Colonial txoj kev tswj hwm haiv neeg tsis sib haum xeeb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev lag luam thiab kab lis kev cai nthuav dav ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam rau haiv neeg kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv cheeb tsam ntawm kev cuam tshuam.

Ib "classic" ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm haiv neeg kev tsis sib haum xeeb los ntawm colonial repertoire tau ua si los ntawm British hauv Is Nrias teb.

Lawv mob siab rau nws txoj cai, tso siab rau cov thawj coj hauv zos thiab cov tswv av uas tshuav lawv cov cai rau lawv "tus tswv". Cov colonialists txhob txwm khaws cia lub feudal fragmentation thiab lim hiam tsim txom ntawm cov pejxeem los ntawm cov princes thiab nobility. Yog li, cov neeg coob coob tau raug kev siv ob npaug (los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos thiab cov kab mob txawv teb chaws). Tsuav yog ob pawg ntawm cov neeg siv dag zog ua haujlwm sib cuag, thiab Is Nrias teb muaj cov khoom tawg, tsis muaj kev phom sij ntawm kev tawm tsam kom tiav.

Lwm "tus piv txwv ua tiav" ntawm kev ua rau kev ntxub ntxaug lwm haiv neeg yog txoj cai ntawm Austria-Hungary thiab lub teb chaws Yelemees los ntawm 1910 txog 1915 nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau Rusyns (Ruthenes), uas yog cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm Galician Rus (Western Ukraine). Nws lub hom phiaj kawg yog kev puas tsuaj ntawm tag nrho cov kab ntawm cov qub kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Xyoo 1910, cov av no tseem hu ua Galician lossis Chervonnaya Rus, thiab nws cov neeg hauv paus txawm, Rusyns, hu ua lawv cov neeg "Ruska", lawv cov lus - "Mova Ruska".

Tus naj npawb ntawm Rusyns nyob rau hauv thaj chaw ntawm Austria-Hungary thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. yog los ntawm 3,1 txog 4,5 lab tus tib neeg. Txhawm rau hloov qhov sib npaug ntawm lub hwj chim, cov neeg Austrian siv cov tswv yim uas lawv tau ua dhau los "khiav" hauv Balkans (ntxuav thaj chaw ntawm Bosnia thiab Croatia los ntawm Serbs). Lub caij nyoog rau lawv tau tig los thaum Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib. Txhua tus neeg nyob hauv Galicia, uas tau hais lawv haiv neeg (xws li Rusyn) cov lus, uas nyeem ntawv xov xwm hauv Lavxias, raug liam tias "pab Russia", kev ua txhaum cai thiab pib tua, dai, tshem tawm (tom qab ntawd ntau dua 300,000 tus neeg tawm hauv Galicia) lossis Talergofi Terezin cov chaw pw hav zoov [1]. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsuas yog kev nom kev tswv "Ukrainian" kev txav mus rau "kev ywj pheej" thiab tsis lees paub Lavxias tus kheej tau txhawb nqa txhua txoj hauv kev.

Qhov no yog li cas Galician Russia perished [2] …

daim duab qhia tau hais tias yuav ua li cas cov "civilized" thiab siab tawv Austrian los ntawm 1914 mus rau 1918 niaj hnub hanged txiv neej thiab poj niam ntawm Galicia vim hais tias lawv hais lus Lavxias teb sab los yog xam lawv tus kheej Lavxias teb sab …

Tsis tas li ntawd, lub teb chaws Yelemees, Austria-Hungary thiab lawv cov phooj ywg tau txhawb nqa kev sib cais los ntawm Russia ntawm Poland, Finland, tsim cov xeev Baltic. Lawv tau qhia lawv txoj kev npaj kom paub txog kev ywj pheej ntawm Ukraine thiab thawb nws mus ua rog nrog Belarusian Cov Neeg Sawv Cev. Nyob rau lub Peb Hlis 1, 1918, units ntawm lub thib ob reserve German corps nyob Gomel thiab pib mus rau hauv kev coj ntawm Novozybkov-Bryansk nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm Ukrainian units. Ua tsaug rau qhov kev mob siab rau kev pabcuam, tag nrho thaj chaw ntawm Southern Belarus, suav nrog Brest-Litovsk, Pinsk, Mozyr, Rechitsa thiab Gomel, tau pauv los ntawm Germans mus rau Ukraine.

Tsis ntev los no "Ukrainian" kev tswj hwm tau tsim nyob rau hauv Pinsk thiab Mozyr koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm Minsk xeev thiab hauv Gomel thiab Rechitsa koog tsev kawm ntawv [3]. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, kev nruj kev tsiv Ukrainization pib nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam no (nyob rau hauv 1941, lub cheeb tsam no yuav rov qab mus rau lub Reichskommissariat "Ukraine" thiab cov Belarusian pej xeem yuav rov raug puas tsuaj los ntawm lub zog ntawm Ukrainian punishers tsis muaj kev ywj pheej leaps thiab antics nyob ntawd).

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv lub Don thiab Kuban, lub Germans thiab lub Soviet tub ceev xwm inmity ntawm lub Cossacks thiab lwm tus neeg. Cov txheej txheem zoo ib yam li cov kev siv los ntawm Austrian hauv Galicia tau tshwm sim ntawm no. Ntawm Terek thiab hauv Dagestan, ib ceg txheem ntseeg tau muab tso rau ntawm qhov hu ua. "Revolutionary" mountaineers, inciting lawv tawm tsam Russians. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, ntau lub xeev tsis muaj zog tawg tau tsim uas xav tau kev txhawb nqa German [4], thiab lawv tau npaj los koom ua ib hom "North Caucasian xeev" [5] lossis "South-Eastern Federation" ntawm Cossack thiab roob "xeev" [6].

Nyob rau hauv 1917, nyob rau hauv lub siab los ntawm cov "cov phooj ywg", tus Thawj Kav Tebchaws ntawm Tsoom Fwv Tsev Kawm Ntawv ib ntus, Kerensky, uas tom qab ntawd "los ntawm nws" V. I. Lenin, lees paub lub hwj chim ntawm Rada tshaj tsib lub xeev Me Me ntawm Lavxias, thiab cov neeg Lavxias nyob ntawd ib zaug tau tshaj tawm Ukrainians. Tom qab ntawd cov Germans kuj ntxiv thaj chaw ntawm Novorossia …

Lawm, cov neeg Askiv kuj tau koom nrog cov txheej txheem no. Thaum Lub Kaum Hli Ntuj xyoo 1918, Pawg Thawj Kav Tebchaws tau teeb tsa txoj haujlwm ntawm Ministry of Foreign Affairs kom "tso rau ntawm lawv ko taw rau tsoomfwv hauv txhua lub tebchaws Baltic thiab, yog tias peb ua tiav, hauv tebchaws Poland", cais cov Caucasus, txhawb cov Transcaucasian. xeev, thawb lawv mus rau kev lees paub tus kheej. Nws tau pom zoo kom nthuav dav British thaj tsam ntawm kev cuam tshuam "rau thaj chaw ntawm Don thiab Volga." Thiab tseem, ua kom Arkhangelsk nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev tswj hwm, muab kev txhawb nqa rau Finns, Karelians thiab zoo nkauj Dawb Hiav Txwv-Onega Republic los ntawm Ladoga mus rau Arctic Ocean.

Nyob rau hauv lub dismemberment ntawm peb lub teb chaws, txawm lub koom haum thiab "kev ris txiaj" Fabkis, uas yog "ua tsaug" rau kev cawm dim los ntawm lub yeej, tau koom nyob rau hauv dismemberment ntawm peb lub teb chaws, uas txhawb lub Polish thov rau lub Ukrainian, Belarusian thiab Lavxias teb sab av, thiab tom qab ntawd cov Romanian sawv daws mus rau Moldova thiab Transnistria.

Los ntawm qee qhov kev npau taws ntawm txoj hmoo, kev ua pauj tau tos cov ghouls presumptuous thiab tua neeg … Pom tau tias lawv poob lawv qhov kev xav ntawm kev faib ua feem … Yog li ntawd, tom qab kawg ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab nws cov phooj ywg lawv tus kheej raug dismembered: Austria-Hungary tau muab faib ua Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia. Ib feem ntawm thaj chaw tau muab faib ua lawv tus kheej los ntawm Poland, Serbia thiab Romania. Lawv coj thaj chaw los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees tus phooj ywg Bulgaria. Qaib ntxhw tau muab faib ua thaj tsam ntawm Askiv, Fabkis, Italian, Greek txoj haujlwm, thiab tom qab ntawd Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Transjordan, Saudi Arabia raug cais tawm ntawm nws.

Yugoslavia tau muab faib thiab rhuav tshem los ntawm tib txoj kev hauv xyoo 1992-2003.

Txij li thaum xyoo 1980, Tebchaws Meskas tau nyiam nws lub satellite Saudi Arabia los koom tes nrog kev pabcuam nyiaj txiag los txhawb Wahhabis rau Afghanistan, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau Russia, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, North Caucasus, thiab thaj tsam Volga. Cov nyiaj them rau cov tub rog muaj kwv yees li peb txhiab daus las [7]. Hauv nees nkaum lub tebchaws (Afghanistan, Pakistan, thiab lwm yam) cov nyiaj no tau siv los npaj thiab tswj cov chaw cob qhia, yuav riam phom thiab ntawv nyeem.

Cov xwm txheej hauv Syria xyoo 2012-2013 tau qhia tias kev txhawb nqa ntawm Tebchaws Meskas thiab Saudi Arabia rau Al-Qaeda tuaj yeem ua tau txawm tias tom qab Wahhabis tawm tsam rau World Trade Center thaum lub Cuaj Hli 2001. Hauv Syria, Libya thiab tim lyiv teb chaws, Wahhabis rov los ua phooj ywg ntawm Asmeskas. Lawv txawm raug zam txim rau kev tua tib tug US Ambassador rau Libya, uas yav tas los ua tiav qhov kev tshem tawm ntawm Gaddafi …

Yuav kom ua tiav daim duab, nws yuav tsum tau hais tias ntxiv rau cov txheej txheem cannibalistic colonial, muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tswj hwm haiv neeg kev tsis sib haum xeeb uas tau nyiag mus rau hauv txoj cai lij choj.

Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias qhov muaj nyob ntawm ib lub xeev yog tsis yooj yim sua yam tsis muaj kev tiv thaiv ntawm colonial cawv thiab tswj hwm cov txheej txheem haiv neeg hauv nws thaj chaw. Txwv tsis pub, lub xeev yuav raug tawg los ntawm sab hauv los ntawm kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm haiv neeg, raws li tau ua los ntawm "cov neeg zoo siab" hauv peb lub tebchaws xyoo 1917 thiab 1991.

[1] Sergei Sulyak, Talengof thiab Terezin: kev tua neeg tsis nco qab.

[2]

[3] Yuri Glushakov, "Lavxias teb sab ntiaj chaw" ntawm lub Tsib Hlis 27, 2014, Txoj Haujlwm thiab Ukrainization ntawm Belarus, Ntau

[4] Utkin A. I. Thawj Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb. M., Algorithm, 2001

[5] Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. Biography ed. S. K. Tsvigun, A. A. Soloviev and others. M., Politizdat, 1977

[6] Denikin A. I. Essays on Russian Troubles. / Lus Nug Txog Keeb Kwm, 1990–1994

[7] "Kev Sib Txuas Lus Saudi", U. S. Xov Xwm & WorId Report”, Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj 15, 2003, p.21