Yuav ua li cas nkag siab txog keeb kwm ntawm Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Koj yuav tsum paub dab tsi txog Pre-Petrine Russia, qhov twg los nyeem cov ntawv keeb kwm, phau ntawv twg, tsim los rau cov neeg nyeem, tuaj yeem dhau los ua phau ntawv nyeem?

Peb tau sau cov npe ntawm cov phau ntawv thiab qhov chaw uas koj tuaj yeem nkag siab koj tus kheej hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia:

Igor Danilevsky. Ancient Russia los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm contemporaries thiab cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv (IX-XII centuries). Ib., 1998

Igor Danilevsky. Lavxias teb sab av los ntawm lub qhov muag ntawm contemporaries thiab cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv (XII-XIV centuries). M., 2001

Xib fwb ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Keeb Kwm Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab Kev Lag Luam, Tus Kws Kho Mob Keeb Kwm Keeb Kwm Igor Nikolaevich Danilevsky tau hu nws phau ntawv qhia txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab av tsis yog phau ntawv kawm, tab sis cov lus qhuab qhia.

Qhov no tau tso cai rau tus sau ua yam tsis muaj kev piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm cov xwm txheej keeb kwm, tab sis tsim cov dab neeg nyob ib puag ncig cov teeb meem - cov lus nug uas cov kws sau keeb kwm muab cov lus teb sib txawv, tsis yog raws li cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lawv qhov kev pov tseg, tab sis kuj los ntawm lawv tus kheej lub tswv yim hais txog yuav ua li cas. nyeem cov peev txheej thiab qee zaum los ntawm lawv tus kheej cov kev xav. Yog vim li cas peb yuav tsum to taub tag nrho cov no, yog vim li cas nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom tau los ntawm ib zaj dab neeg txog cov xwm txheej uas peb twb zoo li yuav ntseeg tau paub txog, Danilevsky piav, piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev taw qhia rau phau ntawv thib ob.

Peb tsis tshua txhawj xeeb txog qhov tseeb tias ib hnub, kwv yees li 227,000 hnub nruab nrab hnub dhau los, kwv yees li ntawm kev sib tshuam ntawm 54 s. sh. ib 38c. ntawm thaj av me me (kwv yees li 9.5 km²), khi rau ntawm ob sab los ntawm cov dej ntws, ntau txhiab tus neeg sawv cev ntawm homo sapiens tau sib sau ua ke, uas tau ob peb teev, siv ntau yam khoom siv, rhuav tshem ib leeg. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg dim tau tawg mus: ib pab mus rau sab qab teb, thiab ib pab mus rau sab qaum teb …

Lub caij no, qhov no yog qhov tshwm sim tiag tiag, lub hom phiaj, ntawm Kulikovo teb …

Tsis yog, peb txaus siab rau ib yam dab tsi txawv kiag li. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov neeg sawv cev no suav tias yog lawv tus kheej li cas, lawv sawv cev rau lawv cov zej zog li cas, vim li cas thiab vim li cas lawv thiaj sim txiav txim siab sib cais, lawv ntsuas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau tus kheej uas tshwm sim, thiab lwm yam lus nug zoo sib xws. Yog li peb, theej, txhawj xeeb txog qhov tshwm sim hauv lawv lub taub hau, thiab tsis yog qhov tshwm sim "hauv qhov tseeb" …

Tias yog vim li cas cov lus hais tias tus sau xav sau zaj dab neeg raws li nws tshwm sim hauv kev muaj tiag tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov kev xav ntawm ib tus neeg sau los yog lwm tus los yog txhob txwm dag ntxias ntawm tus nyeem ntawv. Kev sib cais nruj heev ntawm peb cov tswv yim txog dab tsi thiab yuav ua li cas tshwm sim yav dhau los, los ntawm qhov yuav tsum tau nthuav tawm txhua yam no rau cov neeg niaj hnub no."

Igor Danilevsky

Cov lus qhuab qhia tiag tiag yog kev sim los txiav txim siab seb qhov twg yog qhov qab ntawm qee qhov kev txhais lus, thiab tshawb nrhiav txoj hauv kev kom nkag siab tias tus sau (lossis editor) ntawm lub hauv paus xav sib txuas lus li cas thiab vim li cas nws thiaj xaiv qhov no raws nraim cov lus uas peb tab tom nyeem tam sim no..

Pib pib ua haujlwm ntawm cov lus qhuab qhia ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Ancient Russia, kuv yuav tsum teb rau kuv tus kheej cov lus nug: phau ntawv no yuav hais txog dab tsi? Txog kuv lub tswv yim txog Ancient Russia? Yuav ua li cas cov ancient Lavxias teb sab inhabitants lawv tus kheej xav txog lawv lub neej? Puas yog qhov no lossis tus kws sau keeb kwm xav txog lub neej no li cas? Thiab yog tias kuv xaiv txoj hauv qab no, cov txheej txheem dab tsi yuav raug cuam tshuam rau kev xaiv cov kev xav uas tau cuam tshuam hauv hiav txwv ntawm keeb kwm (los yog thov hu ua keeb kwm) sau ntawv?

Thaum nug cov lus nug no, sai sai koj yuav ntseeg tau tias tib txoj kev ncaj ncees hauv cov xwm txheej no yuav yog qhov sib piv yooj yim ntawm tag nrho peb cov ntsiab lus (ntau dua, cov pab pawg ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm qee qhov kev pom). Qhov no yog tib txoj hauv kev kom paub tias peb txoj kev paub txog yav dhau los muaj nqis npaum li cas, kom tau txais qhov ntsuas tiag tiag ntawm txoj hauv kev ntawm tus txiv neej niaj hnub mus rau qhov nws tiag tiag."

Igor Danilevsky

Tom qab nyeem qhov no, ib tug yuav xav tias ob chav kawm ntawm kev qhuab qhia yuav muaj kev txaus siab rau cov kws tshaj lij uas saib xyuas qhov tsis sib xws me me thiab qhov tsis sib xws. Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv lub 9th-14th centuries, tsis muaj cov kev cai tseem ceeb uas yuav tsis ua rau muaj kev sib cav thiab tsis ntseeg, yog li tus nyeem ntawv ntawm ob phau ntawv no tau txais ib lub tswv yim ntawm ntau yam sib txawv ntawm lub neej. Kievan Rus thiab Rus ntawm lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb: dab tsi yog pab pawg thiab leej twg yog cov neeg sau keeb kwm lawv hu nws "Varangians", cov koom nrog hauv veche ua dab tsi, leej twg thiab yuav them se li cas, seb Kievan Rus yog lub xeev (thiab nws txhais li cas nyob rau hauv feem ntau), dab tsi yog lub luag hauj lwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm, yuav ua li cas cov chroniclers perceived lub ntxeem tau ntawm lub Tatars, dab tsi yog paub txog lub Slavic pagan pantheon, yuav ua li cas lub Lavxias teb sab Orthodox lub tsev teev ntuj yog teem, seb Alexander. Nevsky yog ib tug hero lossis ib tug neeg ntxeev siab, thiab lwm yam, tab sis lub tswv yim yog lub siab: kev nkag siab qhov twg qhov no los yog txoj hauj lwm los ntawm nws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsim koj tus cwj pwm ntawm nws, thiab tsis yog coj nws ntawm txoj kev ntseeg.

Mark Aleshkovsky. Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo: Txoj hmoo ntawm kev sau ntawv hauv Ancient Rus. Ib., 1971

Ntau tus yuav paub txog tus qauv tsim ntawm lub hau ntawm phau ntawv no, tsim nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm los ntawm Nauka publishing tsev rau kev tshaj tawm cov ntaub ntawv nrov: cov phau ntawv ntawm no series yog ib tug cwj pwm cwj pwm ntawm Soviet txawj ntse kev lom zem.

Tshaj tawm xyoo 1971, kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm nto moo Mark Khaimovich Aleshkovsky yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm tus kws sau cov kev xav hauv thawj theem ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv. Txawm hais tias qhov nyuaj ntawm lub ncauj lus, phau ntawv tau sau rau hauv cov qauv siv tau yooj yim tshaj plaws (thiab qhov no, ua kom ncaj ncees, piv rau qhov hnyav tshaj plaws "chronicle" ua haujlwm). Yog li ntawd, txawm tias ib tug neeg tsis paub txog cov teeb meem qub Lavxias teb sab yuav tuaj yeem ua raws li txoj kev xav.

Tus sau qhov laj thawj pib nrog cov lus nug txog thaum twg qhov kawg version ntawm Tale of Bygone Years tiav lawm. Tom qab ntawd, pib los ntawm qhov tsis sib xws tam sim no nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb version ntawm qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws chronicle ua hauj lwm ntawm lub pre-Mongol lub sij hawm, tus sau distinguishes ntawm tus editor cov insertions thiab thawj cov ntawv nyeem ntawm Nestor, thiab ces, tau ua ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov kev soj ntsuam xav paub txog. Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm kev paub keeb kwm, nws tsa cov lus nug ntawm Nestor cov peev txheej - hais txog cov lus dab neeg thiab cov ntawv sau, uas Pechersk chronicler ntawm lig 11th - thaum ntxov 12th centuries yuav tsum tau tso siab rau nws loj-scale ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm keeb kwm. kev pab them nqi.

Nws yog ntuj rau ib tug archaeologist mus tawm tsam lub ndlwg ntawm lub sij hawm, vim hais tias, rau cov laj thawj pom tseeb, nws los hla cov txheej txheem tshiab ua ntej. Tab sis tib txoj kev rov qab los ntawm kev xav yog ntuj rau kev tshawb fawb philological ntawm Lavxias teb sab medieval cov ntaub ntawv: tom qab tag nrho, yog hais tias ancient tej hauj lwm ncav us txog rau feem ntau raws li ib feem ntawm tom qab hloov kho, ces ua ntej peb yuav tsum tshem tawm cov txheej ntawm eras uas nyob ze rau peb., thiab tsuas yog tom qab ntawd raug coj mus rau cov ntawv qub tiag tiag … Hauv lwm lo lus, los ntawm nws txoj kev tsim kho, phau ntawv qhia meej meej rau cov neeg nyeem seb cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Ancient Russia ua haujlwm li cas.

Tsis yog txhua txoj haujlwm tau hais los ntawm tus kws sau ntawv thaum ntxov xyoo 1970 yog tsis lees paub los ntawm kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Qee qhov kev xav ntawm Mark Aleshkovsky tau hais meej tsis dhau qhov kev sim ntawm lub sijhawm, lwm tus, piv txwv li lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv txhua xyoo nrog cov xov xwm tshiab, tau sib tham tam sim no. Tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, ua tsaug rau lub cus ciav, unofficial tonality, phau ntawv tso cai rau tus nyeem ntawv nkag mus rau lub historian lub rhiav, noj tsis tau tsuas yog lub epoch-ua achievements, tab sis kuj lub ntsuj plig ntawm kev tshawb fawb ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg ntawm Bygone xyoo.

Valentin Yanin. "Kuv xa koj cov tawv ntoo birch …" / tom qab los ntawm Andrey Zaliznyak. Ib., 1998

Thawj tsab ntawv birch bark tau pom nyob rau hauv Novgorod thaum Lub Xya Hli 26, 1951, thiab niaj hnub no ntau tshaj li ib txhiab tsab ntawv ntawm birch bark paub.

Feem ntau, birch bark tsiaj ntawv yog laconic heev, thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, cov ntawv luv luv ua lag luam tso cai rau cov kws tshawb fawb los xav txog lub neej niaj hnub ntawm Lavxias teb sab medieval nroog, kawm txog kev xyiv fab thiab kev ntxhov siab ntawm ib tug tib neeg nyob rau hauv ancient Russia, tau txais. paub nrog cov lus qub Lavxias teb sab lus, uas tsis tau ntsib "ennobling" cuam tshuam ntawm lub Koom Txoos Slavonic phau ntawv nqi. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntawv birch bark raws li keeb kwm thiab kev paub lus tsis tuaj yeem ua rau overestimated.

Phau ntawv ntawm tus naas ej Lavxias teb sab historian thiab archaeologist, mus sij hawm ntev tus thawj coj ntawm lub Novgorod archaeological ntoj ke mus kawm, Valentin Lavrentievich Yanin, yog thawj zaug luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1965 thiab txij thaum ntawd los tau loj hlob ob zaug, coj mus rau hauv tus account tshiab pom (thiab lawv tshwm sim txhua txhua xyoo).. Tus kws tshawb fawb pib los ntawm kev paub tus neeg nyeem nrog cov huab cua dav dav ntawm kev tshawb nrhiav keeb kwm yav dhau los hauv nruab nrab Novgorod, piav qhia txog txoj hauv kev li cas cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai raug tsim thiab hnub kwv yees li cas ntawm cov khoom tsim tau txiav txim siab los ntawm qhov tob ntawm qhov tshwm sim.

Tsis tas li ntawd, thaum lub hauv paus "kev zais zais ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua" twb tau tshwm sim, ib tus tuaj yeem mus rau qhov tshwj xeeb - tus neeg sau ntawv thiab cov neeg nyob ntawm cov ntawv tseem muaj sia nyob ntawm nplooj ntoo. Cov duab ntawm tus tub Onfim nrog nws cov phooj ywg hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj zog Mishinich, tus kws kos duab nto moo Olisey Grechin thiab tus poj niam tsis paub txog kev hlub ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th tshwm sim ua ntej tus nyeem ntawv.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Yanin tsis nthuav tawm cov kev txhais lus uas twb muaj lawm ntawm birch bark ntawv raws li kev paub npaj txhij, tab sis paub nws cov neeg tuaj saib nrog txhua theem ntawm kev txhais cov "cuam tshuam" tom ntej - los ntawm kev tshawb pom thiab pib nyeem ntawv mus ntev, qhov tseeb, detective tshawb nrhiav cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib tshuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv twb paub lawm ntawm birch bark, parchment thiab ntawv. Yog li ntawd, tus nyeem ntawv tau txais lub sijhawm, ua ke nrog cov kws tshawb fawb, xav tias ob qho tib si poob siab thaum cov ntawv tseem tsis nkag siab, thiab kev tshawb fawb zoo siab uas nrog kev tshawb pom.

Kev saib xyuas tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau them rau tom qab los ntawm Andrey Anatolyevich Zaliznyak, mob siab rau yuav ua li cas linguists kawm birch bark ntawv. Siv ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov piv txwv tsis tshua muaj neeg, Zaliznyak piav qhia txog dab tsi yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm birch bark raws li ib tug linguistic qhov chaw, dab tsi teeb meem yuav tsum tau daws thaum txhais birch bark ntawv rau niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab, thiab dab tsi yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus nta ntawm lub qub Novgorod dialect., uas tuav ib tug tshwj xeeb txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub dialects ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab lus.

Lawm, ib phau ntawv nrov yuav tsis hloov cov neeg paub nrog cov ntaub ntawv tshaj lij ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv tawv tawv - cov ntawv sau ntau "Novgorod cov ntawv ntawm cov tawv ntoo" thiab ob phau ntawv ntawm Andrei Zaliznyak's "Cov lus qub Novgorod". Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau mus xyuas qhov chaw "Cov ntawv qub qub Lavxias teb sab birch bark" - cov ntaub ntawv tiav uas suav nrog cov duab, cov cim thiab cov ntawv sau ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv tam sim no paub birch bark ntawv, nrog rau ntau qhov txuas mus rau kev tshawb fawb tshwj xeeb. ntaub ntawv. Txawm li cas los xij, rau qhov kev taw qhia thawj zaug rau lub ntsiab lus, Ioannina phau ntawv yog qhov tsim nyog.

John Fennell. Kev kub ntxhov ntawm medieval Russia 1200-1304. Ib., 1989

British historian, ib tug muaj koob specialist nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm Slavic kev tshawb fawb, xib fwb nyob Oxford University John Fennell undertook txoj kev tshawb no (thawj tsab twb luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1983) nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav sau ib kis rau lub Western nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm ntawm lub 13th xyoo pua: tsis muaj monographs mob siab rau lub sijhawm teev tseg.

Lub caij no, lub xyoo pua 13th tau cim los ntawm thawj qhov kev sib tw ntawm Tatar-Mongols tawm tsam Russia, tsim lub yoke, lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Kiev, sib tsoo nrog lub zog ntawm Livonian Order thiab cov Germans uas pom kev txaus siab rau thaj av sab hnub tuaj (Sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Neva thiab kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Lake Peipsi). Tus kws sau keeb kwm nkag siab txog "kev kub ntxhov" nyob rau hauv lub npe raws li kev maj mam poob ntawm lub hwj chim princely, uas entailed lub disintegration ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab xeev thiab swb nyob rau hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Mongols.

Hauv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb, Fennell kos rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau los, sim cais tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kheej coj los ntawm chronicler thiab tom qab kho - thiab, zoo li, nws tswj kom muaj kev saib tsis ncaj ncees. Tshwj xeeb, qhov no tso cai rau tus kws sau keeb kwm nug qee qhov ntawm cov ntsiab lus uas tau lees paub yav dhau los hauv keeb kwm, piv txwv li, hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Sib Tw ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv thiab, ntau qhov dav, tus cwj pwm ntawm Alexander Nevsky. Fennel suav hais tias daim duab ntawm Nevsky yog me ntsis overestimated, thiab nws kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Tatars - yuav luag frankly comprador.

“Tab sis qhov kev yeej no zoo heev? Nws puas yog qhov hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia? Los yog nws tsuas yog Metropolitan Kirill los yog lwm tus neeg uas tau sau Lub Neej, nce qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Alexander txoj kev yeej kom ci ntsa iab Alexander txoj kev ua haujlwm tom ntej rau Tatars hauv lub qhov muag ntawm nws lub sijhawm? Raws li ib txwm muaj, cov peev txheej los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd tsis pab teb cov lus nug no. Cov lus piav qhia tag nrho ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua yog muaj nyob rau hauv Novgorod First Chronicle; Raws li qhov kev xav ntawm qhov rov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Suzdal av, tsis muaj ib feem ntawm tus kheej grand ducal chronicles ntawm Alexander tau dim, thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tag nrho cov kev tshwm sim tau downplayed, thiab ntau npaum li ntawd hais tias tus hero tsis yog Alexander, tab sis nws tus tij laug Andrey.

Peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov ntsuas ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua tsuas yog los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov ntaub ntawv hais txog kev poob, lub sijhawm no - los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab: Novgorod First Chronicle qhia tias cov chyudi (Estonians) tau raug kaw, thiab cov Germans yog 400, thiab 50 yog los ntawm cov txhais tes ntawm Yasha (coj raug kaw)”… Yog hais tias tus chronicler suav hais tias 450 tus neeg no yog knights, ces daim duab muab yog undoubtedly ib tug tag nrho exaggeration, txij li thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua tshwm sim, ob qhov kev txiav txim muaj me ntsis ntau tshaj li ib puas knights thiab, tej zaum, ntau ntawm lawv, yog hais tias tsis. Lawv feem ntau tau sib ntaus sib tua nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, nrog rau lwm cov yeeb ncuab hauv Courland raws li cov lus txib ntawm Landmaster ntawm Livonian Dietrich von Grüningen.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov qub tshaj plaws thiab qub tshaj plaws nyob rau sab hnub poob, Livonian Rhymed Chronicle, sau nyob rau hauv kaum xyoo dhau los ntawm lub xyoo pua 13th, qhia tias tsuas yog nees nkaum knights tuag thiab rau raug ntes. Cov pov thawj ntawm Livonian Chronicle tsis muab lub hauv paus los xav txog qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tub rog no yog ib qho kev sib ntaus sib tua loj, txawm tias peb coj mus rau hauv tus account tus sau lub siab xav kom txo qis qhov kev poob ntawm nws sab."

John Fennell

Irina Karatsuba, Igor Kurukin, Nikita Sokolov. Xaiv koj zaj dab neeg. Forks ntawm txoj kev ntawm Russia: los ntawm Rurik mus rau oligarchs. M., 2014

Phau ntawv no tau muab faib ua tshooj sib luag rau cov ntsiab lus hloov pauv hauv keeb kwm Lavxias: kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev ntseeg, kev qhia txog oprichnina, kev yeej ntawm tib neeg cov tub rog thaum lub sij hawm muaj teeb meem, Peter txoj kev hloov kho, Decembrist uprising, thiab hais txog. Ntawm txhua qhov ntawm cov ntsiab lus no, raws li cov kws sau ntawv, Russia tau xaiv nws tus kheej. Ib cag los ntawm cov lus nug "Yuav ua li cas yuav ua tau lwm yam?" tsa los ntawm cov sau phau ntawv, cov hauj lwm ntawm Karatsuba - Kurukin - Sokolov muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev kho dua tshiab ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Russia thiab cov kev tsis ncaj ncees lawm kev cuam tshuam nrog nws.

Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm cov dej khov yog kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv zos thiab tsis tseem ceeb, cov thawj coj hauv Moscow thaum xub thawj yog phooj ywg nrog Horde tawm tsam lawv cov neeg zej zog, Alexander kuv kuj tseem yuav tshem tawm serfdom - tag nrho cov no tsis yog xov xwm thiab tsis yog qhov kev xav pom, tab sis ib zaug ntxiv nws yog. tsim nyog nco txog qhov no. Qhov tseeb yog tias keeb kwm ntawm Russia, o nrog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, cov ntaub ntawv sau tseg ntawm tsoomfwv cov channel thiab ntau rov nyeem dua, yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo ua haujlwm raws li tsis yog kev tshawb pom thiab kev sib sau ua ke, tab sis ua tib zoo ua haujlwm nrog cov peev txheej - uas tsuas yog txaus hauv phau ntawv.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, phau ntawv yog tsim los rau cov neeg nyeem: yooj yim thiab qee zaum wittyly sau, nws, txawm tias qee qhov kev tsis ncaj ncees (Russia tsis tu ncua xaiv qhov phem tshaj plaws ntawm txhua txoj hauv kev), tuaj yeem ua cov ntawv nyeem hauv keeb kwm.

Cov ntawv sau qub qub ntawm Lavxias

Cov ntaub ntawv qub Lavxias pib luam tawm nyob rau xyoo pua 18th - tshwj xeeb, tus kws qhia nto moo ntawm Catherine lub sijhawm, Nikolai Ivanovich Novikov, tau pab txhawb rau qhov teeb meem no. Lub reign ntawm Nicholas kuv, uas yog hnyav rau cov kev tshawb fawb thiab muses, tau ua ib tug xav tsis thoob lub fruitful rau luam tawm ntawm Laus Lavxias teb sab sau ntawv, thaum ob peb phau ntawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tshwm sim ib zaug - thiab, uas yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub ntsiab lus teb ntawm. chav kawm no, thawj phau ntawv sau tiav ntawm Lavxias teb sab Chronicles tau tshwm sim, kev tshaj tawm uas txuas ntxiv mus rau hnub no.

Txhua lub ntim ntawm Kev Sau Sau tiav tau tshaj tawm cov ntawv sau ntawm ib lub sijhawm, nrog rau cov lus qhia ua ntej, cov cuab yeej tshwj xeeb archaeographic uas sawv cev rau cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov ntawv sau, thiab, yog tias cov ntawv sau keeb kwm paub hauv ntau daim ntawv luam-cov npe, tsis sib xws, nrog rau ib lossis ntau dua. indexes. Qee qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj plaws (Nikon Chronicle) tuaj yeem siv ntau ntau.

Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Kev Sau Sau Ua tiav ntawm Lavxias Tebchaws tau raug tshuaj xyuas thiab tshaj tawm hauv Is Taws Nem. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ceeb toom rau cov neeg tsis tau npaj siab uas xav koom nrog qhov kev paub ncaj qha: cov ntawv luam tawm raws li lawv, tsis muaj kev txhais lus thiab xyaum tsis hloov, qhov zoo tshaj plaws - nrog cov cim cim raws li cov qauv niaj hnub no.

Txawm hais tias cov npe ntawm cov keeb kwm uas tau tsim los ntawm tus kheej thiab tsis muaj cov logic sab hauv tuaj yeem ua rau tsis meej pem: piv txwv li, yog tias cov keeb kwm muaj cov lej (Sophia I, Pskov II, thiab lwm yam), ces cov lej no tau muab tsis tau raws li qhov kev txiav txim ntawm cov keeb kwm. sawv, tab sis nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm yuav ua li cas lawv tau nrhiav tau los yog luam tawm, yog li ntawd lub Novgorod IV Chronicle yog laus dua ob Novgorod II thiab Novgorod III … Nws yog yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom paub nws tawm yam tsis muaj kev cob qhia tshwj xeeb. Cov neeg uas tseem twv yuav raug pab los ntawm nplooj ntawv uas cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm VV Vinogradov Lub Tsev Haujlwm ntawm Lavxias Lavxias tau tshaj tawm ntau phau ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, suav nrog "Cov Khoom Siv rau Phau Ntawv Txhais Lus ntawm Cov Lus Laus" los ntawm Izmail Sreznevsky. thiab phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus ntawm 11th-17th centuries …

Ib qho txawv ntawm series "Library of Literature of Ancient Rus", lub tshuab hluav taws xob uas muaj nyob rau ntawm lub vev xaib ntawm Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Lavxias Lavxias (Pushkin House) ntawm Lavxias Academy ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb. Thawj tsab ntawm no series (tom qab ntawd luam tawm nyob rau hauv lub npe "Monuments of Literature ntawm Ancient Rus") tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1976-1994, thiab thawj ntim ntawm lub thib ob tsab yog luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1997. Tus tsim ntawm cov koob (thiab nws tus thawj editor yog Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev) tau teeb tsa lawv tus kheej txoj haujlwm ntawm kev paub txog kev nyeem ntawv dav tshaj plaws nrog cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej Petrine.

Yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov ntawv luam tawm (xws li cov ntawv ntawm cov annals) yog nrog los ntawm kev txhais lus rau niaj hnub Lavxias teb sab thiab sau ntawv uas qhia lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntsiab lus keeb kwm me me thiab qhov tsaus ntuj. Thawj tsab ntawm lub series dais lub imprint ntawm lig Soviet era ob qho tib si nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev xaiv ntawm tej hauj lwm thiab nyob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus ntawm commentaries uas xyaum tsis quav ntsej kev cai dab qhuas cim thiab allusions rau Vajluskub Vajluskub. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev tsis txaus siab no tau raug kho nyob rau hauv tsab thib ob, uas muab cov duab ntxaws ntxaws ntawm kev sau ntawv lub neej ntawm XI-XVII centuries.