Don Cossack Ivan Boldyrev: kws yees duab thiab inventor

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ivan Vasilyevich Boldyrev yug nyob rau hauv 1850 nyob rau hauv lub Don, nyob rau hauv lub zos Ternovskaya, qhov chaw uas cov Cossacks tau nyob los ntawm lub sij hawm immemorial. Nws txiv tau nyob hauv tsar kev pabcuam tau ntau xyoo, thiab txog rau thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum tsib, tus kws yees duab yav tom ntej tau suav tias yuav luag ib tug menyuam ntsuag, khwv tau nws lub ncuav los ntawm kev pab nws yawm txiv nyuj. Rov qab los tsev, nws txiv tau muab nws ua haujlwm ntawm tub ceev xwm, nyob rau hauv kev cia siab tias thaum kawg nws tus tub yuav los ua ib tug neeg ua haujlwm zoo. Tab sis txij thaum yau Boldyrev tau nyiam los ntawm kev siv tshuab ntau dua li lwm yam. Nws, mesmerized, saib ze ntawm yuav ua li cas txhua yam ntawm cov tshuab ua haujlwm. Lub pinnacle ntawm technology ces rau nws yog ib tug yooj yim saib. Tom qab paub txog cov khoom siv tes ua ntawm watchmaker, nws pib kho cov txheej txheem yooj yim rau cov phooj ywg hauv zos, uas tau pib coj qee cov nyiaj tau los.

Thaum txuag tau nyiaj me me, tus tub hluas 19 xyoo tau tawm ntawm nws lub zos thiab mus rau Novocherkassk. Nws nyob ntawd Ivan pom nws qhov tseeb hu - yees duab. Tus txiv neej hluas, tau paub txog cov hauv paus ntawm kev ua haujlwm tsis tshua muaj nyob rau xyoo ntawd, zoo nkauj sai sai pib ua cov haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev yees duab ua haujlwm heev. Kev tshoov siab los ntawm kev ua tiav thiab cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws thawj daim duab, tus tub hluas tau mus rau St. Petersburg hauv 1872.

Nws txaus siab rau kev yees duab coj nws mus rau St. Petersburg, qhov chaw uas nws nkag mus rau qhov kev pab cuam ntawm Lorenz's photo studio, thiab ces pib mus kawm cov chav kawm ntawm lub Academy of Arts ua ib tug neeg pab dawb, uas nws tsis tuaj yeem kawm tiav vim muaj teeb meem khoom siv. Lub neej nyob rau hauv lub peev tsis lwj nws. Ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug retoucher thiab kws yees duab tus pab, Ivan Boldyrev siv yuav luag tag nrho nws cov nyiaj khwv tau los ntawm kim cov ntaub ntawv yees duab thiab thwmsim los txhim kho kev yees duab thiab cov khoom siv yees duab. Yog li ntawd, nws cov phooj ywg tas li yog kev xav tau thiab kev txom nyem.

Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi tuaj yeem tua qhov kev ntshaw rau kev paub. Qhov kev xav tau ntawm kev kawm tus kheej coj nws mus rau Imperial Public Library. Nyob rau hauv 1873, nws tau ntsib Vladimir Vasilyevich Stasov, uas thaum lub sij hawm ntawd yog lub taub hau ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv kos duab, uas tau txais cov duab kos duab, Lavxias teb sab thiab txawv teb chaws cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm. Stasov nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau koom nrog hauv kev sau cov ntawv teev npe ntawm cov duab khaws cia hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv. Tus venerable art historian thiab art critic tau koom tes nyob rau hauv txoj hmoo ntawm ib tug txawj ntse kws yees duab hluas, uas nws txuj ci nws tam sim ntawd sau tseg. Stasov pab nrog kev txiav txim, rov hais dua nws rau cov neeg muaj nyiaj thiab qee zaum cov neeg siv khoom nto moo. Yog li, piv txwv li, ib tsab ntawv tau muaj sia nyob uas Stasov sau rau P. M. Tretyakov: "… Kuv thov koj tso cai rau peb thaij duab ntawm peb tus kws yees duab zoo heev Yves. Koj. Boldyrev, paub txog nws cov duab zoo heev …"

Boldyrev nws tus kheej, txawm li cas los xij, suav hais tias nws tus kheej feem ntau yog tus tsim khoom. Tsis tuaj yeem yuav thiab xaj khoom kim heev, nws raug yuam kom siv cov lo ntsiab muag hauv tsev. Hnub thiab hmo ntuj nrog enviable persistence nyuaj los tsim ib tug universal luv-focus lens. Kawm txog kev cai lij choj ntawm optics thiab kev sim ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm cov tsom iav, Boldyrev tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo. Los ntawm ob peb lo ntsiab muag, muab tso rau hauv ib daim duab los qhia hauv tsev, nws tau txais lub lens yooj yim tab sis ua tau zoo heev uas tso cai rau nws kom tau txais cov duab zoo nkauj.

Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv ib co respects, lub kho qhov muag system nws assembled yog superior rau lub Hoobkas lo ntsiab muag uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov xyoo. Lub kaum sab xis ntawm cov duab thiab lub luminosity ntawm Boldyrev tsim yog superior rau cov tswv, tsuas yog me ntsis inferior rau lawv nyob rau hauv cov duab zoo. Raws li kev pom zoo ntawm V (chaw haujlwm yees duab) ntawm Imperial Lavxias teb sab Technical Society (IRTS), Boldyrev lub lens yees duab tau sim hauv 1878 hauv A. Denier (Nevsky Prospect, 19) thiab tau pom qhov tshwm sim zoo kawg nkaus, "tso cai rau kev thaij duab thaij duab los qhia tsis tau tsuas yog linear, tab sis kuj pom dav hlau." Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshaj lij ntawm lub tuam tsev tsis kam xa tus neeg tsim khoom nws "ob-nti duab lens" mus rau Lub Ntiaj Teb Exhibition hauv Paris.

Obsessed nrog nws txoj kev txhim kho hauv kev yees duab thev naus laus zis, Boldyrev tsis tau paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm ua tus kws yees duab, uas nws ua tau zoo. Nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm nws cov ntawv, nws tau sau nrog chagrin tias nws tau txais Bronze Medal rau kev yees duab ntawm ib qho ntawm cov exhibition "thaum kuv tsis tau yees duab ua hauj lwm, tab sis ib tug ntaus ntawv nrog accessories uas kuv coj lawv." Tab sis qhov phem tshaj yog qhov kev poob siab tshwm sim los ntawm kev tsis txaus siab ntawm Lavxias Lub Koom Haum Kev Lag Luam kom paub txog kev sau ntawv ntawm I. V. Boldyrev ntawm qhov kev tsim kho lub lens luv luv, lub kaw lus kaw tam sim thiab hloov pauv "resinous daim kab xev", uas nws tau thov los hloov cov iav tawg, uas tau siv dav los ua lub hauv paus rau kev siv lub teeb-sensitive emulsion.

Lub sijhawm ntawd, tag nrho cov khoom tsis zoo tau ua los ntawm cov iav. iav yog ib qho khoom siv zoo heev rau qhov tsis zoo, tab sis nws muaj ob qhov tsis zoo. Thawj yog tias iav hnyav. Thiab thaum koj mus tua, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias koj yuav tsum tau txhaj tshuaj ntau, koj nqa ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm koj tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, cov kws yees duab yuav tsum tau mus rau kev pab ntawm txhua yam kev pab. Tab sis kuj tseem muaj qhov teeb meem tseem ceeb dua - lub khob tsis muaj zog. Thiab feem ntau twb filmed cov ntaub ntawv perished vim me ntsis carelessness nyob rau hauv ua hauj lwm. Boldyrev nws tus kheej tau rov ntsib cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws.

Thaum xub thawj, nws tau sim siv cov emulsion rau daim kab xev, yog li tom qab ntawd hauv chav kuaj, hloov mus rau iav ua ntej luam, tab sis cov txheej txheem no tau dhau los ua mob hnyav thiab mob hnyav heev. Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum lub sij hawm hloov cov txheej txheem, cov emulsion tau hloov, uas ua rau cov duab distortion. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum nrhiav cov khoom siv lub teeb, hloov tau yooj yim thiab pob tshab rau lub hauv paus. Xyoo 1878 I. V. Boldyrev tau npaj ib hom tshiab ntawm cov khoom siv yees duab - cov yeeb yaj kiab muag. Nws muaj cov khoom zoo tshaj plaws: "nws yog elastic heev uas tsis yog dov rau hauv lub raj, los yog nyem rau hauv lub pob tuaj yeem ua rau nws khoov," yog li cov ntawv xov xwm tau sau txog Boldyrev qhov kev tsim.

Nws tau siv ntau xyoo los tiv thaiv qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov duab thaij duab niaj hnub uas nws tau npaj tseg, uas nws tsis tuaj yeem qhia rau kev xyaum xwb, tab sis txawm tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj rau nws, lossis, raws li lawv tau hais, muaj cai. Lavxias teb sab craftsman tsis tswj kom khawb ua ke 15O rubles, uas yuav tsum tau rau npe rau nws invention. Thiab nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qhov tseeb dua, ob xyoos tom qab, tus neeg ua lag luam ua lag luam vam meej George Eastman tau tsim nws lub tuam txhab "Eastman Kodak", uas tsis ntev los ua nto moo thoob plaws ntiaj teb, uas siv cov khoom siv los ntawm Lavxias tus neeg tsim khoom hauv cov koob yees duab.

Nyob rau hauv tas li ntawd mus rau tag nrho cov saum toj no, nyob rau hauv 1889 Boldyrev tau tsim ib tug meej instantaneous daim duab shutter rau lub lens, uas nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub Imperial Lavxias teb sab Technical Society nyob rau hauv 1889 tau lees paub tias yog "qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm tag nrho cov lag luam muaj".

Nrog kev pab los ntawm nws luv-focus photo lens thiab instant shutter I. V. Boldyrev tau ua tiav "kev vam meej hauv kev yees duab toj roob hauv pes ntawm lub qhov rais ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau thiab cov duab."

Stasov hu ua ntau yam ntawm Boldyrev tej hauj lwm "txhua hnub paintings … zoo li yog tsim los ntawm ib tug txawj ntse artist." Ntawm qhov txaus siab tshaj plaws yog undoubtedly lub sau ntawm cov duab coj los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv nws lub teb chaws.

Peb tab tom tham txog lub npe hu ua "Donskoy Album" - ib phau ntawm cov duab hu ua "Tsev thiab hom ntawm 2nd dragoon koog tsev kawm ntawv, yees duab nyob rau hauv 1875-76". Cov no yog ob peb lub kaum os cov duab zoo kawg nkaus coj los ntawm tus kws yees duab hauv cov zos ntawm Tsimlyanskaya, Kumshanskaya, Eeaulovskaya thiab lwm qhov chaw hauv Cossack, qhov chaw uas nws niaj hnub mus xyuas lub caij ntuj sov.

Cov duab no yog cov ntaub ntawv tiag tiag qhia txog lub neej ntawm Don Cossacks, txog lawv kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Lawv tau tsim los ntawm ib tug neeg uas paub tag nrho cov intricacies ntawm lub neej ntawm cov pej xeem hauv zos. Kuv yuav tsum hais tias nws cov duab tsis yog kev tshaj tawm ncaj qha, tab sis hloov maj mam, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam los ntawm tus thawj coj txawj ntse. Xws li yog "Kev soj ntsuam ntawm Cossack units los ntawm cov thawj coj", "Pom tawm ntawm Cossacks mus rau qhov kev pab cuam", "Cossack tsev neeg nyob rau hnub so" thiab lwm yam scenes los ntawm lub neej txhua hnub ntawm nws cov phooj ywg lub teb chaws.

Ua ntej peb muaj ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm Don Cossacks - cov neeg ua haujlwm ncaj ncees, feem ntau ntawm txoj kev nyuaj siab, muaj tseeb rau lawv cov kev coj noj coj ua thiab cov cwj pwm, uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau kev ywj pheej. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas cov neeg hu lawv li - "dawb Cossacks".

Boldyrev's Don cov duab yog ib qho tshwm sim tshwj xeeb hauv keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev yees duab, kev txaus siab rau lawv tsis tau ploj mus rau ntau tshaj ib puas xyoo, thiab nws tsis yog tsuas yog haiv neeg, kev txawj ntse nyob rau hauv cov xwm. Nyob rau hauv cov duab no, qhov tsis zoo ntawm tus sau lub zeem muag, lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov xwm txheej, muaj peev xwm muab cov lus piav qhia tseeb hauv daim ntawv laconic pictorial ntau thiab pom meej dua. Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, ib tug muaj peev xwm hais lus ntawm Boldyrev raws li ib tug zoo thawj artist uas ua ib tug tseem ceeb pab rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev yees duab.

Xyoo 1879 V. V. Stasov, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav khaws cia rau yav tom ntej tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub cim architectural monument - lub Bakhchisarai Palace - caw Boldyrev mus yees duab nyob rau hauv. Nrog kev txaus siab thiab kev zoo siab, tus kws yees duab teeb tsa ua haujlwm. Thaj, nyob rau hauv Crimea, lawv hnov qab nkag siab txog nws tuaj txog. Nws paub tias peb lub hlis, los ntawm Lub Kaum Hli mus txog Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1879 (raws li lwm qhov chaw ntawm 1880), nws tau koom nrog tsis yog hauv kev yees duab lub palace xwb, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawm nws qhov chaw nthuav dav tshaj plaws. Lub Khan lub Palace, ib tug tshwj xeeb monument ntawm Tatar architecture ntawm lub 15th-16th centuries, tseem tsis tau kawm me ntsis los ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd.

Raws li L. Goncharova, tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Bakhchisarai State Historical thiab Cultural Reserve, qhov tshwm sim ntawm Ivan Vasilyevich xav paub thiab ua siab ntev yog qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm thawj cov duab kos rau ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Golden Txee, pom nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm cov duab tom qab. Paub txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev tshawb pom no rau cov kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm-cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov neeg rov qab los, Boldyrev tau kos duab pom cov khoom dai thiab, thaum nws rov qab los ntawm Bakhchisarai, xa cov duab kos nrog rau cov duab album uas nws tau ua rau Imperial Public Library, qhov chaw lawv khaws cia rau hnub no..

Nws yuav tsum tau hais tias cov duab nws tsim tsis yog tsuas yog cov duab ntawm sab nraud zoo nkaus li ntawm ib tug architectural monument thiab nws feem ntau nthuav interiors, uas nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej tsis yog ib tug yooj yim txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov khoom siv tsis zoo tsim muaj ntau yam teeb meem kom tau txais cov duab tag nrho thaum tua cov khoom nrog qhov sib txawv siab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias cov thav duab ib txhij muaj cov seem ntawm sab hauv thiab lub ntuj kaj Crimean.

Tus kws yees duab daws qhov teeb meem muaj tswv yim nyuaj - los qhia lub palace nyob ib puag ncig ntawm toj roob hauv pes, sim qhia qhov chaw tshwj xeeb ntawm qhov chaw. Ua li no, nws tsim panoramic compositions nyob rau hauv uas nws muaj xws li ib feem ntawm architectural lug thiab orchards nyob ib ncig ntawm lub palace.

Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 2005, kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov duab ntawm Khan lub Palace ua los ntawm Boldyrev tau qhib nyob rau hauv Bakhchisarai State Keeb Kwm thiab Kab lis kev cai Reserve. Qhov kev nthuav qhia nta ob peb daim duab. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg nyob hauv thiab cov qhua ntawm Crimea tuaj yeem pom lub palace nrog lawv lub qhov muag thiab hauv cov duab ntau tshaj li ib puas thiab nees nkaum tsib xyoos dhau los. Nws yog qhov xav paub tias Crimean album ntawm Boldyrev, uas peb tau piav qhia saum toj no, tau tsim los ntawm tus kws yees duab, raws li nws muab tawm, hauv rau daim ntawv luam. Ib tug ntawm lawv tau nthuav tawm mus rau lub palace-tsev cia puav pheej los ntawm tus kws kho mob nto moo-balneologist ib txwm nyob hauv Crimea thiab nws tus hlub Patriot Ivan Sarkizov-Serazini. Xyoo 1925, tus kws tshawb fawb hluas tau yuav cov nkauj no los ntawm Moscow Cov Kws Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij Tshaj Lij, thiab xyoo 1957 pub rau Bakhchisarai Palace Tsev khaws puav pheej.

Lub xyoo kawg ntawm I. V. Boldyrev yog cov ntaub ntawv me me. Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv fragmentary uas tau nqis los rau peb, nws tuaj yeem xav tias nws txuas ntxiv mus thaij duab thiab sim ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv rau txhua yam kev txhim kho hauv kev siv thev naus laus zis.

Vladimir Nikitin

Don Cossack peb caug xyoo, uas Ivan Vasilyevich Boldyrev tau kaw cov nkauj, 1875-1876

Cossack cuaj caum xyoo, 1875-1876

Tub muaj plaub xyoos nyob rau saum nees, 1875-1876

Cossack matchmakers, 1875-1876

Cossack poj niam nyob rau hauv ib tug festive costume, 1875-1876

Qub Cossack nrog nws tus poj niam, 1875-1876

Cov me nyuam hauv cubicles. Donskoy ntse costume, 1875-1876

Cossack tsev neeg ntawm lub zos Tsymlyanskaya. Ntawm cov ntaiv yog Ivan Vasilievich Boldyrev, 1875-1876.