Sulakadzev: Keeb Kwm ntawm Forger ntawm Txhua Russia

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thawj lub foob pob hluav taws tau tsim los ntawm Lavxias teb sab, thiab Valaam Monastery tau tsim los ntawm tus Thwj Tim Andrew. Cov "cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm" no tau tsim los ntawm phau ntawv bibliophile 200 xyoo dhau los.

Xyoo 1800, Pyotr Dubrovsky rov qab mus rau St. Petersburg los ntawm Tebchaws Europe. Nws tau siv sijhawm li 20 xyoo nyob rau Fabkis: thawj zaug nws ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm Lavxias Embassy hauv Paris, tom qab ntawd ua tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub luag haujlwm nyob ntawd. Nws txoj kev mus txawv tebchaws poob rau lub xyoo tsis muaj kev hloov pauv.

Lavxias teb sab sab ntsuj plig nom tswv nrog ib tug mob siab rau mus sau, coj kom zoo dua ntawm kev tsis meej pem, sau nyob rau hauv Fabkis ib tug ntau ntawm cov qub phau ntawv thiab cov ntawv luam tawm thaum ntxov. Dubrovsky coj cov ntawv luam uas muaj nqis tshaj plaws ntawm nws cov ntawv sau rau Russia, vam tias lub tsev qiv ntawv imperial yuav tau nyiaj zoo. Txawm li cas los xij, rau nws qhov kev poob siab, archivists muaj tsis txaus siab rau qhov tsis tshua muaj. Kev poob siab Dubrovsky yws txog qhov ua tsis tiav rau nws tus phooj ywg, tub rog xa khoom Alexander Sulakadzev.

Nws muab txoj hauv kev yooj yim los txhim kho qhov xwm txheej. Ntawm cov npoo ntawm ib qho ntawm cov ntawv sau, kom meej meej hauv Lub Koom Txoos Qub Slavonic, Sulakadzev tau sau ib tsab ntawv qhia tias poj huab tais Anne, tus ntxhais ntawm Yaroslav the Wise, sib yuav rau Henry I ntawm Fabkis, tau nyeem phau ntawv no. Thaum lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1801, kev tua neeg ntawm Paul kuv tau tshwm sim, thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm Germanophile poob, txoj kev nyiam poj niam tau tawm hauv lub nroog thiab hauv tsev hais plaub.

Lub tsev qiv ntawv Imperial Public Library thiab Hermitage tau tawm tsam rau phau ntawv cim "Anna Yaroslavna", xav kom tau txais lub cim nco txog ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv lawv cov collections. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lawv yuav tag nrho lwm phau ntawv ntawm Dubrovsky, uas nws txaus siab heev. Tsuas yog kaum xyoo tom qab, thaum tsis yog Dubrovsky thiab Sulakadzev tsis muaj sia nyob, nws tau pom tias "autograph ntawm Anna Yaroslavna" yog nyob rau ntawm cov npoo ntawm Serbian pawg ntseeg charter, sau peb puas xyoo tom qab kev tuag ntawm tus poj huab tais Fabkis.

Keeb kwm ntawm forger ntawm tag nrho cov Russia

Alexander Ivanovich Sulakadzev yug nyob rau hauv 1771. Nws los ntawm ib tsev neeg Georgian uas tsiv mus rau Russia thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Peter I. Nws txiv, ib tug kws kes duab vajtse hauv Ryazan, muab nws tus tub mus rau lub Preobrazhensky tub rog. Alexander txoj hauj lwm ua tub rog tsis txaus siab rau nws, thiab ob peb xyoos tom qab ntawd, tsis tau tawm hauv tub rog, nws pib ua haujlwm hauv chav ua haujlwm. Nws yog ib tug neeg ua haujlwm siab tawv, tab sis lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws lub neej tau sau, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, phau ntawv.

Sulakadzev yog bibliophile. Nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev, nws tau txais cov npe ntawm cov keeb kwm yav dhau los. Nws scoured lub monastic phau ntawv depositories, yog ib tug nquag ntawm antique salons thiab phau ntawv breakdowns. Hmoov tsis zoo, nrog rau tag nrho nws kev siv zog, nws nrhiav tsis tau ib yam dab tsi piv rau qhov kev tshawb pom tsis ntev los no ntawm Count Musin-Pushkin.

Nws nrhiav tau nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov monasteries ib daim ntawv teev cov paj huam Lavxias teb sab ancient hu ua "The Lay of Igor's Campaign." Sulakadzev npau suav ntawm nrhiav ib yam dab tsi piv, tab sis tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Qee tus neeg paub Alexander Ivanovich tsis ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm Lay thiab lees tias ib tus kws sau ntawv niaj hnub tuaj yeem sau nws. Ces yog vim li cas ho tsis sim sau ib zaj paj huam thaum ub koj tus kheej?

Sulakadzev muaj kev txawj sau ntawv: nws yog tus sau ntawm ob peb plays, uas, txawm li cas los, tsis muaj ib tug staged los yog luam tawm. Nws siv tag nrho nws cov txuj ci los sau "Boyan's Anthem" - paj huam loj "nyob rau hauv cov qub Lavxias teb sab style." Nws nthuav tawm ib daim qauv ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm rau tus kws sau paj lug Gabriel Derzhavin, hais tias nws tau pom nws nyob rau hauv ib tug ancient parchment scroll.

Gavriil Romanovich tsuas yog ua haujlwm ntawm kev ua haujlwm theoretical Discourses ntawm Lyric Paj Lug, qhov uas nws tau sib cav tias cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab versification muaj keeb kwm yav dhau los. "Boyan's Anthem" tau los ua ke rau nws. Nyob rau hauv 1811 Derzhavin luam tawm Sulakadze's forgery, hais tias "cov thawj ntawm parchment yog cov khoom qub los ntawm Mr. Selakadzev."

Thaj, tus kws sau paj huam tseem tsis ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm zaj paj huam "Laus Lavxias teb sab", txij li thaum nws tau txiav txim siab tias "qhib cov ntawv" tuaj yeem yog "tsis ncaj ncees". Kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntawv qub Lavxias tseem nyob hauv nws cov menyuam yaus thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, yog li qhov tseeb tias "Boyan's Hymn" yog ib qho cuav los ua pom tseeb tsuas yog ib nrab xyoo tom qab.

Sulakadzev tau txais qee qhov kev nyiam hauv kev sau ntawv thiab kev tshawb fawb. Ob peb lub hlis tom qab, nws tau ntsib nrog tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm Valaam lub tsev teev ntuj, uas tau caw cov phau ntawv teev ntuj kom paub txog lub tsev teev ntuj cov ntaub ntawv. Sulakadzev nkag siab pom zoo. Nws txoj hauj lwm ntawm Valaam xaus nrog kev sau cov hauj lwm "Cov Kev Paub ntawm Ancient thiab New Chronicle ntawm Valaam Monastery …".

Cov keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj yeej rov qab mus ntau pua xyoo, tab sis Sulakadzev, hais txog "cov ntaub ntawv" raug liam tias pom los ntawm nws, tau thov tias lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim los ntawm cov hauj sam Sergius thiab Herman thaum lub sijhawm Roman Emperor Caracalla thiab tus tubtxib Andrew. nws tus kheej tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv qhov pom ntawm skate ntawm Lake Ladoga. Cov xov xwm no zoo siab heev rau cov hauj sam uas tab tom npaj mus ntsib Emperor Alexander I mus rau Valaam.

Sulakadzev zoo li tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig ntawm nws cov haujlwm. Nws "lengthened" Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm, los ntawm kev hlub rau kev kos duab, los yog ua rau kom qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws sau ntawv sau nyob rau hauv ob peb lub qhov muag ntawm St. Petersburg bibliophiles. Cov ntawv sau uas nws "hnub nyoog" cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem tsis tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas.

Alexander Ivanovich muaj kev paub keeb kwm zoo heev. Nws tsis nyiam kev tshawb fawb, tab sis kev xav, xws li cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los hauv nws lub sijhawm. Tsuas yog cov neeg nyiam nyob rau lub hnub nyoog tseem ceeb ntawm cov rarities no tuaj yeem ntseeg qhov tseeb ntawm nws "khoom cuav": Derzhavin, uas yuav tsum tau lees paub nws txoj kev xav, cov hauj sam ntawm Valaam, uas sim qhia lawv lub tsev teev ntuj raws li cov laus tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Russia lossis txawm nyob hauv Europe..

Lub yeeb koob nyob mus ib txhis los yog kev txaj muag tom qab

Alexander Ivanovich tuag nyob rau hauv 1829. Tus poj ntsuam muag tawm ib lub tsev qiv ntawv uas nws kim heev hauv ob peb ntu. Bibliophiles uas yuav cov phau ntawv pib nrhiav pov thawj ntawm "kev sib sib zog nqus qub" hauv lawv. Tsis yog txhua tus tuaj yeem paub txog Sulakadzev txhais tes, yog li ntawd, txawm tias ntau xyoo tom qab kev tuag ntawm forger, cov kev xav cuav tau tshwm sim.

Nyob rau hauv lub 1920s, Npis Sov John Teodorovich nrhiav tau ib tug parchment nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm ib tug ntawm cov Ukrainian vaj tse. Cov cim nyob rau hauv cov npoo ntawm ib daim ntawv qhia meej meej thaum ub tau ua tim khawv tias nws yog tus tub huabtais Vladimir ntawm Kiev. Zoo siab heev, tus npis sov tshaj tawm tias nws tau pom phau ntawv thov Vajtswv ntawm cov neeg dawb huv ntawm Russia.

Nyob rau hauv 1925-1926, Kiev archaeologist N. Makarenko ua pov thawj tias lub parchment yog tiag tiag ancient. Tus kws tshawb fawb pom tau tias cov ntawv sau hauv Novgorod xyoo 1350 thiab tsis tuaj yeem muaj dab tsi ua rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir. Nws muab tawm tias cov ntawv sau los ntawm kev sau ntawm Sulakadzev thiab tuaj rau Volhynia nrog rau ntau phau ntawv los ntawm nws lub tsev qiv ntawv.

Kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov cim hauv cov npoo tau lees paub tias lawv tau ua los ntawm txhais tes ntawm forger. Npis Sov Teodorovich tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv qhov raug thiab coj cov ntawv sau mus rau lub tebchaws United States, qhov chaw uas nws emigrated, khiav tawm lub Soviet tsoom fwv. Hauv Asmeskas, Tub Vaj Ntxwv Vladimir Phau Ntawv Thov Vajtswv tau xaus rau hauv New York Public Library. Twb tau nyob rau xyoo 1950, cov kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas tau lees paub qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm lawv cov thawj coj hauv tebchaws Ukrainian: Novgorod cov ntawv sau tau tsim los ntawm Sulakadzev thiab tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam nrog Prince Vladimir.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub npe ntawm forger tau nrov nrov hauv USSR. Cov ntawv sau los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv Sulakadzev muaj ib zaj dab neeg hais txog yuav ua li cas Ryazan tus neeg ua haujlwm Kryakutnaya hauv xyoo 1731 ya saum lub zais pa uas muaj pa taws. Cov ntawv luam tawm rov qab rau xyoo 1901. Tab sis tom qab ntawd nws tsis tau txais kev mloog nws tsim nyog.

Nyob rau hauv lub lig 1940s, ib tug phiaj los nqis tes los tawm tsam cosmopolitanism pib nyob rau hauv lub USSR. Ces muaj ib tug nco txog Kryakutny. Cov ntawv xov xwm thiab cov ntawv xov xwm tau sau txog Ryazan tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab nws lub zais pa, USSR Post txawm muab lub thwj cim rau 225 xyoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb thawj lub davhlau.

Qhov teeb meem tau xaus rau kev txaj muag heev. Nyob rau hauv 1958, V. F. Pokrovskaya luam tawm ib tug kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntawv sau "Nyob rau hauv Cua Flying nyob rau hauv Russia." Ua tib zoo saib, nws pom tias cov lus "nonrechtite Kryakutnaya" tau sau hla cov lus "German ua kev cai raus dej Furzel", uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam loj heev rau Lavxias teb sab. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau pom tias Furzel tsis muaj nyob ib leeg - zaj dab neeg hais txog nws tau tsim los ntawm Alexander Sulakadzev thiab sau los ntawm nws hauv cov ntawv sau cia ntawm nws poj koob yawm txwv Bogolepov, uas nyob hauv cheeb tsam Ryazan.

Qhov kev tshwm sim no tsis raug lees paub los ntawm txhua tus. Nyob rau hauv lub taub hau ntawm ib txhia neeg, cov fake clerk Kryakutnaya sib xyaw nrog cov hero ntawm zaj dab neeg ntawm tus sau ntawv Yevgeny Opochinin txog tus qhev Nikita, uas raug tua los ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai rau ya ntawm ntoo tis.

Nyob rau hauv Runet, koj tuaj yeem nrhiav tau cov lus hais tias Kryakutnaya yog thawj Lavxias teb sab tub rog tub rog thiab tsev kawm ntawv sau rau ntawm lub ntsiab lus "Aeronaut Kryakutnaya ua lub cim ntawm lub davhlau ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntsuj plig", hnub tim 2012. Nyob rau hauv 2009, ib tug monument rau lub "Lavxias teb sab Icarus" tshwm nyob rau hauv Kungur, uas nyob rau hauv 1656 liam tias ya dawb saum ntuj ntawm ntoo tis. Qhov twg Kungur aeronautics tau txais hnub no los ntawm qhov tsis nkag siab kiag li. Ua li ntawd, Alexander Ivanovich Sulakadzev tsis tuaj yeem npau suav txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws "kev hlub qub qub".