Yarga swastika nyob rau hauv Soviet txoj cai. Ntu 1

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm, uas sawv ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm kev tsim cov kab lis kev cai tsis ncaj ncees, tshwj xeeb, tau sau tias:

Ntawm ntau cov khoom dai thiab cov ntawv tshaj tawm nyob rau hnub kawg ntawm kev ua koob tsheej, nrog rau ntau yam kev tshaj tawm, thiab lwm yam, vim muaj kev nkag siab yuam kev, ib qho khoom plig hu ua swastika tau siv tas li thiab muaj qhov zoo li no. Txij li thaum lub swastika yog ib tug cockade ntawm lub sib sib zog nqus counter-revolutionary German lub koom haum ORGESH, thiab tsis ntev los no tau txais lub cim ntawm ib tug cim cim ntawm tag nrho cov fascist, kev tawm tsam, kuv ceeb toom rau koj tias tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi yuav tsum tau siv cov khoom zoo nkauj no, uas ua rau, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws, kev xav tsis zoo heev.

Tib neeg Commissar rau Kev Kawm A. Lunacharsky

Xws li daim ntawv ceeb toom ntawm kev txwv tsis pub muaj, thiab txawm kos npe los ntawm tus thawj tswj hwm txhua tus ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv tebchaws Russia, ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm tsoomfwv tshaj tawm tuaj yeem raug ntsuas raws li cov lus qhia raug cai, uas tau coj mus rau hauv tus account thiab ua tiav los ntawm cov neeg niaj hnub. Tab sis dhau ntawm qhov txwv, nws muaj cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai tseem ceeb tshaj plaws. Los ntawm daim ntawv nws ua raws li lub sij hawm ntawd lub yarga tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev pom kev ua hauj lwm nrog rau lwm cov revolutionary paib, cov uas tus ntoo khaub lig nrog nkhaus xaus yog to taub raws li ib yam ntawm cov cim ntawm lub sij hawm tshiab.

Hloov chaw ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig pov tseg, cov neeg ntawm Soviet lub teb chaws siv cov pej xeem hooked ntoo khaub lig rau gentile kab lis kev cai tus kheej ntawm lub revolutionary neeg ntawm Russia

Cov txheej txheem hauv kev hwm ntawm lub Kaum Hlis cov xwm txheej tau dai kom zoo nkauj tsis yog nrog cov chij liab xwb. Cov duab ntawm lub cim thaum ub ntawm kev ua siab zoo thiab lub neej - yargi-hla - tau zoo siab hovering hla txhua kab ntawm cov neeg taug kev.

Yog li, Lunacharsky, qhov tseeb, meej meej txwv tsis pub siv yarga thiab swastika. Thiab txawm hais tias kev rau txim rau kev ua txhaum cai tsis tau txhais nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm, nws yog tsim nyog xav hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag cov ntaub ntawv tsis tau tom qab nws: lub revolutionary lub sij hawm yog heev ntshav. Pom tseeb, vim qhov tseeb tias tsoomfwv txoj cai tsis tau tshwm sim (lossis tseem tsis tau tshaj tawm rau pej xeem), thiab A. V. Lunacharsky, txawm hais tias nws cov xwm txheej, tseem tsis muaj txoj cai lij choj, lub swastika maj mam ploj muslos ntawm kev pom kev ntxhov siab ntawm Soviet lub neej txhua hnub.

Lub sij hawm luv luv ntawm kev kav ntawm Tsoom Fwv Teb Chaws Tuam Txhab ntawm Russia tau cim los ntawm qhov tseeb tias oblique yarga adorned nws lub xeev foob, thiab kuj tau nkag mus rau hauv cov cim ntawm cov ntawv nyiaj tso tawm los ntawm nws mus rau hauv kev.

Kom txog rau thaum 1924, nws tseem tau siv nyob rau hauv lub tes tsho insignia ntawm lub Red Army thiab pleev xim rau ntawm ib tug xov tooj ntawm units; nws tau piav nyob rau hauv thawj Soviet daim ntawv nyiaj muab los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm V. I. Lenin, mus txog rau thaum xaus ntawm 1920s. nws txuas ntxiv mus kawm nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm tshawb fawb ntawm USSR.

Lub tes tsho thaj nrog lub yarga tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau chav nyob ntawm Red Army nyob rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj. Qhia los ntawm Order No. 213 rau cov tub rog ntawm Sab Qab Teb Sab Hnub Tuaj. Roob. Saratov Kaum Ib Hlis 3, 1919

Khoom plig hauv Red Army hauv 20-30s. Inscription "RSFSR".

Lavxias teb sab banknotes nrog ib tug slanting yarga: lub xeev credit sau ntawv ntawm lub Provisional tsoom fwv, muab nyob rau hauv 1917.

Thawj Soviet cov nyiaj nyob rau hauv denominations ntawm 10,000 thiab 5,000 rubles, muab nyob rau hauv 1918. Txhua tus muaj peb yargs nyob rau hauv nruab nrab thiab nyob rau sab.

Tom qab xyoo 1930, tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim hauv cov haujlwm tshawb fawb muaj ib qho kev hais txog tus ntoo khaub lig hooked. Qhov no yog lub sij hawm thaum lub luag hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm los yog siv lub tswv yim "Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm", "Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm", "Lavxias teb sab pej xeem kab lis kev cai" nyob rau hauv cov khoom, cov phau ntawv raug suav hais tias yog sabotage, thiab cov kws tshawb fawb uas siv lawv tau suav hais tias yog yeeb ncuab ntawm lub cov neeg nrog tag nrho cov tshwm sim tom qab.

Thiab nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb tom qab tsov rog ncaj qha ntsig txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm yarga, kev txwv tsis pub ntawm daim paib no txuas ntxiv mus. Cov kws tshawb fawb hauv txhua txoj hauv kev tau zam tsis tau hais txog lo lus "swastika", siv es tsis txhob "tus ntoo khaub lig nrog khoov kawg", "hnub ci kos npe", "hook kos npe", "vortex rosette", "rotating rosette", thiab lwm yam. yuav tsum tau lees paub raws li kev ncaj ncees, coj mus rau hauv tus account tu siab txoj hmoo ntawm exiled thiab tua cov kws tshawb fawb tseem ceeb thiab cov kws tshawb fawb hauv Slavic kev tshawb fawb, Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm thiab haiv neeg ntawm ntau haiv neeg ntawm Russia.

T. I. Dronova niaj hnub no piav qhia txog qhov xwm txheej dav dav hauv kev sib raug zoo rau kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov Neeg Ntseeg Qub ntawm Ust-Tsilma, Vyatka av. Kev tsim txom pib txij li lub sijhawm pov tseg, thaum txhua yam raug tshem tawm, suav nrog cov khaub ncaws pej xeem. Txoj kev tawm tsam ntawm tsoom fwv communist tawm tsam thawj thawj zaug tau nce zuj zus nyob rau xyoo 1950.

Txawm hais tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv raug cai thiab kev cai lij choj txwv tsis pub hnav khaub ncaws pej xeem muaj, txhua yam kev cai tau pom los ntawm cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv nroog tsis zoo. Cov khaub ncaws, raws li qhov qub, raug txwv tsis pub hnav los ntawm cov kws tshwj xeeb ntawm lub xeev cov koom haum, thiab qee zaum cov neeg hauv zos raug ntiab tawm, uas tuaj txog ntawm cov tsoos tsho nrog cov lus nug ntawm tus kheej.

Nws yog qhov pom tseeb heev tias kev ntiab tawm ntawm cov neeg nyob hauv cov khaub ncaws pej xeem los ntawm lub xeev lub koom haum ntawm tib neeg lub xeev (uas txoj cai Communist npau suav ntawm nws tus kheej) tsuas yog tuaj yeem tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev coj lossis nrog nws qhov kev pom zoo tsis meej.

Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb fawb hauv xyoo 1998, P. I. Kutenkov tau sau zaj dab neeg ntawm ib tug poj niam ua liaj ua teb A. S. Gerasina (yug xyoo 1926) hais txog yuav ua li cas thaum nws tseem yog menyuam yaus nws tau tshwm sim los ua pov thawj rau qhov tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm Komsomol cov tswv cuab ntawm lub zos Ushinka, Penza cheeb tsam hauv 30s. xyoo pua 20th Lawv cordoned tawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv uas lawv tau ua hauj lwm rau Mass nyob rau lub ntees ntawm lub xyoo lub tsiab peb caug. Thiab thaum cov poj niam tawm hauv lub tsev teev ntuj nyob rau hauv lawv cov kab zoo nkauj tshaj plaws, npog tag nrho nrog yargs, Komsomol cov tswv cuab tau pib quab yuam tshem cov bibs, cuffs, ponies thiab muab pov rau hauv lub pob loj. Tom qab tshem tawm cov khaub ncaws nrog yargs los ntawm tag nrho cov poj niam, lawv ncuav kerosene rau lub heap ntawm cov khaub ncaws thiab hlawv lawv.

Lwm qhov xwm txheej, tshaj tawm los ntawm tib A. S. Gerasin, yog qhov qhia tau tias yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm tus cwj pwm ntawm cov tub ceev xwm hauv xyoo no mus rau qhov txwv tsis pub kos npe. Ib tug neeg muag khoom thiab tus thawj coj se tuaj rau nws niam nws txiv cov neeg nyob ze. Cov qhua tau zaum ntawm lub rooj nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntawm kev hwm, nyob ze ntawm lub ces kaum liab, uas tau muab ntxuav rau lub festive lub sij hawm. Nws maj mam noj kom txog thaum nws pom ib daim duab ntawm yarga ntawm ib daim phuam ntawm lub ces kaum liab. Tom qab ntawd tus thawj coj tau choked, pov rab diav thiab qw: "Cov Nazi cov cim no yog dab tsi?" - thaum taw tes rau lub jargic kawg ntawm cov phuam da dej uas ua rau cov cim. Thiab tsuas yog tom qab ua kom paub tseeb tias cov phuam da dej thiab hneev-legged adorns cov phuam so hauv cov ces kaum liab ntawm txhua lub tsev pheeb suab hauv lub zos, tau piav qhia ntawm tag nrho cov khaub ncaws ntawm cov poj niam thiab cov poj niam, tus thawj coj siab tawv raug yuam kom tso tseg qhov kev xav ntawm nws. tos txais qhua ntawm espionage nyob rau hauv txaus siab ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees.

Ib rooj plaub zoo sib xws tau piav qhia los ntawm A. Kuznetsov, tus kws qhia ntawv thiab tus kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Ust-Pechenga, Totemsky District, Vologda Oblast. Hnub ua ntej ntawm Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II, ib tug tub ceev xwm NKVD tau tsav tsheb mus rau hauv lub zos ntawm nws cov yawg koob, Ihalitsa, thiab siv hmo ntuj nrog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb. Thaum noj hmo, nws pom ib daim phuam ubrus dai rau ntawm lub thaj neeb, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm uas ib tug loj complex yarga tau illuminated los ntawm lub teeb ntawm lub icon teeb, thiab nyob rau hauv cov npoo muaj cov qauv ntawm me me rhombic crosses nrog nkhaus xaus. Tus qhua lub qhov muag tau npau taws nrog kev npau taws. Tus thawj tswj hwm tus niam laus, uas tau pw ntawm lub qhov cub, NW nyuam qhuav tswj kom tsis txhob mob siab rau cov qhua raging thiab piav qhia rau nws tias lub cim uas muab tso rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub trim tsis yog swastika, tab sis "Shaggy Bright", thiab hais tias tus qauv ntawm. cov kab txaij sab yog "jibs". Hnub tom qab, tus tub ceev xwm NKVD taug kev ncig tag nrho lub zos thiab xyuas kom meej tias muaj "ci" thiab "jibs" hauv txhua lub tsev neeg ua liaj ua teb.

Hauv nrog. Sekirino, Ryazan cheeb tsam ib tug qub postman (1970s) hais tias nws tsis tau muab cov khaub ncaws thiab khau uas tau teem rau lawv, vim hais tias nws taug kev nyob rau hauv ib tug ponytail. "Yog tias koj muab koj cov ponies pov tseg, peb yuav muab daim ntawv xav tau," tus kws tshaj lij teb nws cov lus nug.

Xyoo 1960, nyob hauv lub zos. Chernava, qhov twg cov poj niam laus tseem hnav lawv lub caj dab txawm tias niaj hnub no, lawv tau ntshai los ntawm kev xa mus rau Kolyma, thov kom tshem tawm cov ponies.

Hauv cov zos ntawm Gory, Mikhailovo, Prusovo, Abakumovo ntawm Torzhok koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm cheeb tsam Tver (Kalinin), ua ntej ua tsov ua rog nyob rau hauv lub 30s, cov neeg sawv cev ntawm lub tshiab tsoom fwv tau yuam cov pej xeem tshem tawm platbands, qhov rooj thiab lwm yam khoom uas muaj yargi-loaches. ntawm lawv tsev. Tshwj xeeb, ntawm cov lus qhia los ntawm saum toj no, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm pawg ua liaj ua teb A. Kalinin tau ua qhov no (sau los ntawm Nikolai Vasilyevich Yakovlev).

Qee qhov kev tawm tsam ntawm "kev tawm tsam" nrog Yarga tau pom zoo nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm thawj qhov teeb meem ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Istochnik" rau xyoo 1996. Ntawm no, tshwj xeeb, lawv sau tias thaum Lub Yim Hli 9, 1937, tus thawj coj ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow. chaw ua hauj lwm ntawm Metisbyt thov mus rau lub Commission ntawm Party Control nyob rau hauv lub Central Committee ntawm lub All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) Comrade Glazko nrog ib tug piv txwv ntawm ib tug churn ua nyob rau hauv lub Hoobkas # 29 nrog cov hniav nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug "fascist swastika". Thaum lub sijhawm tshawb nrhiav, qhov tseeb ntawm kev tsim khoom hauv xyoo 1936-1937 tau tsim. 5 5763 rwj. Tus neeg thov kev thov kom xa cov ntaub ntawv mus rau NKVD thiab qhia ntau lub npe ntawm "ua txhaum". Nws sau tias: "Kuv xav txog qhov kev tso tawm ntawm churns, cov hniav uas zoo li fascist swastika, ua yeeb ncuab lag luam." Ob lub hlis tom qab, Lub Chaw Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm Pawg Thawj Coj hauv Central Committee ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) txiav txim siab hloov rooj plaub mus rau NKVD. Tib lub sijhawm, lub luag haujlwm ntawm L. M. Kaganovich tshem tawm nyob rau hauv ib lub hlis cov hniav ntawm churns, uas zoo li ib tug Nazi swastika, thiab hloov lawv nrog lwm tus neeg nyob rau hauv tsos.

Thaum lub Great Patriotic ua tsov ua rog, lub tswv yim tawm tsam tawm tsam yarga-swastika intensified. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Kargopol Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Lub Zos Hauv Zos tau rhuav tshem ntau qhov tsis tshua muaj paj ntaub uas muaj hnub ci. Ib tug zoo xws li extermination ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej treasures uas muaj yargu tau ua nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ntawd nyob txhua qhov chaw, thiab tsis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej.

Cov kev ua ntawm tshwj xeeb detachments ntawm NKVD nyob rau hauv lub Lavxias teb sab North thaum lub sij hawm tsov rog yog paub mus txeeb thiab rhuav tshem tej yam nrog Yarg-Suns los ntawm cov pej xeem nyob deb nroog. Lopari (cov neeg hauv paus txawm nyob rau sab qaum teb) kuj khaws lub cim xeeb ntawm 40s txog niaj hnub no. ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem, thaum lawv tau txwv tsis pub embroider ib tug ntoo khaub lig nrog curled xaus ntawm cov khaub ncaws uas Ameslikas muaj nyob rau hauv lawv cov kab lis kev cai.

Nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm ua tsov ua rog no muaj ib qho kev qhia ntxiv rau kev tshem tawm cov cim txaus ntshai: lub yarga tau cais tawm los ntawm kev kos duab ua ib qho cim ntawm tus yeeb ncuab, nws tau nthuav tawm raws li lub cim ntawm kev savagery thiab inhumanity. Daim duab no ntawm lub kos npe los saum ntuj tseem muaj nyob rau hauv lub subconscious ntawm ob peb tiam neeg uas loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub USSR.

Tus tsim ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej "Smolensk Ornaments" V. I. Grushenko, uas tau peb caug xyoo tau tshawb xyuas thaj av Smolensk los ntawm ntug mus rau ntug, qhov twg yargi-crosses permeate txhua yam ntawm pej xeem kab lis kev cai, qhia cov xwm txheej hauv qab no. Nyob rau hauv lub 80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, nyob rau hauv lub Demidov koog tsev kawm ntawv, nws mus rau lub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm lub zos lore rau tus thawj coj, uas nws pom tau ua ib tug nthuav txoj hauj lwm. Tus thawj coj, ib tug txiv neej hnub nyoog nruab nrab, ntawm nws qhov chaw ua hauj lwm pored hla lub thom khwm, txiav tawm cov ntoo khaub lig-topped hla ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej phuam nrog rab chais. Tsis txhob txaj muag, nws piav qhia tias nws tsis xis nyob nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov qhua thiab cov qhua, thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv pem hauv ntej ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, rau lub "fascist swastika" nyob rau hauv lub zos vajtswv. Ib qho piv txwv qhia tau hais tias muaj zog npaum li cas Bolshevik "kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv-yargic" yog cov neeg laus 60 xyoo tom qab kev txwv ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig nrog nkhaus xaus.

N. R. Guseva piav txog lub sijhawm ntawm oblivion thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm yargi-swastika hauv kev xav thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm Soviet era:

Hauv kev tshaj tawm, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv kev tshaj tawm tom qab tsov rog, swastika raug ntiab tawm ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm cov phau ntawv, thiab tus cwj pwm no tuaj yeem nkag siab, tab sis nyuaj rau kev zam txim - tom qab tag nrho, cov lus piav qhia ntawm lub ornament yog ib qho ntawm cov keeb kwm nruj, thiab xws li kev hloov pauv hauv kev sib kis ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv cov kws tshawb fawb los ntawm cov lus xaus.

Nws ntseeg hais tias tsoomfwv txwv tsis pub swastika tuaj yeem muab piv nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kav nroog ntawm Foolov los ntawm kev ua haujlwm nto moo ntawm M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, thaum nws hlawv lub gymnasium thaum tuaj txog thiab txwv kev tshawb fawb. Koj tuaj yeem sau tsab cai txwv lub hnub, tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem txwv tsis pub nws lub hnub tuaj txhua hnub, uas muab lub teeb rau lub ntiaj teb.

B. A. Rybakov, nyob rau hauv nws nto moo tej hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub ancient cov ntaub ntawv kab lis kev cai ntawm lub Slavs thiab Russians, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lawv lub ntiaj teb no saib, raws li txoj cai, tau txais los ntawm ib tug heev tsawg tus naj npawb ntawm cov dluab thiab hais txog lub yarga, thaum xav txog nws cov xwm thiab lub ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv. cov ntawv nyeem dav dav. Dab tsi yog vim li cas rau qhov "kev coj ncaj ncees" nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog lub npe nrov? Cov lus teb rau keeb kwm thiab archaeological sciences niaj hnub no tsis tuaj yeem tsis meej. Nws txoj kev tshawb nrhiav nyuaj los ntawm ob qhov tshwm sim. Hauv kev ua haujlwm "Paganism ntawm Ancient Slavs" B. A. Rybakov, tso siab rau cov tswv yim ntawm V. A. Gorodtsov, luam tawm ib daim duab ntawm North-Lavxias teb sab paj ntaub los ntawm nws ua hauj lwm. Qhov no classic hauv kev tshawb fawb siv rau cov tswv yim tseem ceeb, rov qab los ntawm cov duab, ua tiav qhov kev xav ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb nws tus kheej. Txawm li cas los xij, tib daim duab los ntawm V. A. Gorodtsov thiab B. A. Rybakov nqa ib tug txawv semantic load. Es tsis txhob peb yargs li hauv V. A. Gorodtsov ntawm B. A. Rybakov, equilateral crosses yog muab tso rau hauv lawv qhov chaw. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, piv txwv li, A. K. Ambroz hauv nws tsab xov xwm, xa mus rau tib daim duab los ntawm V. A. Gorodtsov, muab nws ib tug txiav tsis distortion, nrog yargs.

Kev piav qhia ntawm kev hloov pauv ntawm B. A. Rybakov pom yargi ntawm tus ntoo khaub lig oblique hauv qab no. Phau ntawv journal "Soviet Archaeology" nrog ib tsab xov xwm los ntawm A. K. Ambrose tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem me me tsuas yog rau ib lub voj voog ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb xwb. Kev ua haujlwm ntawm B. A. Rybakov tau luam tawm thiab rov luam tawm hauv ib puas txhiab qhov teeb meem, muaj rau ntau lab tus neeg nyeem uas tsis paub txog qhov kev hloov pauv ntawm kev tshawb fawb qhov tseeb. Lwm cov piv txwv ntawm cov duab hloov pauv ntawm yargs hauv kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm BA Rybakov kuj tuaj yeem raug suav hais tias.

Qhov kev tshwm sim ntawm distortion ntawm Lavxias teb sab qauv los ntawm Rybakov, tsim los ntawm peb, tsis ntev los no tau txais ib tug tseeb piav qhia.

Tab sis ua ntej, cia peb muab ib tug piv txwv ntawm ib tug striking tshwm sim ntawm kev txwv nyob rau hauv lub yargu thiab swastika nyob rau hauv cov hauj lwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kws tshawb fawb. Kawm paub cov hauj lwm zoo ntawm S. V. Zharnikova ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem thiab Indo-European qauv, peb tau mob siab rau nws tsab xov xwm nyob rau hauv lub International Collection ntawm 1984. Cov sau los ntawm thoob ntiaj teb cov kws tshawb fawb tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow nyob rau hauv ib tug ntawm cov txawv teb chaws hom lus, nyob rau hauv lub auspices ntawm UNESCO. Tsab ntawv nthuav qhia ntau yam ntawm cov cim ci thiab swastika [Zharnikova S., 1984, no. 6, siv. 1-61] ib. Tag nrho ntawm rau caum-ib tus duab yargic thiab swastika tau qhia, lawv txhua tus raug suav. Qhov nyuaj ntawm kev txhais lus thiab kev txaus siab nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm tau zoo heev uas peb pom ib daim ntawv luam, rov hais dua ntawm tsab xov xwm no hauv Lavxias, luam tawm xyoo 1985 hauv tib lub rooj sib tham [Zharnikova S. V., 1985, no. 8, siv. 1-51] ib. Xav txog peb cov surprise tias nyob rau hauv cov duab kos ntawm tsab xov xwm, luam tawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab, peb tsis pom tus qauv thiab classical yargs thiab swastikas. Qee qhov kev kos duab ploj mus yam tsis muaj kab, lwm qhov tau hloov los ntawm lwm cov qauv. Kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov ntawv qhia tau hais tias tsis muaj cov nplooj ntawv torn, tsis muaj erasures. Qhov twg nees nkaum daim duab nrog yargs mus los ntawm kab lus? Ob peb xyoos tom qab, twb sib txuas lus nrog S. V. Zharnikova, peb tau hnov los ntawm nws cov lus hauv qab no txog qhov no. Thaum cov ntawv sau tau npaj rau kev tshaj tawm, nws tau nyeem los ntawm cov phooj ywg sib raug zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees, raws li kev cai. Lawv tsis nyiam cov yag uas ntaus lub qhov muag, uas tau hais los ntawm B. A. Rybakov, uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau cov ntsiab lus.

S. V. Zharnikova muab nws li no:

Thiab yog li Boris Aleksandrovich hu kuv nyob hauv tsev thiab hais tias Svetlana Aleksandrovna, tsab xov xwm yuav tsum tau kho me ntsis. Ntawm no yog cov swastikas, feem ntau zoo li ntawd, nws yog ib qhov tsim nyog los tshem tawm ntawm tsab xov xwm. kuv teb nws. - Boris Alexandrovich, tsab xov xwm twb tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Moscow, nrog rau cov duab kos! Rybakov: - Yog li qhov no yog rau UNESCO, txawv teb chaws. … Lub Central Committee thov kom tshem tawm swastikas. Koj pom, lub 40th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm kev yeej ntawm Nazism (kev sib tham yog nyob rau hauv lub ua ntej ntawm Victory Day). Tsis yooj yim…. Hauv kuv cov haujlwm, kuv kuj yuav tsum hloov swastikas nrog oblique crosses.

Yog li ntawd, tsab xov xwm raug txiav mus rau hauv ob lub kaum os qauv yargs thiab swastikas, qee qhov tau hloov nrog lwm cov qauv.

Cov no yog cov duab kos nrog yargs thiab swastikas raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb rau qhov laj thawj censorship.

Kev sib tham tau qhia meej txog qhov tseem ceeb dua. Yarg hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm B. A. Rybakova ploj mus tsis yog los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij kev saib xyuas, tab sis ntawm kev thov ntawm cov neeg tswj hwm. Cov ntaub ntawv nrog cov hauj lwm ntawm Zharnikova thiab Rybakov tau lees paub tias muaj kev txwv tsis pub nthuav tawm cov qauv zoo nkauj hauv USSR.

Kev txwv tsis pub taug qab thiab sau ntawv yog pom tseeb hauv daim duab luam tawm ntawm lub nkoj hauv av pom hauv Samarra thiab rov qab mus rau 4000 BC. Nyob rau hauv cov duab tom qab tsov rog ntawm no monument, nruab nrab swastika feem ntau tsis tuaj. Yog li, nyob rau sab nraub qaum ntawm phau ntawv tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm los ntawm A. L. Mongait's "Archeology thiab Modernity", cov duab ntawm yaggi yog ib nrab-ntxuav, uas tsim ib qho kev xav tsis tseeb txog lub xeev tsis zoo ntawm kev khaws cia ntawm thawj.

* Sab laug yog tus thawj, sab xis yog daim duab ntawm lub npog ntawm phau ntawv los ntawm A. L. Mongaita.

Nyob rau hauv 1960, ib tug ntawm cov thawj Soviet tej hauj lwm tshwm sim, kiag li mob siab rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub cults ntawm ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia. Nws tus kws sau ntawv V. P. Darkevich tam sim ntawd hais txog qhov tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb txog qhov teeb meem ntawm yargi ntawm Eastern Slavs. Xav txog tus ntoo khaub lig hooked thiab lwm cov cim hnub ci, tus kws tshawb fawb tsis hais lus lossis xav tsis nug tus nqi zoo ntawm yargi thiab tsis muab dab tsi tsis zoo rau hauv nws lub ntsiab lus, txawm hais tias rau tiam V. P. Darkevich thiab nws cov kws kho kev tshawb fawb The Great Patriotic War ntawm 1941-1945. tseem nyob mus ib txhis rau nws cov txiaj ntsig txaus ntshai. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nco qab ntawm contemporaries tsis koom nrog kev txaus ntshai ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog nrog lub cim ntawm yargi.

Yarga, nrog rau lwm cov cim - tus ntoo khaub lig, lub voj voog, lub log - yog qhov tshwm sim "qhov ruaj khov uas nws tau muaj sia nyob ua cov khoom zoo nkauj hauv cov qauv pej xeem (woodcarving, paj ntaub) rau niaj hnub no."

Tus kws tshawb fawb hais txog kev muaj sia nyob txuas ntxiv ntawm yargi-cross hauv Lavxias pej xeem kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

V. P. Darkevich suav hais tias "ncaj" thiab "curvilinear" yargs yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv Ancient Russia nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm hluav taws thiab lub hnub. Nws tau sau ib lub rooj ntawm pej xeem-Orthodox cov cim ntawm saum ntuj ceeb tsheej lub cev pom nyob rau hauv medieval Lavxias teb sab hniav nyiaj hniav kub, qhov twg yargic dluab kuj dav sawv cev. Darkevich ntaus nqi Yargu thiab nws ntau yam rau cov qauv qub uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov kab lis kev cai ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm haiv neeg txoj kev ntseeg ntiaj teb kev pom ntawm cov neeg Lavxias thiab uas tau nqis los rau tam sim no hauv cov ntaub ntawv tsis hloov pauv hauv Lavxias pej xeem kab lis kev cai.

Rau cov pej xeem niaj hnub xav (peb cais nws los ntawm cov neeg nyiam) ntawm peb cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, kev to taub yuam kev ntawm keeb kwm thiab kab lis kev cai tseem ceeb ntawm yargi kuj yog yam ntxwv, tsis yog rau Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai, tab sis kuj rau cov kab lis kev cai ntawm feem ntau ntawm cov neeg ntawm Russia. Ntawm cov neeg ntawm Russia, lub yarga thiab swastika kuj yog ib qho ntawm cov cim tseem ceeb ntawm cov khaub ncaws, cov cim txhais tau tias ntawm rituals thiab kev lis kev cai. Txoj cai lij choj tam sim no txwv tsis pub Nazi cov cim yog qhov nyuaj rau kev cais tawm ntawm kev txwv tsis pub siv yarga, thiab yog li ntawd, qhov tseeb, nws txuas ntxiv txoj cai kev coj noj coj ua ntawm Bolshevik-Leninists ntawm 1920s thiab 1930s. xyoo pua 20th txwv tsis pub Vajtswv, kev ntseeg thiab Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg, qhov no kuj siv tau rau lwm tus neeg rau qee yam.