauv. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias qhov zaus ntawm kev siv thawj kaum tus lej qhia tau hais tias muaj kev hloov pauv loj nyob ntawm cov txheej txheem xaiv, thiab qhov zaus ntawm kev siv tus lej tshaj kaum ib txwm qhia tib tus qauv.

Peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab li cas?

Tus account, nyob rau hauv feem ntau, tau pom tseeb ua nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm lub decimal system, dav nyob rau hauv Russia. Qhov no tau lees paub tias muaj cov kab ntau ntawm cov ntawv sau, muab faib ua ntu ntawm 10. Ntxiv mus, kev siv cov lej lej tau lees paub los ntawm cov peaks hauv daim duab. Feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm tus lej 9-11, 20, 28-30, 39-40, 50-51 raws li cov lej ntawm cov ntawv cim npe thiab hauv kab tau piav qhia los ntawm kev xav mus ncig thiab ua haujlwm nrog cov nyiaj uas ntau ntawm cov lub hauv paus ntawm tus lej system. Qhov ntawd yog, peb pom ib qho qauv uas ua tiav peb lub peev xwm los paub qhov txawv suav.

Ntau heev (7 daim ntawv theej), cov cim npe nrog ntu hauv 6 qhov chaw, 5 ntawm lawv hnub tim los ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, thiab 2 los ntawm XIII-XIV centuries. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov ntau ntawm 6 thiab 12 ntawm cov cim npe yog qhov tsawg. Ntawd yog, qee yam khoom raug suav los ntawm 6, tab sis tib lub sijhawm lawv tsis siv rau (lossis ib lub kaum) raws li kev ntsuas ntawm kev suav lossis lub hauv paus ntawm cov lej. Dab tsi tuaj yeem xav txog qhov no? Ntawm no nws yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI. Raws li V. L. Yanin, kun yog 6 centuries qub (thiab nyob rau hauv lub XIV-XV centuries altyn yog sib npaug rau 6 Moscow nyiaj).

Tom ntej no tus naj npawb ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb yog 7. Pom 3 cim npe nrog ntu hauv 7 notches. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Tab sis feem ntau muaj cov cim npe uas muaj cov lej 14 thiab 28 qhov sib npaug ntawm 7. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau cov cim npe uas muaj cov lej 29 thiab 30 tau raug kaw. Tib lub sijhawm, 28 thiab 29 feem ntau pom ntau dua 30. Cov qauv no tsis raug pom ntawm lwm tus lej (ze li 20 piv txwv). Tej zaum cov lus teb nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias 28 thiab 29 yog cov hnub hauv ib hlis (lunar lossis daim ntawv qhia hnub). Pom tau tias, cov cim npe uas muaj ntau yam ntawm xya, nrog rau 29 thiab 30, tej zaum yuav siv rau kev suav hauv daim ntawv qhia hnub lossis suav cov khoom, cov khoom siv, cov xwm txheej lossis cov haujlwm uas cuam tshuam nrog cov hnub hauv ib lub lis piam lossis hli.

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau piav qhia txog qhov muaj ntau ntawm cov cim npe nrog tus lej 16 thiab 17, txawm hais tias cov lej no tsis tau siv hauv ntu. Tej zaum qhov no yog vim qhov tseeb tias nrog kev pab los ntawm cov cim npe nrog ntau qhov kev ntsuas, ntsuas qhov hnyav, cov khib nyiab lossis ntsuas cov kua tau suav. Hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov kev ntsuas no, feem ntau pom muaj ntau ntawm 16. Los ntawm cov piv txwv tom qab, ib tus tuaj yeem hais plaub - 1/16 ntawm ib lub thawv thiab steelyard - 1/16 ntawm lub pood.

Cov seem ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb yuav tsum raug suav hais tias yog qhov yuam kev (xws li 9 thiab 11), lossis raug xaiv los ua ib qho kev ua lej: ntxiv, rho tawm lossis faib (3, 5, 12, 25 thiab seem sib xyaw).

Cov ntawv sau ntawm cov cim ntoo medieval los ntawm Staraya Russa yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau kev kawm txog kev lag luam lub neej ntawm lub nroog medieval. Nyob rau hauv cov chav kawm ntawm nws txoj kev kawm, ib tug txheej txheem tshiab tau tsim uas tso cai rau ib tug kom tau txais ntau lub hom phiaj cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub zog thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov cim npe ntoo. Kev suav cov cim npe pom thaum lub sijhawm khawb yog siv los suav cov khoom (hauv kaum), nyiaj, ntsuas qhov hnyav, lub cev xoob lossis ntim (16). as well as calendaring and mathematical xam zauv.

Cov ntaub ntawv

ib.. Apostolou N., Crumbley D. L. Lub Tally Stick: Thawj Tswj Internal Control? // Tus kws tshuaj ntsuam xyuas. Springfield, 2008. Vol. 17, nr 1. Ib., 60-62.

2. Kovalev R. K. Ntoo cov nuj nqis tags-shirts ntawm XI-XII centuries. los ntawm Novgorod sau.//Novgorod keeb kwm sau. 2003. - Qhov teeb meem. 9 (19). S. 28-35.

3. Kovalev R. K. Novgorod ntoo tags: kev soj ntsuam dav dav // Lavxias teb sab archaeology. 2002. No. 1. P. 38–50.

4. Kuter M. I. A. V. Kuznetsov. European keeb kwm ntawm cov cim npe: ib qho kev pom los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm niaj hnub accounting txoj kev xav // Siberian nyiaj txiag tsev kawm ntawv. 2010. No. 1 (78). S. 77–81; M. I. A. V. Kuter Kuznetsov. Tus nqi ntawm cov cim npe hauv kev kawm txog keeb kwm kev txhim kho ntawm kev suav nyiaj // Vestnik SamGUPS. 2009. T. 2. nr 5. Ib., 48-53.

5. Kovalev R. K. Novgorod ntoo tags … p. 44-45: kuv.

6. Kuter M. I. A. V. Kuznetsov. European keeb kwm ntawm tags … pp. 77-79

7. Yanin VL Ntawm lub hauv paus pib ntawm lub xeev Novgorod // NovGU im. Yaroslav the Wise. - Veliky Novgorod, 2001.-- S. 93-150.

8. Kovalev R. K. Novgorod ntoo tags … p. 41.

9. Tikhomirova AA Ntoo cim npe ntawm cov chaw nyob ntawm Upper Volkhovye ntawm 10th-15th centuries // Kev sib tham ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab cov neeg ntawm medieval Europe: mus rau 60th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm yug ntawm Evgeny Nikolaevich Nosov. SPb., 2010. - S. 49-50.