Video: Secrets ntawm underground Moscow
2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06
Puas yog archaeologists, historians thiab geologists raug txhais qhov lawv pom tob hauv qab phab ntsa ntawm Kremlin? Los yog cov ntawv ceeb toom no tshwj xeeb tsim tawm tswv yim rau cov neeg saib TV? Tom qab tag nrho, ib tug ntau plausible version ntawm kev hloov ntawm tus ncej, uas xav tias ib ntus drifts ntawm Moscow thiab lub Kremlin los ntawm av nkos, uas yog, av los yog av nplaum nrog xuab zeb, piav qhia tag nrho cov lus tseeb yooj yim, ntxiv mus, nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom nrhiav tau lwm yam. cov lus piav qhia tsis meej.
Yog li, lub official version hais tias cov hauv qab no:
1. Lub qhov khoob hauv Kremlin ntawm qhov tob ntawm 9 meters yog qhov txaus nyiam. Vim li cas thiaj ua qhov khoob hauv lub hauv paus? Qhov tsuas yog qhov laj thawj version yog tias phab ntsa nrog qhov khoob siv los ua saum lub ntiaj teb saum npoo.
2. Cuaj meters ntawm cov khib nyiab (lub npe hu ua kab lis kev cai txheej) HAUV Kremlin rau 500 xyoo - nws yog tsim nyog los npaj ib tug landfill nyob rau hauv, txwv tsis pub nws yog tsis yooj yim sua mus nqa ib tug npaum li ntawm cov khib nyiab. Ntawd yog, nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm official version, tsars nqa cov khib nyiab los ntawm thoob plaws Moscow nyob rau hauv lawv lub qhov rooj - nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin. Thiab koj nyiam qhov kev xav ntawm nom tswv science li cas? Txhua tus pom zoo?)
3. Lub qhov dej khawb hauv lub pej thuam NTAWM VACED, uas nyob ntawm qhov tob ntawm 10 meters (!). Qhov ntawd yog, thawj zaug lawv khawb ib lub qhov tob 10 meters sib sib zog nqus, UA ib tug pej thuam nrog lub vault nyob rau hauv lub qhov, ces khawb ib lub qhov muaj, thiab ces BURGED lub pej thuam … Koj puas coj lub Kremlin builders rau idiots?
Nws yog qhov zoo dua tias nyob rau hauv qhov tob ntawm qhov pom qhov zoo, peb saib cov theem ntawm lub ntiaj teb saum npoo ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Kremlin ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th - ua ntej qhov kev hloov pauv kawg ntawm cov ncej.
Daim duab kos duab thiab kos duab los ntawm Giovanni Battista Piranesi (1720-1778) qhia meej meej txog cov dej nyab uas muaj zog thiab puas tsuaj nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog hauv Ltalis.
Ntawm qhov paub zoo hauv Moscow qhov taub, tshwj tsis yog rau ib nrab-lus dab neeg Metro-2 thiab lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan the Terrible, ib tus tuaj yeem hu rau Neglinka River chained hauv pob zeb thiab hauv qab daus txheej txheem ntawm ib lub tsev tsev nyob ntawm Solyanka.
Dab tsi yog qhov dungeons ntawm lub tsev ntawm Solyanka?
Qhov no yog qhov pom qhib rau cov neeg uas tau nyob ntawd
Tab sis thaum pib, me ntsis kev mus ncig ua si hauv keeb kwm raug cai.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, nyob rau ntawm lub ces kaum ntawm "txoj kev ntawm Barbarian rooj vag mus rau lub Ivanovsky Monastery" thiab "txoj kev loj mus rau lub rooj vag Yauz", tus nplua nuj tub lag luam Nikitnikov tsim lub Salt Fish Yard. Ntsev thiab nws qib tshwj xeeb - potash (potassium carbonate), nrog rau cov ntses ntsev tau khaws cia thiab pauv ntawm no. Cov pab pawg muaj ib lub tshav dav hlau loj nrog warehouses (barns) thiab khw. Lub rooj vag tseem ceeb tau cim los ntawm tus pej thuam siab nrog lub tsev tiv thaiv, thiab nyob ib sab ntawm nws muaj lwm lub rooj vag me me. Tsis muaj txoj kev qhov rais hauv pem teb - los tiv thaiv cov tub sab. Cov khw muaj nyias qhov nkag. Lub barns rau khaws ntsev tau ua nrog cov vaults txhawb los ntawm cov ncej muaj zog. Tej zaum, lawv muaj pem teb hauv qab daus, uas tsis yog qhov qis dua hauv cheeb tsam rau saum av.
Tau ntau xyoo, txoj kev nyob ze tau txais cov npe - Solyanka thiab Bolshoi Ivanovsky Lane (hauv xyoo 1961 nws tau hloov npe hu ua Zabelina Street). Xyoo 1912, cov tsev txhab nyiaj thiab cov khw muag khoom ntawm lub qub Salt Yard pib raug rhuav tshem rau kev tsim kho vaj tsev tsev. Thaum lawv pib khawb lub qhov hauv paus, lawv nrhiav tau ib qho khoom muaj nqis. Cov jugs muaj 13 poods (kwv yees li 200 kg, yuav luag ib nrab lab daim) ntawm npib los ntawm lub reign ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai, Fyodor Ioannovich thiab Boris Godunov. Cov nyiaj npib, pom tau tias, yog cov nyiaj tau los ntawm Lub Tsev Qiv Siab rau qee lub sijhawm, zais thiab tsis nco qab thaum Lub Sijhawm Teebmeem. Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm avariciously faib cov nyiaj no, ib tug neeg ua hauj lwm cog lus raug mob. Tus tub ceev xwm uas tuaj rau lub suab ntes tsuas yog 13 phaus (7 kg, 9 txhiab npib), tab sis tom qab ntawd lawv tau rov qab los rau cov neeg nrhiav pom, tom qab raug tshuaj xyuas los ntawm Archaeological Commission.
Rau kev tsim vaj tsev, Lub Tuam Txhab Cov Lag Luam Moscow tau yuav ib daim phiaj xwm tsis zoo los ntawm cov tswv sib txawv thiab tshaj tawm kev sib tw rau qhov project zoo tshaj plaws. Ib pawg kws tsim vaj tsev yeej: V. V. Sherwood, I. A. German thiab A. E. Sergeev. Lawv tau ua raws li cov neeg tsim khoom xav tau: lawv siv cov duab zoo nkauj ntawm qhov chaw kom ze li sai tau, nthuav lub tsev ob sab saud thiab sab hauv. Lub tsev nyob rau hauv lub neoclassical style tau dai kom zoo nkauj nrog stucco molding, incongruously overlooking lub tshav puam-qhov dej, nyob rau hauv muaj luxurious chav tsev nrog qhov rais rau tib qhov chaw.
Lub tsev no:
Tab sis feem ntau nthuav feature ntawm lub tsev yog zais los ntawm prying ob lub qhov muag. Qhov no yog qhov zoo kawg hauv qab daus nrog cov vaults siab, dav txoj hauv kev uas ob lub tsheb tuaj yeem hla tau yooj yim, thiab ntau qhov chaw sab hauv. Cov pab pawg Modellmix tau ua tus qauv zoo kawg nkaus ntawm ib lub tsev ntawm lub tsev ua ke nrog tag nrho hauv qab daus ntawm qhov ntsuas ntawm 1: 100. Rau leej twg tus qauv no tau tsim thiab nyob qhov twg nws yog tam sim no tsis paub, tab sis cov duab muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm lub grandeur ntawm lub underground ib feem ntawm lub tsev.
Kuv tau saib daim duab ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa no ntev ntev thiab sim nkag siab tias nws tau tsim li cas thiab vim li cas thiaj li muaj kev siv zog titanic tso rau hauv qhov taub? Vim qhov chaw hauv av tsis sib sib zog nqus, tom qab ntawd raws li thev naus laus zis, nws yog thawj zaug yuav tsum khawb lub qhov, ua kom tag nrho cov cib no (ntawm lub hauv paus muaj zog), txhim kho cov plag tsev, thiab tom qab ntawd faus nws rov qab. Tshem tawm cov av seem. Koj puas tuaj yeem xav txog qhov kev sib tw rau xyoo pua 16th? Cov txheej txheem zoo li no tseem yog qhov kev tsim kho loj heev. Thiab txawm ntau li ntawd thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Thiab ntawm no yog qee qhov kev xav hauv kev txuas nrog qhov no kuv muaj. Yav dhau los, nws yog qhov saum toj kawg nkaus hauv av ntawm Moscow thaum ub. Tej zaum kuj muaj cov plag tsev saum toj no cov tsev, uas tau rhuav tshem los ntawm tib lub sijhawm medieval dej nyab, qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tshwm sim hauv cov duab kos. Giovanni Battista Piranesi Ntawm qee cov qauv no uas tseem nyob hauv av (vim qhov no yog lub hauv paus zoo heev), cov tsev tshiab tau tsim. Thiab ib txhia ntawm lawv tseem nyob hauv av. Tom qab ntawd lawv tau muab tshem tawm thiab siv los ua cov chaw cia khoom.
Lub quarter hauv av no kuj tseem ceeb heev ntawm European medieval quarters. Cov tsev nyob thiab txoj kev nqaim tseem nyob ze ze:
Tej zaum thaum lub sij hawm no cataclysm, lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai kuj poob. Nws nyob qhov twg hauv ib lub tsev littered thiab tos hauv tis. Thiab cov no tsuas yog lub qhov taub hauv Moscow ntawm qhov ntsuas thiab cheeb tsam no?
Qhov no, ntawm chav kawm, yog ib qho version, tab sis ib tug neeg tuaj yeem piav qhia qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev tsim kho hauv av zoo li no?
Cia peb txuas ntxiv mus ncig ntawm lub qhov taub:
Qhov no yog li cas hauv qab daus zoo li piv rau cov toj roob hauv pes ib puag ncig. Nws occupies tag nrho qhov chaw nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm lub tsev, courtyards thiab ib tug dav sab hauv:
Tom qab lub kiv puag ncig, lub tsev tau dhau mus rau hauv kev txiav txim siab ntawm Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Railways. Xyoo 1970-1980s, lub tsev hauv qab daus tau siv los ua chaw nres tsheb rau tub ceev xwm tsheb, tab sis vim muaj av noo siab, lawv tau poob sai sai. Thaum lub sij hawm Perestroika, cov chaw nres tsheb tau muab rau cov neeg nyob hauv lub tsev, thiab hauv xyoo 1990s hucksters nyob ntawm no, cuam tshuam cov lej thiab rhuav tshem cov tsheb nyiag. Nyob rau hauv 2002, ob tug diggers tau kos ib lub tswv yim ntxhib rau hauv qab daus. Yog tias koj muab piv nrog cov duab saum toj no, koj tuaj yeem pom tias ob peb chav lawv tau tswj hwm los piav qhia, tab sis kev siv zog ntawm cov txiv neej yuav tsum tau txais kev qhuas.
Cia peb saib seb lub qhov taub no zoo li cas tam sim no:
Arched plag tsev yog ua los ntawm tib lub cib. Lawv paub yuav ua li cas!
Nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw, twb nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm, lub qab nthab yog ntxiv dag zog rau cov pob zeb nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX.
Feem ntau, cov kab no tau tsim nyob rau hauv peb lub sijhawm nrog tib lub hom phiaj los tiv thaiv kev tawg
Cov phab ntsa hauv qab daus yog li ib 'meter' tuab, tab sis nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw nyias cib partitions tau tsim, crushing lub halls rau hauv me me txee thiab nooks, littered nrog perennial khib nyiab.
Hauv qab daus yog 5 m siab, ob-theem, thiab qee qhov chaw peb-theem qauv. Nyob rau hauv av ib feem ntawm lub tsev muaj txoj kev uas cov tsheb yuav tuaj yeem hla tau dawb.
Zoo li txoj kev los yog txoj kev tsheb
Nov yog lwm qhov tseeb nthuav dav heev:
Nyob rau hauv 1972-1974, thaum nteg ib lub hauv paus qhov rau ob sab ntawm lub Mausoleum, 15 meters los ntawm lub Kremlin phab ntsa, sab hnub poob phab ntsa ntawm lub Alevizov kwj dej tau pom. Qhov no yog li cas cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm ntawm Kremlin tau piav qhia nws: Lub sab saum toj ntawm phab ntsa tsuas yog ib nrab ib 'meter' ntawm lub ntiaj teb niaj hnub no. Nws tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag hauv qab ntawm qhov kwj dej thaum ncav cuag tus qauv tsim ntawm lub qhov (-10 meters). Lub phab ntsa sab hauv ntawm lub moat tau zoo ib yam li lub Kremlin. Ib lub façade ntawm phab ntsa, tig mus rau sab hauv ntawm lub kwj deg, yog du thiab inclined mus rau lub Kremlin los ntawm 1.1 meters los ntawm 10 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab. Lwm facade ntawm phab ntsa, tig mus rau lub Kremlin, muaj arches thiab ntsug. Cov phab ntsa Kremlin tau teeb tsa zoo ib yam. Qhov tob ntawm arches yog 1.6 meters. Qhov dav ntawm lub koov ntawm qhov tob ntawm 10 meters yog 11.5 meters. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov arches yog 5 meters. Phab ntsa yog 4 meters tuab. Lub phab ntsa sab hnub poob ntawm lub moat yog ua los ntawm cib rau ntawm lub hauv paus pob zeb dawb.
Koj tuaj yeem nco qab cov excavations hauv Moscow Kremlin:
Nws tuaj yeem pom tau tias lub thav duab ntawm lub tsev tau khaws cia nyob rau hauv ib lub meter "kab lis kev cai txheej", raws li archaeologists hu nws. Tab sis txawm tias ib tug neeg ruam nkag siab tias tsis muaj av nplaum-silt kab lis kev cai txheej tsis muaj cataclysms. Cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai yog humus thiab khib nyiab.
Kev txiav ntawm lub cav qhia tau hais tias cov ntoo tau khaws cia zoo heev, tsis tau rotted, raws li nws yuav tsum tau dhau mus ntev nrog cov tsub zuj zuj ntawm cov kab lis kev cai txheej ntawm xws li tuab.
Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom tau yooj yim, lub thav duab lossis lub tsev tau muab faus rau hauv ib txheej tuab ntawm cov av, tsis muaj qhov sib nrug los yog lwj ib ntus, thiab muaj (hauv av) nws tau khaws cia, uas yog vim li cas nws tau khaws cia yuav luag tsis muaj. kev puas tsuaj. Kev kawm dendrological ntawm cov cav ntoo los ntawm lub tsev cav yuav pab tau zoo ntawm no, raws li lawv muaj peev xwm txiav txim siab hnub pom tsob ntoo nrog qhov tseeb txog li ib xyoos.
Pom zoo:
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