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Yuav ua li cas ib tug ancient Egyptian lub tuam tsev tau sawed thiab nqa
Yuav ua li cas ib tug ancient Egyptian lub tuam tsev tau sawed thiab nqa

Video: Yuav ua li cas ib tug ancient Egyptian lub tuam tsev tau sawed thiab nqa

Video: Yuav ua li cas ib tug ancient Egyptian lub tuam tsev tau sawed thiab nqa
Video: 7 Lub Koob Tsheej: Part 1: Kevcai Hla Dhau. 02/20/2021 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Lub tuam tsev pob zeb ntawm Abu Simbel yog qhov pom tsis nco qab. Cov phab ntsa ntawm cov vaj tse qub kev cai dab qhuas no yog npog nrog cov hieroglyphs los ntawm hauv pem teb mus rau canvas, qhia txog cov yeej ci ntsa iab ntawm Pharaoh Ramses II, uas ua qhov txuj ci tseem ceeb no. Plaub tus mlom loj loj saib tawm ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm lub hnub, uas sawv thaum pib ntawm txhua hnub tshiab hla lub ntsej muag ntawm lub pas dej.

Tab sis zaj dab neeg txawv me ntsis, cov tuam tsev, tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIII. BC, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, lawv muaj txhua lub caij nyoog nyob rau hauv dej, thiab niaj hnub no cov neeg tuaj yeem pom qhov zoo nkauj no tsuas yog nyob rau ntawm nplooj ntawv keeb kwm.

Yuav ua li cas lub pas dej Aswan yuav luag rhuav tshem lub Tuam Tsev thaum ub ntawm Abu Simbel

Lub pas dej Aswan, uas lub USSR tsim nyob rau hauv Egypt, daws tau ntau yam teeb meem ntawm lub teb chaws ntawm cov pharaohs. Raws li Soviet project, qhov dav ntawm lub pas dej ua ke yog 980 meters ntawm lub hauv paus thiab 40 meters nyob rau saum toj, thiab qhov siab yog 3600 meters. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm lub pas dej yog txhawm rau txhim kho cov dej hauv cov khoom siv dag zog los ntawm 63 meters, vim tias lub pas dej loj yuav tsum tau tsim, uas niaj hnub no hu ua Lake Nasser.

Thawj Tswj Hwm Abdal Gamel Nasser, General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev thiab Aswan Dam
Thawj Tswj Hwm Abdal Gamel Nasser, General Secretary Nikita Khrushchev thiab Aswan Dam

Ntxiv nrog rau thaj av Iyiv, lub pas dej tauv dej nyab 160 km ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Sudan. Tsis tas li ntawd, lub pas dej tshiab txawv ntawm qhov dhau los hauv qhov uas nws tsis qhuav tawm txawm tias cov me nyuam kub tshaj plaws. Tab sis tom qab ntawd muaj teeb meem nrog monuments thaum ub. Lawv yuav tsum tau txais kev cawmdim li cas. Los yog lawv yuav nyob hauv qab kab dej mus ib txhis.

Peb tab tom tham txog lub tuam tsev Abu Simbel complex, ua nyob rau hauv 20 xyoo nyob rau hauv lub XIII caug xyoo. BC, uas suav hais tias yog ib lub tuam tsev qub qub tshaj plaws uas tau muaj sia nyob mus txog hnub no. Muaj ib lub tuam tsev loj ua rau Ramzez, thiab ib lub Me - ua rau nws tus poj niam, poj huab tais Nefertari.

Daim duab muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov chaw qub ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm Abu Simbel thiab lawv qhov chaw nyob tom qab hloov chaw
Daim duab muab lub tswv yim ntawm qhov chaw qub ntawm cov tuam tsev ntawm Abu Simbel thiab lawv qhov chaw nyob tom qab hloov chaw

Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1959, tsoomfwv Iyiv tau thov UNESCO muab lub tebchaws nrog kev pabcuam kev tshawb fawb, thev naus laus zis thiab nyiaj txiag. Tus thawj coj ntawm lub koom haum no, nyob rau hauv lem, tau hais rau ntau lub koom haum thiab lub hauv paus, tsoom fwv thiab tag nrho cov neeg ntawm siab zoo. Nws qhov chaw nyob xaus nrog cov lus hauv qab no: “Rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, thawj kab lus uas lawv txhais los ntawm cov lus qub:

Nrog rau qhov kev thov rov hais dua no, Kev Sib Tw Thoob Ntiaj Teb rau Kev Tiv Thaiv ntawm Monuments ntawm Nubia tau pib, uas kav ntev li 20 xyoo thiab xaus rau kev yeej thaum lub Peb Hlis 1980.

Yam uas tim lyiv teb chaws tau npaj los qhia rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws

Tsis ntev tom qab kev tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1960, Sarvat Okasha, Egypt tus Minister of Culture, tau tsim ib pawg kws tshaj lij. Ib tug neeg sawv cev ntawm Soviet, Boris Piotrovsky, uas thaum lub sij hawm ntawd yog lub taub hau ntawm Leningrad ceg ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology ntawm lub Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub USSR, kuj nkag mus rau nws.

Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel
Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel

Ntau qhov kev ntsuas tau raug coj los ntawm tsoomfwv Iyiv kom nyiam cov tsev khaws puav pheej, tsev kawm qib siab thiab cov chaw tshawb fawb rau kev tshawb fawb kim heev hauv Nubia nyob deb. Cov neeg Iyiv tshaj tawm tias cov koom haum uas yuav koom nrog hauv lub tuam txhab yuav tuaj yeem tau txais khoom plig los ntawm tsoomfwv Iyiv ib lub tuam tsev hauv Taffa, Dabod, Ellissia lossis Derra.

Okasha hu cov tuam tsev no "tus neeg sawv cev tshiab tshaj plaws." Tsis tas li ntawd, txawv teb chaws archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm tau txais txoj cai rau export rau tso saib thiab cia nyob rau hauv lawv lub teb chaws tsev cia puav pheej 50% ntawm cov artifacts pom nyob rau hauv Nubia, tshwj tsis yog rau tshwj xeeb sawv daws yuav.

Tej qub txeeg qub teg yog nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm dej nyab
Tej qub txeeg qub teg yog nyob rau hauv kev hem thawj ntawm dej nyab

Rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev cawm siav, Egyptian Antiquities Service tau nres txhua qhov kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm yav dhau los hauv ib cheeb tsam tshwj tsis yog Nubia. Lub phiaj xwm tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov phiaj xwm cawm yog kev hloov pauv ntawm cov tuam tsev pob zeb loj nyob ze Abu Simbel ntawm ciam teb nrog Sudan. Cov tuam tsev no tau tsim tsa thaum lub sijhawm kav xyoo 19th dynasty pharaoh Ramser II hauv kev hwm ntawm kev yeej ntawm cov Hittites hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kades. Thiab Falau muab cov tuam tsev no rau nws tus poj niam - poj huab tais Nefertari.

Yuav ua li cas cov tuam tsev tau npaj kom muab tshem tawm: pas dej ua ke, domes nrog elevators thiab lwm yam dej num

Ib puag ncig ntawm Abu Simbel
Ib puag ncig ntawm Abu Simbel

Ntau cov kev daws teeb meem nthuav dav tau thov los ntawm ntau lub tuam txhab txawv teb chaws. Tshwj xeeb, cov neeg Amelikas tau thov kom tsim cov pob zeb pontoons hauv qab cov tuam tsev thiab tos cov dej los tsa cov vaj tsev qub qub. Cov Nceeg Vaj tau hais kom tawm hauv cov tuam tsev thaum ub nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, thiab txhim tsa cov pob zeb loj tshaj lawv. Nyob rau hauv lub domes, raws li qhov project, yuav tsum muaj elevators uas cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws uasi xav pom cov monuments yuav txav mus.

Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel
Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel

Ua tsaug rau qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm ib pab neeg ntawm UNESCO Egyptologists-cov kws tshaj lij, ntawm cov uas muaj lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau coj los ntawm Christiane Desroches-Noblecourt, Sergio Donadoni, Abd al-Munim Abu-Bakr, ib qho ntawm cov kev cai tseem ceeb tau muab tso rau hauv cov haujlwm kom txuag tau. cov tuam tsev ntawm Abu Simbel - kev khaws cia ntawm monuments nyob rau hauv lawv cov thawj thaj chaw, architectural thiab kab lis kev cai ib puag ncig. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, tej yaam num uas koom tes nrog kev hloov lub tuam tsev mus rau lwm qhov chaw raug tshem tawm ntawm kev sib tw.

Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel
Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel

Pawg kws tshaj lij, uas suav nrog Tim lyiv teb chaws, Tebchaws Asmeskas, USSR, Switzerland thiab Tsoom Fwv Tebchaws Tebchaws Yelemees, thiab nws lub rooj sib tham tau tuav hauv Cairo thaum pib xyoo 1961, tau nthuav tawm 2 txoj haujlwm.

Thawj Fab Kis - engineers Andre Quan thiab Jean Belye, uas tau thov kom ncig lub tuam tsev nrog lub pas dej ua ke. Tab sis ib qho teeb meem tshwm sim: yog hais tias xws li ib tug pas dej ua ke tau tsa, nws yuav nkaum lub facades ntawm lub tuam tsev los ntawm lub hnub lub rays, thiab qhov no yuav cuam tshuam lub teeb pom kev zoo uas tau xeeb los ntawm ancient Egyptian architects. Tsis tas li ntawd, txoj haujlwm Fab Kis xav tau kev tso dej tas li uas yuav nkag mus rau hauv lub pas dej. Thiab qhov no kuj tseem cuam tshuam cov nuj nqis ntau - txog 300-400 txhiab nyiaj hauv ib xyoos.

Schematic sawv cev ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tshiab, tom qab hloov
Schematic sawv cev ntawm lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv qhov chaw tshiab, tom qab hloov

Qhov thib ob qhov project tau nthuav tawm los ntawm Italians. Lawv tau hais kom txiav ob lub tuam tsev tawm ntawm lub pob zeb, muab txhua qhov tso rau hauv lub pob zeb "lub thawv" thiab tsa lawv qhov siab 62 m siab dua qib ntawm Nile ntawm cov nqa hydraulic. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm rov tsim dua qhov qub panorama xyoo dhau los, thiab ntxiv rau, ntawm Nile thiab cov tuam tsev, tib qhov kev xav tau raug khaws cia, tab sis twb nyob ntawm qhov chaw siab dua.

Tsoomfwv Iyiv tau pom zoo rau txoj haujlwm Italian, tab sis muaj teeb meem tshwm sim - tus nqi ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim tau kwv yees li ntawm $ 80 lab, uas ua rau nws qhov kev siv tsis tau.

Yuav ua li cas ancient tuam tsev raug sawed

Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel
Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel

Yog li ntawd, tim lyiv teb chaws tau npaj lwm txoj kev xaiv - txiav cov tuam tsev thaum ub rau hauv daim, tsa lawv los ntawm 62 meters thiab sib sau ua ke rau tib lub roob. Tus nqi ntawm qhov project tau nqis mus rau $ 32 lab. Thiab nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1963, Tim lyiv teb chaws tau tshaj tawm tias nws tab tom qhib ib txoj haujlwm los cawm cov tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel.

Lub taub hau ntawm cov pej thuam colossal ntawm Ramses II, sawn thiab npaj rau kev hloov mus
Lub taub hau ntawm cov pej thuam colossal ntawm Ramses II, sawn thiab npaj rau kev hloov mus

Thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1963, ib pab neeg ua haujlwm, hydrologists thiab archaeologists pib ua raws li UNESCO txoj kev npaj. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tawg ob lub tuam tsev rau hauv cov blocks ntawm ib qho loj - lub tuam tsev me me los ntawm 235 blocks, thiab ib qho loj los ntawm 807. Cov blocks yuav tsum raug suav, hloov chaw thiab rov txuas ntxiv los ntawm embedding lub façade npaj rau hauv txoj kev tshwj xeeb hauv pob zeb.

Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel
Ua haujlwm ntawm kev hloov lub tuam tsev hauv Abu Simbel
Thiab hnub no lub hnub ci mus ncig ob zaug hauv ib xyoos ntawm txoj kev xeeb los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev qub
Thiab hnub no lub hnub ci mus ncig ob zaug hauv ib xyoos ntawm txoj kev xeeb los ntawm cov kws tsim vaj tsev qub

Cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev yug me nyuam ntawm lub kaum ntse ntse ntawm lub hnub ci. Tseeb tiag, raws li lub tswv yim ntawm cov neeg tsim tsa thaum ub, rays 2 zaug hauv ib xyoos - Lub Ob Hlis 22 (hnub Ramses II tau nce lub zwm txwv) thiab Lub Kaum Hli 22 (nws hnub yug) - thawj rays ntawm lub hnub thaum sawv ntxov dhau. los ntawm qhov tshwj xeeb txiav nqaim qhib thiab teeb lub ntsej muag thiab ob lub ntsej muag ntxiv hauv Bolshoi tuam tsev. Thiab lub tswv yim ntawm cov ancients tau khaws cia.

Lub taub hau thiab lub cev ntawm tus pej thuam colossal ntawm Ramses II, rov tsim dua hauv qhov chaw tshiab
Lub taub hau thiab lub cev ntawm tus pej thuam colossal ntawm Ramses II, rov tsim dua hauv qhov chaw tshiab
Cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Ramses hauv Abu Simbel
Cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws tuaj ntawm lub Tuam Tsev Ramses hauv Abu Simbel

Nws yog ib qho nyuaj txawm xav txog yuav ua li cas cov hauj lwm tau nqa tawm nyob rau hauv cov suab puam nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob ntawm unbearable tshav kub. Tab sis nyob rau lub Cuaj Hlis 1968 qhov project tau ua tiav thiab poob rau hauv keeb kwm raws li qhov ua tau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm engineering thiab archaeology.

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