Keeb kwm ntawm "Leningrad Code" - ua li cas lub Torah ua ib tug cult ntawm kev pe hawm?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Peb twb tau sau txog Leningrad cov ntawv sau, uas txawv txawv nyob rau hauv Russia thiab txog Sinai Codex, uas tsis muaj tsawg qhov txawv txav tuaj rau peb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, thaum Russia raug yuam kom txais Phau Qub ua phau ntawv dawb huv.

Kev tsim thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Koom Haum Vajluskub rau kev tshaj tawm thiab tshaj tawm Phau Qub raug txwv los ntawm Nicholas I, tom qab uas cov txheej txheem no tau ua phem rau 30 xyoo. Tab sis cov txheej txheem fermentation tsis tuaj yeem tso tseg, thiab kev ntxhov siab rau zej zog txuas ntxiv mus. Mam li nco dheev, ib phau ntawv ntawm Hebrew Bible tshwm nyob rau hauv Russia, uas Firkovich pom:

Lub Leningrad Codex yog daim ntawv qub qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov ntawv khaws cia tag nrho ntawm Phau Qub hauv Hebrew. Thiab txawm hais tias muaj ntau phau ntawv qub qub uas muaj cov phau ntawv biblical lossis lawv cov seem, tsis muaj ib qho ntawm lawv muaj tag nrho Phau Qub. Leningrad Codex suav hais tias yog ib qho ntawm cov ntawv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Masoretic ntawv. Cov ntawv sau tau sau txog AD 1010, tej zaum hauv Cairo, thiab tom qab ntawd raug muag rau Damascus. Txij li thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, nws tau nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Public Library npe tom qab V. I. Saltykov-Shchedrin hauv Saint Petersburg. (…)

Cov ntawv sau muaj nyob rau hauv pawg lus Hebrew hu ua Masoretic. (…)

Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm Leningrad Code nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb hais tias niaj hnub no nws yog lub hauv paus rau feem ntau luam tawm ntawm Phau Qub nyob rau hauv cov lus Hebrew (los yog Hebrew Bible), vim hais tias nws yog cov laus tshaj plaws sau ntawv uas muaj cov feem ntau txais Masoretic ntawv nyeem”(§ 1).

Avraam Samuilovich Firkovich (1786-1874) yog Karaite kws sau ntawv thiab archaeologist. Nyob rau hauv 1839, ib haiv neeg ntawm keeb kwm thiab antiquities tau tsim nyob rau hauv Odessa, thiab Firkovich tau qhia kom sau Karaite antiquities. Tom qab ob xyoos taug kev hauv Crimea, Caucasus, nrog rau hauv Palestine thiab tim lyiv teb chaws, Firkovich tau tswj hwm los sau cov ntawv nplua nuj ntawm cov ntawv qub, cov ntawv sau thiab cov ntawv sau gravestone, cov ntawv sau zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Phau Qub pom hauv Chufut. -Kala.

Tau kawg, nws yog qhov nyuaj heev los ua pov thawj tias cov ntawv sau no tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI, thiab tsis yog ib qho kev forgery ntawm lub xyoo pua XIX, tab sis txawm li cas los xij nws underlies feem ntau ntawm cov ntawv luam ntawm Phau Qub.

Tsis muaj tsawg nthuav zaj dab neeg ntawm cov tsos ntawm Sinai Code nyob rau hauv Russia. Nov yog keeb kwm ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb pom (§ 2):

"Hauv xyoo 1844, taug kev hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov ntawv sau thaum ub, tus kws tshawb fawb German hluas Konstantin von Tischendorf tuaj txog ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Catherine ntawm Mount Sinai. Nws yog ib tug neeg nrhiav phau ntawv uas tsis nkees los kho cov ntawv qub ntawm Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum tshiab. Hauv tsab ntawv rau nws tus nkauj nyab, Tischendorf tau sau tias: "Kuv muaj lub hom phiaj dawb ceev - kom rov tsim cov ntawv tseeb ntawm Phau Tshiab." Nyob rau hauv lub monastery ntawm St. Catherine muaj peb lub tsev qiv ntawv, nyob hauv peb chav sib cais, thiab hauv lawv, raws li Tischendorf, muaj txog 500 phau ntawv qub. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv teev npe uas nws tsis pom muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam txog qhov pib ntawm kev tsim cov ntawv nyeem Phau Tshiab.

Cov xwm txheej ntxiv yog rov tsim dua los ntawm cov kws sau keeb kwm los ntawm Tischendorf phau ntawv teev npe. Muaj ib hnub, thaum nws ua haujlwm hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv loj ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, nws pom ib lub pob tawb uas muaj cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub. Tus kws tshawb fawb tau tshuaj xyuas cov nplooj ntawv - nws yog daim ntawv qub ntawm Septuagint, sau rau hauv cov ntawv zoo nkauj tsis zoo. Tus kws sau ntawv sau ntawv uas tuaj txog tau hais tias ob lub pob tawb zoo li no twb tau teeb tsa thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub pob tawb no yuav tsum tau muab hlawv, Tischendorf hais kom tsis txhob ua qhov no, hais txog tus nqi ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub.

Muaj 43 daim ntawv nyob rau hauv lub pob tawb, thiab tus kws tshawb fawb pom 86 daim ntawv ntxiv ntawm tib txoj cai hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv. Hais txog cov ntsiab lus, cov no yog: Phau Ntawv 1 ntawm Vaj, phau ntawv ntawm tus yaj saub Yelemis, Phau Ntawv Ezra thiab Nehemi, phau ntawv ntawm tus yaj saub Yaxayas, phau ntawv 1 thiab 4 Maccabean. Ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, Tischendorf tau tso cai nqa 43 nplooj ntawv, uas nws tau luam tawm hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Lub codex tau hu ua "Frederico Augustinian" nyob rau hauv kev hwm ntawm tus huab tais ntawm Saxony, uas nyob rau lub sij hawm patronized tus kws tshawb fawb. Tom qab ntawd, Tischendorf ob zaug tau mus xyuas Sinai, thib peb nyob rau hauv kev txhawb nqa ntawm Russia, uas tau ua tiav ib tsab ntawv xov xwm ntawm Codex Sinai nyob rau hauv 1862 nyob rau hauv lub npe "Codex Bibliorum Sinaiticus Petropolitanus, cawm dim los ntawm kev tsaus ntuj nyob rau hauv lub auspices ntawm Nws Imperial Majesty Alexander. II, xa mus rau Tebchaws Europe thiab luam tawm rau qhov zoo dua thiab lub yeeb koob ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv los ntawm kev sau ntawv ntawm Konstantin Tischendorf.

Muaj lus nug ntau dua li cov lus teb ntawm no, piv txwv li, yog vim li cas cov ntawv sau tsis tau muab thawj zaug? Vim li cas Russia thiaj li raug yuam kom patronize thiab khaws cov cai no? lwm.

Tus kws tshawb fawb-encyclopedist N. A. Morozov, uas nws cov hauj lwm, uas tau los ua lub hauv paus rau cov kiv cua ntawm lwm yam keeb kwm thiab tshiab chronology, muaj nws tus kheej saib ntawm cov dej num ntawm Tischendorf. Tischendorf coj ib daim ntawv sau phau Vajlugkub los ntawm Sinai thiab luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1862 raws li ib tug ntaub ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 4. Morozov ntseeg hais tias Tischendorf tau tshwj xeeb pub cov ntawv sau rau Lavxias teb sab tsev qiv ntawv, nyob deb ntawm cov kab lis kev cai nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd, uas nyuaj rau European. cov kws tshawb fawb kom nkag mus rau hauv thiab nthuav tawm nws txoj kev dag…. Morozov tus kheej tau tshuaj xyuas Sinai Code thiab pom (§ 3) tias:

Cov ntaub ntawv parchment ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no tsis yog nyob rau hauv tag nrho frayed ntawm lub kaum sab xis, tsis creased los yog qias neeg nrog ntiv tes, raws li nws yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub xyoo txhiab siv nws nyob rau hauv divine kev pab cuam los ntawm Sinai cov hauj sam, uas, zoo li tag nrho cov Eastern cov hauj lwm, yog. yeej tsis paub qhov txawv ntawm lawv txoj kev huv. … Thaum cov nplooj ntawv nruab nrab ntawm parchment nyob rau hauv nws yog tshiab kiag li (nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm unspoiled thiab unadorned), tag nrho cov thawj thiab lub xeem sawv daws yuav torn thiab txawm ploj… Lub sab hauv ntawm nws parchment seemed tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nthuav rau kuv nyob rau hauv lub Sinai. Codex. Nws cov nplooj ntawv nyias nyias, zoo nkauj crafted thiab, dab tsi yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws, khaws cia lawv yooj yim, tsis ua puas lawm! Thiab qhov xwm txheej no tseem ceeb heev rau lub ntsiab lus ntawm antiquity.

Thaum peb tab tom soj ntsuam nrog cov ntaub ntawv uas muaj tiag tiag rau ib txhiab xyoo, tsawg kawg yog nyob rau hauv cov huab cua zoo tshaj plaws, feem ntau, ntawm qhov me me ntawm lawv cov nplooj ntawv, lawv tawg ua me me, zoo li peb kov cov tshauv ntawm phau ntawv, imperceptibly. lwj los ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm atmospheric oxygen … Qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov nplooj ntawv sab hauv ntawm Codex Sinai, nrog pom tseeb cov cim ntawm kev saib xyuas tsis tu ncua ntawm nws los ntawm cov hauj sam, uas rub tawm nws txoj hlua khi thiab rub tawm cov nplooj ntawv sab nrauv, qhia tias cov ntawv sau no. los ntawm ib co pious lover ntawm ancient kev cai dab qhuas qauv twb nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm thaum muaj tshiab qauv siv, uas yog, tom qab lub X caug xyoo. Nws tsis tau ua phem rau sab hauv los ntawm kev nyeem ntawv tas li, tej zaum qhov tseeb vim tias lawv twb tau poob tus cwj pwm ntawm kev nyeem ntawv zoo li no thiab nyiam ib qho tshiab. Tsuas yog los ntawm qhov no yog cov ntawv sau khaws cia hauv Sinai mus txog thaum Tischendorf pom nws nyob ntawd."

Morozov kuj hais txog Leningrad Code pom los ntawm Firkovich:

"Kuv tau tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv ntawm phau ntawv no thiab tuaj txog nws cov txiaj ntsig rau tib qhov kev txiav txim siab uas kuv tau hais tawm ntawm no txog Sinai Code: nws cov nplooj ntawv hloov pauv ntau dhau rau qhov qub qub qub."

Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog Tischendorf ntseeg hauv qhov tseeb ntawm nws qhov kev ua, vim nws tau teem lub hom phiaj los nrhiav Phau Tshiab tiag? Yog li nws hloov tawm tias tsis muaj Phau Tshiab tiag nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd? Nws hloov tawm - nws tsis yog. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, ib tug hluas kws tshawb fawb txog qhov teeb meem no thiab tuaj mus rau qhov xaus (los yog ib tug neeg hais rau nws) hais tias tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv tseeb ntawm Phau Tshiab nyob rau hauv Teb chaws Europe, tab sis yeej muaj nyob rau hauv Sinai. Tab sis Phau Tshiab ntawm cov neeg sau phau Vajlugkub twb tsis txaus siab, tab sis thaum lub sij hawm sawv los siv lub ntsiab lus zoo rau lawv tus kheej lub hom phiaj, nws tau ua sai sai. Kev tshawb nrhiav Phau Tshiab coj mus rau qhov sib txawv me ntsis: Phau Qub tau pom nyob rau hauv ib lub hnab khib nyiab.

Vim li cas cov xibhwb muab cov ntawv sau rau hauv lub thoob khib nyiab? Koj tsis tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias lawv tsis paub ntawv.

Monastery ntawm St. Catherine, txawm hais tias nws yog nyob rau hauv Egypt, yog Orthodox thiab Greek cov hauj lwm nyob rau hauv nws. Yog tias lawv muab cov ntawv sau tseg hauv Phau Qub, qhov no txhais tau hais tias lub sijhawm ntawd cov ntawv sau tseem tsis tau koom nrog cov vaj lug kub.

Phau ntawv journal "Pravoslavnoye Obozreniye" (§ 4) No. 9 rau 1862 tau luam tawm ib tsab xov xwm "Cov lus tshaj tawm txawv txawv ntawm Simonides (§5) ntawm Sinai Code", uas coj qee qhov meej rau qhov teeb meem no. Wb muab tag nrho.

"Muaj cov lus tshaj tawm txawv txawv hauv cov ntawv xov xwm Askiv Gardian txog Codex Sinai. Nws belongs rau lub npe nrov Simonides, ib tug xav tias palaeographer thiab muag ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub; nws sau tias cov codex nrhiav tau los ntawm Tischendorf tsis yog nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua IV, tab sis mus rau 1839 AD Chr. thiab sau los ntawm nws tus kheej! Nws hais tias, "Txog thaum kawg ntawm 1839," nws hais tias, kuv txiv ntxawm, tus thawj tswj hwm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj St. Martyr Panteleimon ntawm Mount Athos, Benedict, xav nqa ib qho khoom plig tsim nyog rau Lavxias teb sab Emperor Nicholas I rau nws cov nyiaj pub dawb rau lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. neeg tua neeg.

Txij li thaum nws tsis muaj ib yam khoom uas yuav suav hais tias tsim nyog rau lub hom phiaj no, nws tig mus rau Hieromonk Procopius thiab Lavxias tus yawg Pavel rau cov lus qhia, thiab lawv tau txiav txim siab tias nws yuav yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los sau Phau Qub thiab Tshiab, zoo li qub. cov qauv, nrog ib qho uncial thiab ntawm parchment …. Daim ntawv no, ua ke nrog cov nqe lus los ntawm xya "cov txiv neej ntawm cov thwj tim"; Barnabas, Herma, Clement ntawm Rome, Ignatius, Polycarp, Papias thiab Dionysius lub Areopagite, nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo kawg nkaus khi, raug xaiv los mus nthuav qhia rau tus huab tais los ntawm txhais tes ntawm tus phooj ywg. Dionysius, tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm lub tuam tsev, raug hais kom pib ua haujlwm; tab sis nws tsis kam, nrhiav kev nyuaj rau nws tus kheej. Yog li ntawd, kuv txiav txim siab los coj nws tus kheej, txij li kuv tus txiv ntxawm, pom tau tias, xav tau qhov no ntau heev. Tau muab piv rau cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb tshaj plaws khaws cia rau ntawm Athos, kuv pib xyaum cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau ntawv qub, thiab kuv tus txiv ntxawm kws tshawb fawb tau muab piv rau ib daim ntawv luam ntawm Moscow tsab ntawm ob Phau Testaments (nws tau luam tawm los ntawm cov kwv tij nto moo Zosimos thiab tau raug xaiv tsa rau cov ntawv luam ntawm Moscow. Cov neeg Greek) nrog ob peb phau ntawv qub, ua kom huv si ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm cov no tom kawg los ntawm ntau qhov yuam kev thiab muab nws rau kuv rau kev sau ntawv.

Nrog rau ob phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum no, tshem tawm ntawm qhov tsis raug (qhov kev sau qub yog, txawm li cas los xij, tuav), kuv tsis muaj parchment txaus, thiab nrog kev tso cai ntawm Venedict kuv tau coj los ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv lub tsev khaws puav pheej tuab heev, qub, yuav luag tsis sau phau ntawv, nyob rau hauv uas lub parchment tau khaws cia zoo heev thiab ua haujlwm zoo. Phau ntawv no tau pom tseeb tau npaj los ntawm tus tuav ntaub ntawv lossis tus thawj saib xyuas ntawm lub tuam tsev, ntau xyoo dhau los, rau lub hom phiaj tshwj xeeb; nws ris lub inscription "ib sau ntawm cov lus qhuas" thiab ntawm ib nplooj ntawv luv luv, lub sij hawm-kev puas tsuaj hais lus. Kuv rho tawm daim ntawv uas hais lus, nrog rau qee qhov kev puas tsuaj, thiab teem ua haujlwm. Thawj zaug kuv tau theej Cov Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum thiab Phau Tshiab, tom qab ntawv tsab ntawv ntawm Barnabas thiab thawj ntu ntawm Shepherd Herma.

Kuv ncua kev sau ntawv ntawm lwm cov creations, txij li kuv parchment yog tag nrho. Tom qab kev poob siab rau kuv, kuv txiv ntxawm tuag, kuv txiav txim siab muab kuv txoj hauj lwm rau lub tsev teev ntuj binder, yog li ntawd nws tau khi cov ntawv sau rau hauv cov laug cam uas npog nrog tawv, txij li kuv tau muab cov ntawv sib cais kom yooj yim, thiab thaum nws ua li no., phau ntawv tuaj rau hauv kuv muaj. Qee lub sij hawm tom qab, tom qab kuv rov mus rau Constantinople, kuv tau qhia txoj hauj lwm rau Patriarchs Anfim thiab Constantine thiab piav qhia rau lawv lub hom phiaj. Constantius coj nws mus rau nws, tshuaj xyuas nws, thiab hais kom kuv xa mus rau lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Sinai Monastery, uas kuv tau ua. Tsis ntev tom qab ntawd, raws li qhov kev thov ntawm ob tus yawg koob, kuv tau txais txiaj ntsig kev txhawb nqa ntawm Countess Etleng thiab nws tus tij laug A. S. Sturdza; tab sis ua ntej tawm mus rau Odessa, kuv tau rov mus xyuas cov kob ntawm Antigone mus xyuas Constantius thiab thaum kawg piav qhia txog kuv cov lus cog tseg - hloov cov ntawv sau rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv ntawm Mount Sinai. Tab sis tus yawg suab tsis tuaj thiab kuv tso nws ib pob ntawv nrog ib tsab ntawv. Thaum nws rov qab los, nws tau sau tsab ntawv nram qab no rau kuv (tso ntawv hais tias cov ntawv sau tau txais). Thaum tau txais tsab ntawv no lawm, kuv rov mus ntsib yawg yawg, uas tsis tso kuv tseg nrog nws lub siab dawb siab zoo, niam txiv qhia thiab muab ntawv rau Sturdze; Kuv rov qab mus rau Constantinople, thiab los ntawm qhov ntawd thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis 1841 kuv tuaj txog hauv Odessa.

Rov qab mus rau Constantinople xyoo 1846, kuv tau teem caij rau Antigone mus xyuas Constantine thiab nthuav qhia nws nrog ntau phau ntawv sau. Nws tau txais kev pom zoo rau kuv, thiab peb tau tham ntau heev thiab, los ntawm txoj kev, txog kuv cov ntawv sau; nws qhia kuv tias nws tau xa nws mus rau Sinai ib pliag dhau los. Xyoo 1852 kuv pom cov ntawv sau hauv Sinai thiab nug tus kws sau ntawv tias nws mus txog lub tsev teev ntuj li cas? Tab sis nws, pom tau tias, tsis paub dab tsi txog qhov xwm txheej, thiab kuv kuj tsis tau qhia nws dab tsi. Tshawb xyuas cov ntawv sau, Kuv pom tias nws zoo li qub dua li qhov xav tau. Kev mob siab rau Emperor Nicholas, uas sawv ntawm qhov pib ntawm phau ntawv, raug rhuav tshem. Tom qab ntawd kuv tau pib kuv cov kev tshawb fawb philological, vim muaj ntau cov ntawv sau tseem ceeb hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv uas kuv xav mus saib. Incidentally, kuv pom ntawm no tus tswv yug yaj ntawm Hermas, Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm Mathais thiab tsab ntawv tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm Aristeus rau Philoctetes; lawv tag nrho tau sau rau ntawm Egyptian papyrus los ntawm thawj ib puas xyoo. Kuv tau tshaj tawm txhua yam no rau Constantine thiab kuv tus neeg lees paub Callistratus hauv Alexandria.

Ntawm no yog ib tug luv luv thiab meej account ntawm lub Simonides codex uas xib fwb Tischendorf, uas yog nyob rau hauv Sinai, coj, kuv tsis paub yog vim li cas; ces nws raug xa mus rau St. Petersburg thiab muab tso rau hauv lub npe ntawm Sinai Code. Thaum kuv pom thawj zaug, ob xyoos dhau los, Facsimile ntawm Tischendorf ntawm Mr. Newton hauv Liverpool, kuv tau lees paub kuv txoj haujlwm tam sim ntawd thiab qhia rau Mr. Newton tam sim ntawd txog nws."

Hauv kev xaus, Simonides taw qhia rau ntau tus neeg tim khawv tseem muaj sia nyob uas tau pom thiab txawm rov nyeem cov cai; piav qhia tias qhov kev hloov kho rau cov ntawv sau ntawm cov ntawv sau yog ib feem ntawm Txiv Plig Benedict, ib feem rau Dionysius, uas ib zaug xav rov sau cov codex, thiab rau leej twg cov cim calligraphic. Nws lees paub los ua pov thawj tag nrho cov no hauv kev nthuav dav. Simonides nws tus kheej kuj tau ua qee cov cim ntawm cov npoo thiab hauv cov npe los qhia cov ntawv sau los ntawm qhov uas nws coj cov kev hloov pauv. Tischendorf, txawm li cas los xij, tau tsim cov kev xav txawv tshaj plaws los piav qhia cov cim no. Simonides nco txog ob nqe lus ntawm cov ntawv sau zoo heev, txawm hais tias nws tsis tau pom nws tau ntau xyoo, qhov no ib leeg tuaj yeem ua pov thawj tias leej twg yog tus sau phau ntawv no."

Nyob rau hauv nws cov lus teb, Tischendorf, raws li ib tug xav kom, liam Simonides ntawm charlatanism. Cov kab lus saum toj no tau lees paub Morozov qhov kev txiav txim siab txog qhov kev liam tias qub txeeg qub teg ntawm cov ntawv sau pom hauv lub tsev teev ntuj St. Xyoo 1933, tus thawj ntawm Sinai Code raug muag rau Askiv rau 100,000 rubles, uas ua rau nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim rau cov kws tshawb fawb hauv tsev ua haujlwm nrog nws, suav nrog cov lus teb rau lo lus nug ntawm nws qhov tseeb kev sib tham. Qhov no yog qhia nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau kev daws teeb meem "kom tsis txhob nrhiav qhov xaus" …

Nov yog qee cov lus hais ntxiv los ntawm kev ua haujlwm "Tischendorf hauv Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Cov Lus Tseeb Tshiab" (§ 6):

"Txawm tias ua ntej kev txiav txim, nws ruaj khov kho nws tus kheej lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua pov thawj qhov tseeb ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo thiab rov qab kho tus Thawj Txoj Moo Zoo ntawm cov ntawv dawb ceev."

"Tam sim no nws tau suav tias nws yog txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws los tsom ntsoov rau cov ntawv hais txog thawj tsib caug xyoo ntawm kev ntseeg Vajtswv. Nws convincingly argued tias qhov no yog tib txoj kev mus rau cov ntawv nyeem ua ntej tshaj lub officially "pom zoo" Byzantine New Testament, uas nws txiav txim siab tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li ib tug derivative, falsified version."

"… tias cov ntawv uas muaj sia nyob thaum ntxov tshaj tawm rau peb cov lus tseeb ntawm cov thwj tim?"

Txawm li cas los xij, Tischendorf tau txiav txim siab los saib ze dua ntawm cov ntawv sau. Ua ntej nws yog cov nplooj ntawv parchment inscribed hauv calligraphic uncial tsab ntawv, txhua tus muaj plaub kab ntawv. Nws yog ib daim ntawv teev cov Greek Phau Qub - Septuagint, uas, txiav txim los ntawm cov style ntawm kev sau ntawv, zoo li Tischendorf feem ntau ancient ntawm tag nrho cov uas nws tau pom: lub hauv paus ntawm tshiab Greek paleography. Ib txhia ntawm lawv, zoo li ib feem ntawm Vatican phau Vajlugkub, kuv luam nrog kuv txhais tes. Tej zaum tsis muaj leej twg paub txog kev sau cov ntawv Greek thaum ub zoo li kuv. Txawm li ntawd los kuv yeej tsis tau pom tej ntawv sau uas yuav suav hais tias yog thaum ub ntau dua li cov phiaj xwm Sinai no.”

"Txawm li cas los xij, txij li thaum nws tau txais nws tus kheej cov nyiaj, tsis zoo li qee tus neeg Askiv cov neeg sawv cev, thiab tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa muaj zog ntawm British Tsev khaws puav pheej, nws yuav tsum nrhiav cov neeg muaj siab dawb siab zoo thiab cov neeg txhawb nqa."

Thiab cov patrons no tau pom, nrog rau cov neeg muaj siab zoo "cov tuam txhab nyiaj hauv Frankfurt thiab Geneva kuj tau los cawm," raws li nws tus kheej tau sau rau nws tus nkauj nyab.

Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov ntaub ntawv saum toj no, peb xav tsis thoob thaum pom tias nyob rau nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th lawv tsis ntseeg txog qhov tseeb ntawm Phau Tshiab cov ntawv. Qhov no zoo ib yam nrog peb version. Tischendorf, tawm ntawm nws txoj kev tsis ncaj ncees, vam tias yuav pom cov ntawv tshaj tawm yav dhau los ntawm Txoj Moo Zoo, thiab rau lub hom phiaj no tau coj mus rau qhov chaw hauv phau Vajlugkub, txawm li cas los xij, thawj zaug tsis ua tiav. thiab pom nyob rau hauv lub thoob khib nyiab ntawm lub monastery, tsis yog tus Tshiab, tab sis Phau Qub. Tischendorf dag ntxias coj cov ntawv sau no mus rau Tebchaws Europe (cov hauj sam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj ntawm St. Catherine ntawm Sinai muaj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo rau Tischendorf cov dej num, txij li thaum lawv pom ib daim ntawv txais nyiaj uas Tischendorf tau cog lus tias yuav rov qab cov ntawv sau) thiab muab rau cov huab tais Lavxias, tsuas yog nyob rau lub sijhawm, thaum Phau Qub tau muab txhais ua Lus Askiv rau hauv Lavxias.

Tab sis nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav kom txhua yam zoo li ntuj, tus huab tais Lavxias teb sab tau koom nrog hauv kev lag luam ua ntej. Alexander II tau mus txog los ntawm Minister of Public Education Abraham Norov. Tischendorf sau ib tsab ntawv mus rau Abraham Norov, nyob rau hauv uas nws piav txog nws achievements nyob rau hauv lub nrhiav tau ntawm cov ntawv sau ploj thiab caw cov Russians mus koom nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb cov ntawv sau hais txog lub teb ntawm Greek cov ntaub ntawv thiab Byzantine keeb kwm. Norov nws tus kheej nyiam mus ncig thiab txawm tau sau ib phau ntawv hais txog nws (lawv paub los ntawm leej twg ua), yog li nws tig mus rau Imperial Academy hauv St. Txawm li cas los xij, cov txiv plig Lavxias tsis ntseeg Protestant German Tischendorf. Txij thaum ntawd los, Abraham Norov twb dhau los ua tus thawj tswj hwm, tab sis nws tsis nyob twj ywm. Nov yog ib nqe lus los ntawm Codex Sinai (§7):

"Txawm li cas los xij, tus thawj tswj hwm qub tau nkag mus rau tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe thiab yeej tus huab tais tus kwv tij, Constantine. Lub sijhawm dhau los, Tsarina Maria Alexandrovna thiab Dowager Empress kuj tau koom nrog kev koom tes me me. … kev txiav txim tau muab los muab Tischendorf nrog cov nyiaj tsim nyog (uas suav nrog ob qho tib si tus nqi ntawm kev mus ncig thiab tus nqi tseem ceeb rau kev yuav khoom). Tag nrho cov no nyob rau hauv kub Lavxias teb sab txiaj tau muab rau Tischendorf los ntawm imperial envoy nyob rau hauv Dresden. Cov nyiaj tau raug xa mus yam tsis muaj ntawv cog lus. Lawv tseem tsis tau thov daim ntawv txais nyiaj los ntawm Tischendorf."

Tom qab ib ntus, cov ntawv sau, thiab tom qab ntawd lawv cov kev txhais lus, tau txais los ntawm huab tais nws tus kheej, txij li yav tas los nws tau koom nrog cov txheej txheem no hauv txoj kev cunning thiab xav tias nws tus kheej yog tus neeg koom nrog hauv qhov teeb meem no. Thawj tsab raug tua nrog typographic khoom kim heev nyob rau hauv kev coj ntawm Tischendorf nws tus kheej, ntawm tus nqi ntawm tus huab tais Alexander Nikolaevich nyob rau hauv 1862, nyob rau hauv St.

Yog li, lwm qhov kev dag ntxias tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv Russia, tsa tawm ntawm kev tsis lees paub rau qib ntawm "keeb kwm qub txeeg qub tes", uas ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev muab txoj cai rau Phau Qub thiab hloov mus rau hauv phau ntawv dawb huv.

(§ 1) - Dm. Yurevich. Leningrad code thiab nws lub ntsiab lus.

(§ 2) - Pov Thawj Maxim Fionin. LUB SIJ HAWM NTAWM LUB QHOV CHAW SINAI CODE..

(§ 3) - N. A. Morozov. "Cov yaj saub", doverchiv.narod.ru.

(§ 4) - Phau ntawv Journal "Orthodox Review" rau 1862No. 9, "Notes of the Orthodox Review", Kaum Ob Hlis Ntuj 1862, Heading: "Foreign Notes", pp. 162 - 166. rapidshare.com.

(§5) - Palaeographer thiab muag ntawm cov ntawv sau thaum ub.

(§ 6) - "Tischendorf hauv Kev Tshawb Nrhiav Phau Tshiab Tseeb", www.biblicalstudies.ru.

(§7) - Saib Code of Sinai, www.biblicalstudies.ru.