Yarga swastika nyob rau hauv Soviet txoj cai. Ntu 2

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ib xyoos tom qab tshaj tawm tsab xov xwm los ntawm Cov Neeg Commissar Lunacharsky, uas yog, qhov tseeb, txwv tsis pub ntawm Lavxias teb sab yag-swastika, ua hauj lwm ntawm V. A. Gorodtsov (1923) "Archeology. Pob zeb lub sij hawm ". Nws muab lub tswv yim dav dav ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig hooked, uas tau tsim los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd hauv ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb: lub ntsiab lus thiab lub ntsiab lus; continents thiab thaj av, lub teb chaws thiab haiv neeg ntawm nws tis; lub sij hawm ntawm keeb kwm hav zoov; ib co nta ntawm daim duab ntawm yarg; qhov tseem ceeb ntawm swastika rau kev kawm txog cov teeb meem scientific, thiab lwm yam. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv kev ua haujlwm, uas tsis tau poob nws qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb txog niaj hnub no, yog qhov kev tshawb pom thiab kev piav qhia ntxaws txog cov qauv ntawm cov pob txha sculptures ntawm cov noog los ntawm Paleolithic hauv lub xeev Chernigov.

Hauv qhov no, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm V. A. Gorodtsov cov duab ntawm Yargi nws tus kheej:

… lub thib peb noog muaj … nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub plab mog - ib tug superbly tsim swastika kos npe rau, kos nyob rau hauv cov duab ntawm lub meander. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm no mystical kos npe rau tau coj mus rau ib tug amazing virtuosity: nws yuav pom tau hais tias tus tswv tau txais nws txhais tes ntawm zus tau tej cov xws li cov nuj nqis kom zoo meej. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov tseeb tias qhov kev npaj ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub swastika, khoov rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm concentric kauv rhombuses, muab cov duab ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig, zoo sib xws nrog swastika, rhombus thiab ib qho me me, kuj cuam tshuam los ntawm qee cov kws tshawb fawb nrog. lub npe swastika.

Nyob rau hauv nws lwm yam hauj lwm, luam tawm ob peb xyoos tom qab nyob rau hauv lub title "Dako-Sarmatian kev cai dab qhuas ntsiab nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kos duab", V. A. Gorodtsov qhia tsis tau tsuas yog sab nrauv kev zoo nkauj ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb qauv saturated nrog yargs. Siv cov piv txwv ntawm North-Lavxias teb sab paj ntaub, nws yog thawj tus los txhais lub tswv yim ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm peb feem qauv nrog cov duab ntawm Rozhanitsa nyob rau hauv nruab nrab. Nyob rau hauv lawv, nws muab piv cov pej xeem cov duab ntawm Baba nrog cov duab ntawm lub ntiaj teb no tsob ntoo, daim duab ntawm lub Supreme vajtswv poj niam, thiab correlates nees nrog yargs rau lawv nraub qaum nrog cov vajtswv.

Tom qab sau lub tswv yim ntawm "element" hauv kev ua haujlwm, V. A. Gorodtsov, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, them sai sai mus rau "lub feem ntau charming swastika". Yarga, rov ua dua los ntawm nws nyob rau sab qaum teb cov neeg ua liaj ua teb qauv, nyob ib qho ntawm qhov chaw ua haujlwm hauv nws txoj haujlwm. Nws ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug scholarly duab uas tau absorbed pej xeem ntawm sab ntsuj plig qhov tseem ceeb, ib qho cim qhia ntawm kab lis kev cai ntawm Sarmatians, Dacians thiab Eastern Slavs ntawm 19th thiab 20th centuries. Lub cim yog to taub los ntawm nws raws li ib tug yam ntxwv qhia ntawm Indo-European kab lis kev cai. V. A. Gorodtsov ntseeg hais tias nyob rau hauv lub linear qauv thiab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, nyob rau hauv lub swastikas, tus yuam sij rau qhov teeb meem ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm "Lavxias teb sab Slavs" yog muab zais, rau kev piav qhia ntawm lawv ancient kev cai dab qhuas cult thiab nrhiav pom, yog hais tias tsis yog ntawm lub primogeniture, tom qab ntawd ntawm lub teb chaws uas lawv tau tshwm sim rau hauv ciam teb ntawm niaj hnub Russia … Nyob rau hauv qhov kev xav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb, tus ntoo khaub lig nrog nkhaus xaus ua lub cim tshwj xeeb ntawm txhua pawg neeg Aryan thiab cov neeg, uas tau khaws lawv cov ntsiab lus qub hauv cov neeg ua liaj ua teb. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm V. A. Gorodtsov yog suav hais tias yog ib tug classic ua hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab ethnology los ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm substantiating lub tswv yim ntawm lub Supreme Principle ntawm lub ancient Slavs thiab siv cov txheej txheem ntawm haiv neeg reconstructions thiab haiv neeg attributions - genus-cultural kev nkag siab, piav qhia thiab kho.

E. N. Kletnova, xib fwb ntawm archaeology, nyob rau hauv nws ua hauj lwm "Symbols ntawm pej xeem decorations ntawm lub Smolensk cheeb tsam" thawj zaug tshawb nrhiav cov neeg ua liaj ua teb decorations (xws li yargu) nyob rau hauv lub ciam teb ntawm tsuas yog ib cheeb tsam - ob peb cheeb tsam ntawm lub Smolensk cheeb tsam. Nws qhia cov txheej txheem qub tshaj plaws ntawm Slavic kab lis kev cai, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm niaj hnub pej xeem kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Smolensk cheeb tsam. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, E. N. Kletnova tau hais tias "cov hom kev sib txuas uas twb tau paub hauv cov kab lis kev cai qub tshaj plaws ntawm Sab Hnub Tuaj hauv lub npe "swastikas" yog qhov txaus siab tshwj xeeb."Tus kws tshawb fawb tau nthuav dav cov npe ntawm cov qauv muaj nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm cov cim yargic thiab muab lawv lub npe: "ntu" swastika; "Split" los yog "split", ib tug swastika, nruab nrab ntawm uas tsim ib tug rhombus; "Lub swb swastika uas tau ploj nws cov quav" yog lub rhombus nrog "swastily bent marks". Tus kws tshawb fawb suav tias yargu yog ib qho ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm Smolensk pej xeem kab lis kev cai thiab lub zos thaum ntxov medieval archaeological kab lis kev cai.

Lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cim yog txiav txim siab nyob rau hauv kev ua hauj lwm raws li nws cov npe nrov nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau txoj hauj lwm nws occupies nyob rau hauv lub iconic dluab ntawm cov poj niam cov khaub ncaws. E. N. Kletnova suav tias yog swastika los ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm Slavic, Iranian thiab lwm haiv neeg Indo-European, uas Smolensk yarga thiab cov qauv muaj kev sib txuas ncaj qha rau poj koob yawm txwv. Ntawm qhov piv txwv ntawm cov neeg Smolensk, E. N. Kletnova yog thawj zaug ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev los ua ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov duab ntawm yaggi: "Nrog nws, cov qauv dav feem ntau ua, tab sis nws yeej ib txwm sau rau hauv lub rhombus: du, comb-zoo li, txawm tias tshwj xeeb. hom nuv nrog swastily bent marks." Siv cov ntaub ntawv tam sim no, Kletnova tau qhia txog qhov originality thiab ntau yam ntawm yargic qhia nyob rau hauv pej xeem kab lis kev cai ntawm Smolyans, thaum hais txog kev sib txuas ntawm yav dhau los nrog Indo-Iranian kab lis kev cai. Hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm E. N. Kletnova taug qab ntxiv cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev xav ntawm V. I. Sizov nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas ncaj qha ntawm archaeological kab lis kev cai ntawm thaum ntxov Nrab Hnub nyoog ntawm lub Smolensk cheeb tsam nrog cov neeg uas twb muaj lawm kab lis kev cai ntawm lub cheeb tsam.

Hauv kev ua haujlwm "Peasant Art" tso tawm xyoo 1924 los ntawm V. S. Voronov tshuaj xyuas qhov kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm ntau hom carving thiab painting, paj ntaub thiab weaving. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau kawm txog kev kos duab pej xeem los ntawm nws cov kev tshawb fawb ntau hauv sab qaum teb, Sredinny, Volga thiab Ural xeev ntawm Russia, nrog rau hauv cov tsev khaws khoom khaws cia. Voronov ntseeg hais tias cov qauv yog raws li cov "cov ntsiab lus iconographic, cov artistic hav zoov uas twb tau raug suav rau ntev centuries," thiab lawv ntau haiv neeg thiab nplua nuj lub ntsiab lus "tso nyob rau hauv lub ancient pagan lub sij hawm." Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, cov ntsiab lus ntawm tag nrho cov qauv Lavxias teb sab neeg ua liaj ua teb kos duab belongs rau "ib qho piv txwv piv txwv ntawm cov kev cai dab qhuas thaum ub ntawm pej xeem lub neej." Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub pictorial sab ntawm pej xeem kos duab yog txuam nrog nws nrog cov ancient cults ntawm haiv neeg txoj kev ntseeg. Nyob rau hauv lub yarge-cross, nws pom cov haiv neeg-kev ntseeg txoj cai ntawm sab ntsuj plig, kev cai dab qhuas lub neej ntawm cov neeg, uas, raws li zoo raws li lub ancient kos npe rau, yog yooj yim distinguished nyob rau hauv peasant kos duab.

Tus kws tshawb fawb lees paub qee qhov kev cuam tshuam tshiab rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb kos duab (tshwj xeeb yog thaum lub sijhawm kav ntawm Peter I thiab tom qab), tab sis tib lub sijhawm lees paub qhov tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm cov txheej txheem, cov duab ntawm cov cim qub qub uas ib txwm muaj nyob hauv cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsim. Nws cov lus piv txwv ntawm cov lus nug ntawm lub qub txeeg qub teg ntawm yargi thiab lwm yam kev cuam tshuam yog qhov tseeb raws li nws muaj txiaj ntsig:

Tom qab sib cais lub kumgan sab hnub poob thiab sab hnub tuaj kumgan, peb nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm ib tug kwv tij thaum ub nrog ib lub nkoj av nplaum ua nws tus qauv, thiab ib daim duab skopkar nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug noog dej, tshaj tawm txog cov pagan kev cai dab qhuas thaum ub thiab kev ua koob tsheej. Rau ib lub paj thiab garland ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th. lub feem ntau ancient swastika yog tam sim ntawd pom …

Yog li, tus kws tshawb fawb ntaus nqi yargu rau cov cim ntawm lub sijhawm qub tshaj plaws. Kev ntsuam xyuas keeb kwm qhov tob ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, nrog rau cov yargu, nws tau txiav txim siab ntau txhiab xyoo ntawm qhov tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv pej xeem kab lis kev cai.

Lub hauv paus pom ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, tshwj xeeb yog paj ntaub, V. S. Voronov suav cov duab ci ntsa iab:

Ntshiab geometric qauv predominate nyob rau hauv paj ntaub, thaj ua ib tug laus ornamental txheej. Lawv lub ntsiab tseem ceeb yog cov qauv qub ntawm swastika, nyuaj los yog tawg nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm witty geometric variations (lub thiaj li hu ua "crests", "raskovka", "trump cards", "tis", thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv no motive, raws li ib tug txoj cai, lub artistic inventiveness ntawm embroiderers nthuav tawm.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, Moscow xibfwb B. A. Kuftin. Nyob rau hauv nws cov hauj lwm nto moo "Cov Khoom Siv Culture ntawm Lavxias teb sab Meshchera" (txwv tsis pub, los ntawm txoj kev, nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo), Kuftin dav siv yargu nws tus kheej thiab cov cim yargic uas tau saturated nrog ancient Slavic khaub ncaws, nrog rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Poochya peasants yog tus yam ntxwv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov neeg Lavxias.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm yog piav qhia txog cov khoom siv kab lis kev cai thiab txiav txim siab txog keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov pej xeem ntawm Meshchera lowland - Meshchera.

B. A. Kuftin vividly siv lub yarga thaum daws qhov teeb meem ntawm kev tsim lub ancient Slavic keeb kwm ntawm cov inhabitants ntawm Meshchera. Qhia cov ntaub ntawv thaj chaw ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nrog khoov kawg, ancient txoj kev ntawm weaving thiab paj ntaub, keeb kwm thiab linguistic ntaub ntawv, siv cov yam ntxwv, nws txiav txim siab haiv neeg yog leejtwg ntawm cov ancient inhabitants ntawm Poochya. Tus kws tshawb fawb txawv ntawm cov tswv yim kev tshawb fawb ntawm "Tatars-Mishars" thiab lub npe hu ua "Meshcheryaks", uas yav tas los suav hais tias yog Finno-Ugrians, xa mus rau cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm ancient Slavs. Ua tsaug rau Kuftin, cov duab ntawm cov neeg Vyatichi-Ryazan - cov neeg nyob hauv Meshchera thiab cov duab ntawm Yarga - tau los ua ib feem ntawm ib qho kev kos npe-pab pawg neeg lub tswv yim, qhov chaw uas tus ntoo khaub lig nrog nkhaus xaus tau los ua ib qho kev kos npe ntawm cov neeg nyob. ntawm lub Nrab Hnub nyoog thaum ntxov ntawm Meshchera. Yarga tau suav hais tias yog ib qho cim ntawm kev xav ntawm sab ntsuj plig haiv neeg-kev ntseeg ntawm cov neeg. Cov npe pej xeem ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nrog nkhaus xaus qhia los ntawm Kuftin txuas nws daim duab nrog lub hnub, nees thiab nab. Tag nrho cov tiam tom ntej ntawm Soviet cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai tau lees paub txoj haujlwm no ua ib qho haujlwm classic ntawm haiv neeg.

Phau ntawv "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Ntoo Khaublig", luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1927, tshuaj xyuas cov teeb meem ntawm lub genesis ntawm lub prototypes ntawm swastika, muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hais txog lub hav zoov ntawm yargic cim ntawm Western thiab Eastern Slavs. Ib tug ntawm nws cov kws sau ntawv, A. Nemoevsky, muab rau hauv nws cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib kis ntawm yargi ntawm Malorussians, Moravians thiab Poles.

Ib qho kev sim faib cov Yarga rau hauv, kuj hais lus, Indo-European thiab "fascist-anti-Semitic" tuaj yeem taug qab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm ntawm Small Soviet Encyclopedia [MSE, vol. 7. 1930, swastika]. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm cov haujlwm tsis tshua muaj qhov uas cov kev xav uas muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd ntawm keeb kwm ntawm tus qauv ntawm yargi tau qhia.

Tus kws tshawb fawb M. Makarchenko hauv xyoo 1931 luam tawm cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm St. Sophia ntawm Kiev. Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm lawv tias cov tswv thaum ub tau siv yargu thiab yargic dluab nyob rau hauv paintings ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb tsis txaus ntseeg, cov khoom siv kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj raug ntaus nqi rau cov khoom siv hauv zos, thiab cov style ntawm carving yog tus cwj pwm li "thaum pib ntawm Kiev yas kos duab." Hauv kev kho kom zoo nkauj medieval ntawm Sophia Cathedral (hnub tim 1037), zoo li lub Koom Txoos Tithe, cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb tau sau tseg - kev sib xyaw ntawm mosaics thiab fresco painting. Cov txheej txheem no tsis paub nyob rau hauv Byzantine monuments kom raug. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv architectural kho kom zoo nkauj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, tus thawj nyob rau hauv Russia yargic qauv, ua los ntawm lub zos craftsmen, tau muab tso rau.

Dhau nyob rau hauv lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub 20s. xyoo pua 20th Cov rooj sib tham loj loj - Cov Rooj Sib Tham Ethnological - tau cim los ntawm kev ua tiav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm kev tiv thaiv keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau hauv cov lus ceeb toom ntawm lub Rooj Sab Laj thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, qhov teeb meem ntawm yargic cim tau tsim ntxiv. Lub cim ntawm yargi yog singled tawm raws li ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm ib tug neeg cov khoom ntawm peasant khaub ncaws: headdresses ntawm lub Nizhny Novgorod cheeb tsam; ponev Ryazan cheeb tsam. Txawm li cas los xij, tom qab Lub Rooj Sib Tham Thib Ob, kev nruj nruj tau raug coj los tawm tsam cov neeg ethnologists thiab cov kev taw qhia nws tus kheej (kev kawm txog keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab thiab pej xeem kab lis kev cai) feem ntau (1930-1934). Los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm tog, txoj kev kawm ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab ethnology yog curtailed, thiab kev tswj ntawm kev tshawb fawb tau pauv los ntawm Moscow mus rau Leningrad. Cov kws tshawb fawb lawv tus kheej raug tua, raug ntiab tawm, thiab raug kaw hauv lub tsev vwm vwm.

"Ethnology" tau hloov npe mus rau "ethnography". Nws yuav zoo li tias qhov pogrom no xaus lub sijhawm ntawm kev kawm txog kev muaj tswv yim ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Tau ntau xyoo, ob lub npe ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nrog nkhaus xaus nrog lo lus swastika thiab nws cov duab ploj los ntawm cov ncauj lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshaj tawm. Kev txwv ntawm Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev A. V. Lunacharsky coj tag nrho cov nyhuv.

Txawm li cas los xij, hauv keeb kwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb muaj cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb raws li ib hom kev zam, qhov twg txoj kev kawm ntawm yarga thiab swastika tsis nres. Thoob plaws hauv lub sijhawm Soviet, keeb kwm ntawm Russia-USSR tau mob siab kawm los ntawm cov neeg muaj zog Andronovo archaeological kab lis kev cai, npog thaj tsam ntawm Siberia, Urals, Trans-Urals thiab lwm thaj chaw. Keeb kwm ntawm nws txoj kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm kev ywj pheej.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg hais tias ib txhij nrog thawj cov khoom (cov ntaub ntawv qhia) nyob rau hauv lub Andronov kab lis kev cai, tus ntoo khaub lig nrog nkhaus xaus thiab ntau yam yuav ua rau nws tus khub tas li. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias feem ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Andronovites tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, thaum cov zaub ntawm yargi thiab yargic cim yog sharply txwv, nyob rau hauv lawv nws tau txais indisputable xwm txheej ntawm ib tug kaj kos npe rau ntawm tus yam ntxwv ntawm Andronov kab lis kev cai, correlated nrog. feem ntau ancient Aryans.

Xav txog kev txhim kho cov kev xav ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb txog kev txiav txim siab lub sijhawm ntawm lub neej ntawm Andronov kab lis kev cai, piv cov yam ntxwv ntawm yav tas los nrog cov kab lis kev cai ntawm keeb kwm (Scythians, Sarmatians, Savromats, Persians) thiab cov neeg niaj hnub no, peb pom tias tus nqi. ntawm tus qauv (nrog rau lub yargic ib) yog muab tso rau ntawm ib qho ntawm thawj qhov chaw, thiab nyob rau hauv tej rooj plaub nws yog suav hais tias yog lub ntsiab qhia ntawm ib tug tshwj xeeb hom ntawm archaeological kab lis kev cai thaum nws yog correlated nrog cov kab lis kev cai ntawm niaj hnub haiv neeg.

Yog li, Andronovo archaeological zej zog raws li kab lis kev cai ntawm Aryan-Indo-Iranians tam sim no sawv cev los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm cov yam ntxwv, qhov twg swastika nrog nws tsev neeg ntau yam occupies ib qho chaw ruaj khov raws li ib qho ntawm nws cov cim tseem ceeb.

"Khrushchev thaw" nyob rau hauv lub lig 50s - thaum ntxov 60s. Lub xyoo pua 20th tau tshem tawm qhov txwv nruj rau kev kawm ntawm yargi thiab swastika, uas, vim li ntawd, nthuav dav kev kawm ntawm Slavic keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai cov ncauj lus.

Hauv kev paub zoo ntawm kev kawm B. A. Rybakova Yarga suav hais tias yog ib qho cim cim ntawm haiv neeg hauv Proto-Slavic, Proto-Slavic thiab qub Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias, rau qhov laj thawj zoo ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, B. A. Rybakov tsis tau them nyiaj ntau rau kev kawm ntawm yarga, txawm li cas los xij, txij li xyoo 1950. nws muab qhov dav dav rau nws cov thwjtim thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm los npog cov ncauj lus no.

Ib daim duab zoo nkauj ntawm kev sib kis ntawm yargi thiab lwm yam cim thaum ub nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai medieval ntawm Slavic-Lavxias teb sab yog nthuav tawm nyob rau hauv lub monograph los ntawm A. L. Mongayt, mob siab rau keeb kwm ntawm Ryazan av, lub keeb kwm ntawm pawg neeg ntawm Vyatichi. Nws xaus lus tias cov cim ntawm lub lauj kaub tais diav ntawm cov neeg qub Slavic masters, affixed rau hauv qab ntawm cov khoom av nplaum, zoo ib yam ntawm cov loj loj expanses ntawm lub Slavic av, thiab dua li, "tag nrho cov voj voog, log, swastikas, crosses yog txuam nrog. ib lub hnub ci cult."

A. A. Mansurov tau pom cov cim ntawm cov cim qhia-ua tau raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov paib yagic tso los ntawm Ryazan peasants thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. ntawm lawv thaj av. Sib tham txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm Ryazan cov cim, cov kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg lawv lub ntsiab lus pib ua kev cai dab qhuas.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov kws tshawb fawb tsis koom nrog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Ryazan yaggi nrog kev qiv nyiaj los ntawm lwm haiv neeg.

Hauv kev tshawb fawb tom qab ua tsov ua rog, lub tswv yim ntawm txoj haujlwm tshwj xeeb thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm swastika hauv cov kab lis kev cai qub, nws koom nrog pawg neeg Aryan thiab cov neeg, txuas ntxiv txhim kho. Yog li, E. I. Solomonik suav hais tias qhov dav faib ntawm yargi ntawm cov neeg sib txawv raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev qiv. Nws pib los ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev nthuav tawm lub cim los ntawm ib tug neeg, ib tug archaeological kab lis kev cai mus rau lwm tus, correlating kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv nqe lus nug nrog cov kab lis kev cai achievements ntawm ancient Aryans thiab lawv cov xeeb ntxwv.

Nyob rau hauv 1960, ib tug ntawm cov thawj Soviet tej hauj lwm tshwm sim, kiag li mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cults ntawm ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev nyob rau hauv Ancient Rus [Darkevich V. P., 1960]. Nws tus kws sau ntawv V. P. Darkevich tam sim ntawd hais txog qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog qhov teeb meem ntawm yargi ntawm Eastern Slavs. Xav txog tus ntoo khaub lig hooked thiab lwm cov cim hnub ci, tus kws tshawb fawb, tsis hais lo lus lossis kev xav, nug lub ntsiab lus zoo ntawm yarga thiab tsis muab dab tsi tsis zoo rau nws lub ntsiab lus, txawm hais tias rau tiam V. P. Darkevich thiab nws cov kws kho kev tshawb fawb The Great Patriotic War ntawm 1941-1945. tseem nyob mus ib txhis rau nws cov txiaj ntsig txaus ntshai.

Txawm li cas los xij, kev nco qab ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub tsis koom nrog kev ua tsov rog txaus ntshai nrog lub cim ntawm yargi. Yarga, nrog rau lwm cov cim - tus ntoo khaub lig, lub voj voog, lub log - yog qhov tshwm sim "qhov ruaj khov uas nws tau muaj sia nyob ua cov khoom zoo nkauj hauv cov qauv pej xeem (woodcarving, paj ntaub) rau niaj hnub no." Tus kws tshawb fawb hais txog kev muaj sia nyob txuas ntxiv ntawm yargi-cross hauv Lavxias pej xeem kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

V. P. Darkevich suav hais tias "ncaj" thiab "curvilinear" yargs yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm hluav taws thiab lub hnub. Nws tau sau ib lub rooj ntawm pej xeem-Orthodox cov cim ntawm saum ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev pom nyob rau hauv medieval Lavxias teb sab hniav nyiaj hniav kub, qhov twg yargic dluab kuj dav sawv cev. Darkevich ntaus nqi Yargu thiab nws ntau yam rau cov qauv qub uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm haiv neeg txoj kev ntseeg ntiaj teb kev pom ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab uas tau nqis los rau tam sim no hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsis hloov pauv hauv Lavxias pej xeem kab lis kev cai. Yog li, txoj haujlwm ntawm V. P. Darkevich thaum kawg coj lub ntsiab lus yargi-cross tawm ntawm peb caug xyoo ntawm theoretical oblivion, qhib txoj kev tshawb fawb rau nws cov kev tshawb fawb ntxiv.

Xyoo 1963, S. V. Ivanov's "Ornament of the people of Siberia as a historical source", nyob rau hauv uas methodological mus kom ze rau txoj kev kawm ntawm pej xeem cov qauv tau npaj, ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm ornamental qauv raug nthuav tawm, lub yarga ntawm cov neeg ntawm Siberia tau qhia, thiab cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm Cov qauv ntawm Eastern Slavs yog suav tias yog. Nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev xav, cov neeg Siberian tau txais lub swastika los ntawm cov neeg Scythians.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm S. V. Ivanova nrees consolidated qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kawm cov qauv raws li lub ntsiab qhia ntawm lub antiquity ntawm pej xeem kab lis kev cai. Tus qauv, raws li tus kws tshawb fawb, ci ntsa iab los ntawm kab lis kev cai dhau los ntawm ntau pua xyoo thiab ntau txhiab xyoo, ua ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab lis kev cai sib txawv ntawm pej xeem keeb kwm.

Tom qab ntawd N. V. Ryndin (1963), A. K. Ambrose (1966), Ilyinskaya V. A. (1966), A. I. Melyukova (1976), T. V. Ravdin (1978), L. D. Pobal (1979), J. G. Zveruga (1975; 1989), G. V. Shgykhov (1978), A. R. Mitrofanov (1978), V. V. Sedov (1982), B. A. Rybakov (1981; 1988), I. V. Dubov (1990), P. F. Lysenko (1991), M. M. Sedova (1981), I. K. Frolov niaj hnub hais txog qhov kos npe no hauv lawv cov kev tshawb fawb: lawv sau txog nws, tshaj tawm nws cov duab, tab sis, hmoov tsis, lawv tsis tshua piav txog nws lub ntsiab lus semantic.

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm yarga suav nrog hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm Soviet kws tshawb fawb ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm USSR "Lavxias teb sab". Hooked ntoo khaub lig nyob rau hauv nws yog txuam nrog feem ntau ancient manifestations ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kab lis kev cai. Txawm li cas los xij, tib lub sijhawm, kev xav txog kev cuam tshuam ntawm Finno-Ugrian ntawm cov tsos ntawm yargi ntawm cov Russians yog tsis tsim nyog tau hais. Txij li thaum V. V. Stasov, qhov no dhau los ua ib hom kev cai hauv kev txhais cov ntsiab lus ntawm yargi, hom kev xav. Sai li sai tau qhov kev nthuav qhia ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tuaj mus rau ib tug piav qhia ntawm lub phenomenon ntawm yargic cim nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, ib co neeg soj ntsuam tam sim ntawd muaj ib tug tsis tsim nyog reservation: qev los ntawm Finns, Balts, Ugrians, Greeks, thiab lwm yam. Zoo sib xws unreasonable reservations yuav traced nyob rau hauv. cov ntawv niaj hnub.

Nyob rau hauv Soviet lub sij hawm, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sib nrig sib influences tseem, raws li zoo raws li ntau yam swastika dluab ntawm cov tsiaj style nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv kab lis kev cai ntawm Scythian thiab Thracian pab pawg neeg,genus-kev coj noj coj ua cuam tshuam nrog cov cuab yeej cuab tam Aryan. Lub jagged Scythian paib cim ntawm tus tsiaj style yog ze ze rau cov khoom Thracian ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, Scythians thiab Thracians, muaj kev sib raug zoo mus ntev hauv cov khoom thiab sab ntsuj plig kab lis kev cai.

Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm excavations los ntawm N. V. Ryndina Novgorod hniav nyiaj hniav kub Rhiav ntawm 13-15 centuries. Ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm rings nrog piv txwv yargs tau pom ntawm no, qhia lawv cov khoom loj.

Ntev ua ntej N. V. Ryndina archaeologists niaj hnub pom ib lub nplhaib nrog zoo tib yam yargs thiab lwm yam thaum lub sij hawm excavations ntawm faus mounds thiab faus av nyob rau hauv txawv cheeb tsam ntawm Russia. Los ntawm thawj qhov pom ntawm cov nplhaib zoo li no, lawv hom tau pom tias yog Novgorod. Lawv cov duab tau luam tawm tas li.

Yog li, tom qab lub npe hu ua thaw xyoo 1960, ethnography (ethnography, keeb kwm kos duab, DPI, thiab lwm yam) txuas ntxiv txhim kho cov tswv yim thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev kawm pej xeem kab lis kev cai, tau piav qhia nyob rau xyoo 1920, qhov twg yarga thiab nws ntau yam ua haujlwm tsis sib xws. txhais tau tias ntawm tus kheej ntawm kab lis kev cai tsim ntawm ntau theem (lub nroog, thaj chaw, cheeb tsam) ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Thaum lub sij hawm no xyoo L. A. Kozhevnikova, I. P. Rabotnova thiab lwm tus neeg tshawb fawb pej xeem weaving thiab paj ntaub nyob rau hauv lub loj heev expanses ntawm Russia North. Cov neeg tshawb nrhiav thiab cov neeg pleev kob tsis nkees Kozhevnikova sib txuas lus nrog cov poj niam Lavxias teb sab uas tau khaws lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv rau ntau pua xyoo. Kawm cov qauv ntawm Totemsky-Nikolsky Territory ntawm thaj av Vologda, nws pom tias lawv yog raws li "rhombuses, swastikas thiab lawv cov derivatives."

Kev tshuaj xyuas paj ntaub ntawm Northern Velikorussians nyob rau hauv lub phiab ntawm sab qaum teb tus dej Pinega thiab Mezen, nws kuj tsim lub originality ntawm pej xeem cov qauv, hais tias "cov motifs ntawm brane ornament ntawm Pinega thiab Mezen yog derivatives ntawm lub rhombus thiab "swastika" nyob rau hauv feem ntau varied thiab txawv txawv versions, nrog ntau cov hniav thiab ceg ". Ntau xyoo tom qab, txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb no tau ua kom zoo dua los ntawm S. I. Dmitrieva. Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, "rhombus thiab swastika nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ua tau ua ke ua ke" yog lub primordial weaving qauv ntawm lub Mezen.

Nyob rau hauv lub 70s. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th nyob rau hauv lub dissertation ntawm I. I. Shangina tshawb fawb cov qauv linear ntawm paj ntaub thiab xaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. cov neeg peasant ntawm lub xeev Tver. Nws pom tias muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov paj ntaub ntawm cov phuam da dej yog monotonous, cov cim tseem ceeb hauv nws yog rhombuses, swastikas, rosettes thiab cov duab uas tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib xyaw ntawm cov txheej txheem horny, tridents, T-dluab, curls. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kws tshawb fawb tau sau tseg txog kev ruaj khov ntawm yargs hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub rhombuses, uas, hauv nws txoj kev xav, yog "yooj yim thiab ceg".

Kev piav qhia ntawm qhov chaw ntawm txhua tus qauv piav qhia - rhombuses, swastikas, S-duab - nws tau ua tib zoo mloog rau qhov tseeb tias tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi txawv ntawm no thiab hais tias "cov lus piav qhia rhombic ornament yog yam ntxwv tsis yog paj ntaub hauv Tver nkaus xwb, tab sis nyob rau hauv dav dav rau feem ntau cov cheeb tsam ntawm kev sib hais haum Russians ". I. I. Shangina hais txog naturalness ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb uas nws hu ua (xws li yargi) rau feem coob ntawm Russians thawj zaug nyob rau hauv lub post-war lub sij hawm tau ua nyob rau hauv lub generalization ntawm xws li cov khoom tseem ceeb los ntawm Lavxias teb sab North, uas yog nyob rau hauv lub priceless. collections ntawm Lavxias teb sab Ethnographic Tsev khaws puav pheej. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua hauj lwm yog qhov xaus ntawm ib tug ancient qauv ntawm cov kab lis kev cai ntawm lub North thiab Middle-Great Russians.

Fragments ntawm phau ntawv "Yarga-cross thiab swastika: pej xeem hnub nyoog nyob rau hauv science" P. I. Kutenkov, A. G. Rezunkov

Qhov loj tshaj plaws album nrog cov duab ntawm lub ntsiab Sun cim