Cov duab los ntawm Leonardo da Vinci

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cia peb saib tag nrho zaj dab neeg zoo kawg no maj mam thiab nruj. Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, tus nyeem ntawv nyob rau txhua lub sij hawm yuav muaj peev xwm tsis kam ntxiv immersion nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm lub visual arts ntawm lub Renaissance. Yog tias koj xav tias nws tsis huv ntawm no - muab tso tseg, tsis txhob nyeem nws. Koj yuav muaj peev xwm mloog txuas ntxiv nrog kev zoo siab thiab kev ntseeg siab rau qhov tsis muaj tseeb uas cov kws tshaj lij kos duab tau hais.

1. Amazing realism ntawm paintings ntawm lub Renaissance

Cov neeg European yog cov neeg ua tib zoo saib xyuas. Thiab ces muaj ib hnub tus kws kos duab British David Hockneysaib cov duab kos Ingres (19th caug xyoo), kuv txiav txim siab pom lawv nyob rau hauv magnification. Nws xav tsis thoob txog qhov muaj tseeb ntawm cov haujlwm no. Txawm li cas los xij, Hockney pom qhov pom tseeb zoo ib yam li cov neeg ua yeeb yam niaj hnub no. Warhol, uas projected daim duab rau ntawm canvas thiab qhia nws.

Hockney txiav txim siab tias Ingres tau siv Lub Koob Yees Duab Lucida, lub cuab yeej uas yog qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws kho qhov muag ntsuas. Lub prism yog mounted rau ntawm ib tug sawv ntsug rau cov ntsiav tshuaj thiab tus kws kos duab, saib nws daim duab nrog ib lub qhov muag, pom cov duab tiag tiag, thiab nrog rau lwm yam - daim duab nws tus kheej thiab nws txhais tes. Qhov no pab txhawb rau qhov tseeb ntawm daim duab.

Nws tshwm sim rau nws sim mus tshawb txog ntau cov duab los ntawm ntau lub teb chaws thiab lub sijhawm. Qhov no yog to taub. Nws tsis yooj yim los pleev xim rau daim duab tiag tiag. Puas yog cov kws kos duab tsis siv txhua hom kev kho qhov muag hauv lub sijhawm qub? Ntawm no ntau nthuav discoveries tos nws. Nws muab tawm hais tias cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm Renaissance (14th … 15th centuries) pleev xim nrog xws li realism, uas yog yooj yim unattainable yam tsis muaj kev siv optics. Nov yog ib qho piv txwv zoo - ib daim duab los ntawm Jan Van Eyck, uas yog hu ua "Portrait of the Arnolfini Couple".

Lub painting muaj ib tug duab ntawm ib tug hlau chandelier-teeb tswm ciab. Txhawm rau paub meej tias nws qhov kev kwv yees, Hockney txawm txiav txim siab ib qho zoo tib yam hlau chandelier. Nws tau tsim, thiab tom qab ntawd, tau xaiv lub teeb pom kev zoo, nws tau txais qhov zoo ib yam li hauv daim duab.

Vim li cas thiaj yuav tsum tau optics? - tus nyeem inquisitive yuav nug. Tej zaum tus kws kos duab tsuas yog ua tib zoo thiab ua tib zoo taug qab qhov nws pom. Tab sis qhov tseeb ntawm qhov teeb meem yog tias glare ntawm hlau tsis yog chiaroscuro xwb. Nws yog txaus los hloov txoj hauj lwm ntawm tus neeg soj ntsuam lub qhov muag txheeb ze rau cov khoom los ntawm ib feem ntawm ib tug degree, thiab lub glare disappears. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias txhawm rau ua tiav qhov txiaj ntsig zoo li no, Tus Kws Tshaj Lij yuav tsum kho nws lub taub hau hauv lub clamp thiab ua haujlwm nrog txhuam ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm. Tom qab tag nrho, lub teeb ci yog lub hnub, thiab nws txav mus. Yog tsis muaj qhov no, tag nrho cov glare yuav tsis nco qab, thiab tsis rov tsim dua nrog koj lub tswv yim. Nws yuav zoo nkauj, tab sis nrog kev muaj tiag yuav tsis phim.

2. Cov kws kos duab tau siv optics rau lub sijhawm ntev

Ib zaug ntxiv, peb nco ntsoov tias cov lus xaus no tau ua los ntawm tus kws tshaj lij kws kos duab uas tsis yog los ntawm cov lus hais paub txog kev kos duab. Tsis tas li ntawd, Hockney pom qhov txawv txav ntawm kev siv optics hauv ntau cov duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Piv txwv li, universal sab laug-handedness, xws li nyob rau hauv ib tug painting los ntawm lub Frans Hals Tsev khaws puav pheej (17th caug xyoo), qhov twg ib khub ntawm sab laug-tes seev cev, ib tug laug-tes laug txiv neej hem lawv nrog ib tug ntiv tes, thiab ib tug sab laug-tes. liab ntsia hauv qab tus poj niam hnav khaub ncaws. Qhov no yog tau los ntawm kev nthuav tawm cov duab uas muaj kev cuam tshuam.

Yog hais tias lub optics tsis zoo tag nrho, ces nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm projecting tus thawj daim duab, koj yuav tsum txav lub canvas tsom rau ib los yog lwm qhov ntawm daim duab. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, proportional yuam kev yog tau. Thiab ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv: lub xub pwg loj ntawm "Anthea" Parmigianino (kwv yees li 1537), lub taub hau me me ntawm "Lady Genovese" los ntawm Anthony Van Dyck (1626), ob txhais ceg loj ntawm cov neeg pluag hauv cov duab los ntawm Georges de La Tour.

Thaum kawg, tus nto moo sfumato cov nyhuv … Qhov no yog qhov plooj (tsis yog sharpness) ntawm qee yam khoom hauv daim duab. Piv txwv li, tus kws kos duab tau tswj xyuas cov duab rau ntawm daim ntaub ntawv zoo heev nrog optics. Qhov tseem ceeb yog ua kom pom tseeb. Hauv qhov no, koj tuaj yeem pub cov khoom me me nyob ib ncig ntawm cov npoo thiab lawv tau kos rau hauv daim ntawv tsis pom kev.

Yog li, Hockney irrefutably thiab kev ua pov thawj tias qee cov neeg ua yeeb yam ntawm Renaissance siv optics los piav txog qhov tseeb raws li qhov ua tau. Cias muab, lawv tsis pleev xim, tab sis ncig thiab dai kom zoo nkauj.

(Ntau cov ntsiab lus hais txog David Hockney txoj kev tshawb fawb tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Lub Myth ntawm Renaissance Artists" ntawm peb lub vev xaib - ed.)

3. Leonardo da Vinci tus tsim ntawm kev siv tshuab tsis paub

Tab sis nws yog Leonardo uas tau lees paub nrog kev tshawb pom ntawm thev naus laus zis sfumato … Ntawd yog, nws tsis tsuas yog dabbled hauv optics, tab sis nws mus ntawm nws. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib qho ntxiv ntawm nws cov duab kos uas Hockney tsis tshawb. Piv txwv li, ntawm tus nto moo masterpiece "Mona Lisa" tsis muaj ib tug txhuam txhuam, thiab tsis yog ib tug ntiv tes. Ntawd yog, nws tsis tau tsuas yog piav qhia thiab kho kom zoo nkauj, tab sis ua nws hauv qee qhov kev xav tsis zoo.

Kuv yuav tsum lees paub tias cov lus ntawm ib tug poj niam zoo-kev thuam uas ib zaug tau tshwm sim hauv Kultura channel hauv Academy txoj haujlwm tau los ua kev tshwm sim rau kuv. Nws hais tias Niaj hnub no, cov kws ua yeeb yam tsuas yog tsis tuaj yeem rov ua qhov kev ua tiav ntawm cov tswv ntawm ntau pua xyoo dhau los … Lawv tsis tuaj yeem kos tau zoo li ntawd - "kev txawj ntse" ploj lawm. Cov lus nug tam sim ntawd tuaj rau hauv cov neeg tuaj saib: "Dab tsi txog cov fakes?" Tab sis nws hais tias feem ntau tsuas yog kos npe ntawm cov kws sau ntawv nto moo hauv cov duab ntawm cov neeg tsis paub yog forged. TAB SIS! Tib lub sijhawm thiab tib theem kev txawj ntse.

Yog li ntawd yog vim li cas cov paintings yog suav tias yog priceless masterpieces! Lawv tsuas tsis tuaj yeem rov hais dua thiab lawv tsis nkag siab tias lawv tau ua li cas! Thiab nyob rau hauv rooj plaub ntawm Leonardo da Vinci, thev naus laus zis feem ntau txwv tsis pub rau cov txheej txheem kos duab. Yog li ntawd, kev tshawb fawb ntawm xws li paintings tseem niaj hnub no.

Piv txwv li, lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm Lub Chaw rau Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab European Laboratory of Synchrotron Radiation tsis ntev los no tau koom nrog cov tub rog los qhia cov lus zais ntawm Leonardo cov txuj ci. Qhov no yog sau nyob rau hauv ib tsab xov xwm luam tawm nyob rau hauv scientific journal Angewandle Chemie. Txoj kev tshawb no coj los ntawm Dr. Philip Wagner … Cov kws tshawb fawb tau siv cov txheej txheem hu ua X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Nyob rau hauv txoj kev no, koj tuaj yeem kawm cov qauv ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yam tsis tau coj mus kuaj, i.e. tsis txhob cuam tshuam lub canvas. Ib qho hluav taws xob xoo hluav taws xob muaj zog tau xa mus rau daim ntaub, cov qauv ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tau txiav txim siab. Pom cov hauv qab no:

“… Txhua txheej ntawm glaze muaj tuab 2 microns, uas yog 50 lub sij hawm thinner dua tib neeg cov plaub hau. Hauv qee qhov chaw ntawm daim duab, tag nrho cov tuab ntawm txhua txheej ntawm glaze yog sib npaug 55 microns, qhov no txhais tau hais tias tus tswv pheej thov txheej txheej los ntawm txheej kom ua tiav cov txiaj ntsig xav tau … " ntsuas tsis tau "Nyob rau hauv txoj kev ib txwm." Nws hloov tawm tias txawm tias cov xim tau thov kom nyias nyias thiab sib npaug tias nws cov khoom nyob hauv ib txheej, ces lawv yuav tsum tsis txhob loj dua. 2 microns (micrometer, μm). Tsis ntau, tab sis tej zaum txawm ntau tsawg.

Kuv yuav tsum hais tam sim ntawd tias cov txiaj ntsig no tsis haum rau txhua qhov tsis tsuas yog rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm cov tswv yim niaj hnub hais txog cov thev naus laus zis ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tab sis kuj mus rau hauv cov ntsiab lus "optical" ntawm David Hockney. Nws tsis yog nyob rau hauv ib lub rooj vag …

4. Yuav ua li cas ua kom chav dej los ntawm lub pob zeb, peb tus kws kho mob Gaspar paub …

Ib tug neeg zoo tib yam tsis muaj nyob rau hauv nws lub siab lub hnab ntim cov duab meej thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm super-loj thiab super-me. Kiloparsecs, uas micrometers txhais tau tias me ntsis rau nws. Qhov no yog ntuj, nws tsis siv lawv txhua hnub. Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tau piav qhia txog dab tsi pigment particle nrog qhov loj ntawm 2 microns.

Koj xav li cas, koj puas tau ntsib tej yam me me hauv lub neej tiag tiag? Raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj. Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws uas koj tuaj yeem ua nrog yog talc … Piv txwv li, cov hmoov me me yog tsim los ntawm nws. Qhov loj me me ntawm talcum hmoov muaj qhov sib kis ntawm xwb los ntawm 2 mus rau 10 microns … Kuv yuav tsum hais tias tag nrho cov xim yog tam sim no thiab ua ntej ua los ntawm pigments. Rau qhov no, pob zeb tsis yog ib txwm siv. Qee lub sij hawm cov pigments tau muab rho tawm los ntawm cov nroj tsuag lossis txawm tias kab, tab sis cov khoom ntawm cov xim muaj qhov sib txawv. Thiab peb tus tswv tsuas yog tsis muaj lwm txoj kev xaiv nrog nws cov xim.

Yog li, yog tias txawm Leonardo coj nws mus rau hauv nws lub taub hau los pleev xim nws cov duab nrog talcum hmoov diluted nyob rau hauv ib tug binder, ces txawm ces nws yuav tsis muaj peev xwm kom tau lub thickness ntawm ib tug xim txheej nyob rau hauv ib tug binder. 2 micron, txij li ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom yog loj dua qhov loj no. Tab sis tom qab ziab, nws yog qhov loj ntawm cov xim xim uas txiav txim siab lub thickness ntawm txheej.

Ua li cas koj thiaj li tau cov khoom me me?

Interestingly, talcum hmoov yog siv tsuas yog vim lub softness ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av. Nws yog qhov yooj yim tshaj rau grind. Rau painting, lwm yam minerals yeej ib txwm siv, uas muaj cov yam ntxwv xim. Tab sis lawv tag nrho cov nyuaj tshaj li talc. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias nws yog qhov nyuaj dua los zom lawv kom zoo li no. Niaj hnub no nws yog ua nyob rau hauv niaj hnub mills thiab pigment particle qhov ntau thiab tsawg yog los ntawm 15 ua ntej 55 microns … Qhov no yog ib qho loj thiab pheej yig tsim cov pigments rau roj, alkyd thiab lwm yam xim zoo sib xws. Qhov loj me no suav tias tsim nyog. Ntawm ib sab, qhov zoo dua cov khoom, qhov zoo dua cov xim pleev xim; ntawm qhov tod tes, cov txheej txheem sib tsoo kuj yuav tsum tau siv sijhawm ntau thiab cuam tshuam nrog ntau yam teeb meem thev naus laus zis.

Yog li nws hloov tawm tias cov qib niaj hnub ntawm huab hwm coj thev naus laus zis tso cai rau peb siv ib txheej ntawm cov xim nrog lub thickness ntawm txog 30 microns … Zoo, peb lub tsheb, pleev xim rau hauv ob peb txheej, feem ntau muaj txheej txheej tuab 80 … 100 microns … Leonardo da Vinci ua nws cov xim li cas? Nws yog incomprehensible kiag li!

Txhua yam uas yog frayed (los yog tau los ntawm lwm txoj kev vam meej) txawm finer yog hu ua micropowders, thiab qhov no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lwm qhov chaw - micropolishing, optics, science, nanotechnology thiab luam ntawv.

Printing number case yog ib qho tshwj xeeb. Pigments rau lawv tau txais nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev nyuaj heev. Nrog rau cov txheej txheem no, cov khoom loj hlob (crystallized) nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig ib zaug los ntawm cov muaju me me. Tom qab ntawd, ntawm chav kawm, lub compressed sediment tseem qhuav thiab hauv av, tab sis qhov no tsis zoo li crushing ib pob zeb tag nrho. Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov txheej txheem tshuaj niaj hnub thiab kim kim, piv txwv li, cov pigments hauv qab no tau txais:

Tam sim no qhov no yog qhov tsawg heev uas yuav pab tau rau peb tus kws kos duab rau nws "sfumato effect". Tab sis ntawm cov xim no, tsis yog txhua qhov ntau thiab tsawg yog siv rau luam ntawv inks. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, letterpress thiab offset inks tsim ib txheej number case ntawm cov ntawv luam tiav. tsawg dua 2 microns … Leonardo da Vinci tau tswj hwm li cas kom thev naus laus zis tawm ntawm peb cov nroj tsuag tshuaj niaj hnub nrog nws cov mortar medieval?

Tab sis tag nrho cov no, ntawm chav kawm, tsis baffle art critics thiab science skeptics. "Yog li cas?" Lawv hais. - "Kuv muab kuv lub mortar thiab pounded kom huv si." Vim li ntawd nws thiaj yog ib tug neeg txawj ntse, cia nws sim. Yog li kuv yuav tsum paub seb nws txhais li cas rau "tso kom huv si hauv mortar"? Thiab dab tsi yog lub cuab yeej zoo li no?

Nws hloov tawm muaj cov txheej txheem thiab cov txheej txheem rau cov txheej txheem mortar sib tsoo. Niaj hnub no cov txheej txheem no tau khaws cia hauv kev lag luam tshuaj. Muaj ib tug peculiarity - lub finer lub active tshuaj yog av, lub zog nws cov nyhuv ntawm lub cev. Yog li ntawd, cov kws muag tshuaj tab tom sim tsoo lawv mus rau lub siab. Tab sis muaj kev txwv rau txhua yam. Ntawm no qhov txwv yog xws li - yog tias koj tuaj yeem paub qhov txawv ntawm ib tus neeg los ntawm qhov muag - ua haujlwm ntxiv. Thiab yog hais tias koj tau txais ib yam ntawm homogeneous hmoov, ces qhov ntawd yog nws - poob lub pestle. Koj tsis muaj cov txheej txheem uas koj yuav tsum ua tiav. Tom qab ntawd koj tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv mortar tsawg kawg ib xyoos - tsis muaj dab tsi yuav pom kev hloov pauv. Koj puas yog neeg phem? Puas yog zoo? Koj tau mus txog pes tsawg microns? Tsis tuaj yeem txhais nws li cas. Cov txheej txheem thov hais tias tib neeg lub qhov muag muaj peev xwm paub qhov txawv ntawm ib tug neeg hais nrog ib tug loj ntawm 70 microns … Yog li ntawd, thaum hnub no pigments yog rubbed rau 15…55 microns, lawv tsis cia siab rau lub qhov muag, tab sis siv kev tswj sieving ntawm microsieves.

Kuv xav li cas tias Leonardo tau tso cai rau lub qhov muag 40 npaug siab duadua li lwm tus neeg? Qhov no yog ntau dhau rau ib tug neeg txawj ntse. Thiab yog hais tias peb xav tias Leonardo da Vinci kuj woven micro-sieve rau nws tus kheej ua ntej ua nws cov xim, ces Mona Lisa nws tus kheej yuav tsum tsis txhob xav tsis thoob. Vim muaj thiab ntxiv txhua yam yog precision thiab micro.

Muaj ntau yam tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis yooj yim sua tau muab tso rau saum ib leeg. Tej zaum daim duab no, zoo li ntau lwm tus ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tsuas yog ua tiav ntawm txoj kev sib txawv? Ntxiv mus, nws haum zoo nrog cov lus "Qhov zais cia ploj" … Thiab dab tsi ntxiv yuav ploj yog tias tsis yog kev tsim khoom sib txawv? Yuav ua li cas trim txhuam? Dab tsi yog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm daim ntaub grout?

txaus ntawm dag peb lawm. Cov neeg niaj hnub no tsis yog qhov ruam uas nyob rau ntau pua xyoo ntawm kev kos duab nrog tib cov cuab yeej thiab cov ntaub ntawv (raws li cov kws tshaj lij kos duab) lawv tsis tuaj yeem rov ua qhov kev ua tiav ntawm ib tus neeg.

5. Los yog tej zaum lub foob?

Cov kws tshaj lij kos duab tau hais tias Leonardo da Vinci txoj kev tsim cov duab kos yog raws li hauv qab no:

• Thaum xub thawj, nws siv txoj kev ua tsis tau (raws li peb pom) los npaj cov xim rau hauv ib lub mortar. Pom tau tias, siv nws lub qhov muag hloov kho caj ces, nyob rau hauv uas lub lens niaj hnub ntawm qhov pom pom tau ntxiv rau cov nyiaj ntawm lub qhov muag nrog rau plaub caug npaug ntawm cov teeb pom kev zoo. Tej zaum nws yuav txaus ntshai los saib rau hauv lub qhov muag (thiab lawv tsis zoo li haum rau tib neeg lub taub hau), tab sis lawv tsuas yog muab cov duab tsim nyog los tswj kev tsim cov micropowders hauv mortar.
• Tom qab ntawd nws siv cov xim ntawm ib lub suab rau qhov chaw nyob hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm daim duab nrog "dav strokes" (nrog ciam teb thiab kev hloov pauv uas tsis pom ntawm lub qhov muag). Tsis txhob yuam kev hauv qhov chaw thiab qhov sib txawv. Thaj, nws tau yav tas los kos ib txheej-los-txheej tracing daim ntawv, thiab complex xim schemes, thiab kuj siv amazing nano txhuam, uas tso cai rau tsis tsuas yog siv cov xim raws nraim mus rau qhov chaw raws lub contours, tab sis kuj tsis txhob tso tseg ib co ntawm lawv. ib smear, thaum kho cov suab nrov. Cov cuab yeej zoo li no yuav ua kom zoo sib xyaw cov khoom ntawm rab phom tsuag thiab txhuam hniav, uas tsis muaj leej twg tau tsim.
• Tom qab ntawd nws muab cov xim nano-xim ntawm lub suab sib txawv, thiab siv nws nrog cov txheej tom ntej raws nraim ntawm qhov chaw. Ib zaug ntxiv thoob plaws tag nrho cov duab thiab nrog rau qhov xav tau ceev. Thiab hais txog 20 Cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg, txhua qhov tshwj xeeb hauv kev teeb tsa, yog heterogeneous nyob rau hauv ntom, thiab tsuas yog thaum tag nrho cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog superimposed, qhov kawg saib yog tau.

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm (raws li peb tau txhais lawm), Leonardo da Vinci yuav tsum ua kom txog 20 flawlessly raug crippling schemes rau txhua txheej xim. Ntxiv mus, nws tsuas tuaj yeem yuam tag nrho cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg thiab tshawb xyuas qhov kawg tshwm sim (hauv nws lub siab). Lawv hais tias thaum ntawd tsis muaj computers. Nyob rau hauv ib lub taub hau uas muaj peev xwm ntawm xws li speculative ua hauj lwm, tej zaum, nws yuav ua tau mus ntxig rau cov heev modernized ob lub qhov muag.

Ua tau zoo art critics! Cov npau suav! Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm qhov tseeb, txhua zaj dab neeg yuav zoo li kev ntseeg. Kuv tseem tuaj yeem ntxiv tias qhov thev naus laus zis no zoo ib yam li niaj hnub ntau xim luam ntawv … Nyob ntawd, cov duab xim kuj yog decomposed rau hauv monochrome txheej. Tom qab ntawd lawv raug siv rau daim ntawv hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tsawg dua 2 microns txhua. Overlapping ib leeg, cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg tsim cov duab ntau xim. Tsuas yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov txheej txheem niaj hnub no ua 2a6 … Tus lej loj dua tsis raug cai rau cov thev naus laus zis niaj hnub no. Nyuaj thiab cumbersome. Thiab Leonardo muaj txog li 20 txheej.

Muaj tseeb, xim luam ntawv twb muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm Leonardo da Vinci. Yog li Schaeffer (tus tub ntxhais kawm ntawm Gutenberg) twb nyob rau hauv 1457 siv cov xim xim - xiav thiab liab - thaum luam ntawv. Nws Psalter yog qhov piv txwv ntxov tshaj plaws ntawm ntau xim peb-khiav uas paub rau peb. Ntawm chav kawm, cov xim muaj tsis tau yog dab tsi niaj hnub no, tab sis tseem - peb txheej! Txawm li cas los xij, peb yuav tsum grudgingly lees tias cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg yog 2 micron thiab 20-ply, graphically heev complex dluab - qhov no yog ib qho infinitely deb thev naus laus zis foundations rau lub tsev luam ntawv ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Yog li cia peb koom nrog peb txoj kev npau suav ntawm 20-xim typography da Vinci.

Tau kawg, tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm official version, ib tus tuaj yeem xav tias muaj dab tsi - nws yuav tsis muaj qhov phem dua. Tab sis … Ua li cas nws ua li cas?

6. Generalization

Cia peb xav txog nws. Peb muaj dab tsi?

1. Tsis muaj smears nyob rau hauv paintings ntawm Leonardo thiab tseeb thaum ntawd. Peb tau hais tias cov neeg pleev kob ua tib zoo rub tawm ntawm cov xim pleev xim. Tab sis tom qab ntawd, nyob rau xyoo pua 18th, lawv tsis nco qab tias yuav ua li cas. Thiab niaj hnub no peb kuj tsis paub yuav ua li cas.

2. Cov nyhuv sfumato, uas yog, qhov muag plooj ntawm cov khoom uas tsis pom tseeb. Peb tau hais tias qhov no tau ua tiav hauv qhov dav dav thiab hauv txheej, tab sis los ntawm xyoo pua 18th lawv tsis nco qab yuav ua li cas. Peb tsis paub yuav ua li cas hnub no.

3. Tsaus tones nyob rau hauv paintings ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd. Peb tau hais tias qhov no yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov kev thov ntawm cov nyhuv sfumato. Thiab txhawm rau saib cov duab zoo li no, yuav tsum muaj teeb pom kev zoo dua. Tab sis dab tsi tiv thaiv cov kws ua yeeb yam los ntawm kev xaiv cov xim sib dua yog tias lawv pleev xim rau nws nrog txhuam? Los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, nrog lub suab ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam, txhua yam twb ua haujlwm zoo li nws yuav tsum tau ua.

4. Qhov tseeb tiag, tsis siv tau rau tib neeg lub zeem muag thiab kev txawj ntse nrog cov txheej txheem pleev xim ib txwm. Peb tau hais tias qhov no yog kev txawj ntse (nyeem kev hloov kho caj ces) ntawm cov kws ua yeeb yam ntawm lub sijhawm. Tab sis nws yog lub npe hu hais tias cov neeg zoo tib yam tau kawm nyob rau hauv no crafts (technology). Thiab los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, dua, txhua yam tau ploj mus. Tab sis lawv txuas ntxiv pleev xim. Muaj cov tsev kawm kos duab. Dab tsi, cov neeg txawj ntse tau tuag lawm?

Thiab tag nrho cov no ua rau dab tsi?

cov lus xaus

Txawm kuv nyiam los tsis nyiam, kuv yuav tsum lees tias tsis muaj smears thiab luam tawm, ib plus txheej txheej, hais txog kev siv ib qho emulsion rau daim ntaub.

Qhov optics tau siv (ua pov thawj los ntawm David Hockney), qhia tau hais tias muaj peev xwm tsim cov duab ncaj qha rau hauv cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm cov emulsion los ntawm txoj kev ntawm cov duab raug. Qhov no lees paub qhov zoo kawg nkaus keeb kwm ntawm cov xim hauv cov xim pleev xim. Ntawm ib sab: ib txheej - ib xim. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov loj me ntawm cov xim pigment los ntawm cov txheej txheem pa. Yog tias peb xav tias txhua qhov kev daws teeb meem emulsion muab nws cov xim, ces txhua yam yuav pom tseeb.

Qhov no kuj tau lees paub los ntawm qhov tsaus nti tones ntawm cov duab ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Lawv yog faded (raws li cov cuab yeej ntawm photochemistry ntawm cov khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg), los yog qhov no yog qhov inevitability ntawm cov xim tones muaj nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd, dua precisely. photochemistry … Vim cov xim ci li ib txwm muaj.

Kev poob ntawm "kev paub tsis meej", nrog rau kev ploj ntawm tag nrho cov kev piav qhia ntawm kev pleev xim los ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, hais txog. poob ntawm cov cuab yeej siv thiab thev naus laus zis, uas tso cai rau koj los ua qhov tsim nyog photochemistry, siv nws rau daim ntaub thiab optically project duab.

Nws yog qhov zoo li tias cov cuab yeej yees duab raug tsis tau ploj tam sim ntawd. Muaj tseeb nws cov ntsiab lus tau siv tom qab hauv qhov chaw, nrog rau cov txheej txheem niaj hnub ntawm kev pleev xim. Piv txwv li, tib lub optics. Lawv yeej tsis tso tseg siv li. Thiab thawj cov ntsiab lus ntawm photochemistry tau pib siv dua thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

Niaj hnub no, txoj kev daws teeb meem tseem ceeb tshaj plaws rau cov lus zais ntawm Leonardo da Vinci yuav tsum yog kws tshuaj … Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog cov muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm manifestation ntawm cov xim nyob rau hauv lub thinnest khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg ntawm emulsion uas yuav thaum kawg qhia meej txhua yam. Tab sis ntawm no kuv cov dag zog yog nyob rau hauv vain. Kuv lees txim, Kuv muaj lub sijhawm nyuaj nrog chemistry. Muaj tseeb, kuv thab kom paub kuv tus kheej nrog qee yam ntawm Leonardo cov ntawv ntawm kev sib xyaw xim, alchemy, thiab lwm yam. Nws hloov tawm hais tias nws views tsis tau tsuas yog ua ntej niaj hnub scientific sawv daws yuav, tab sis tau, raws li nws yog, ntawm ib tug me ntsis txawv dav hlau. Nws khi cov xwm txheej pom ntau dua rau qee cov kev cai lij choj dav dav. Ntawm qhov tod tes, nws ua tau zoo heev. Nws yog txhua yam nyuaj rau xav txog tus neeg no pounding hmoov nyob rau hauv mortar rau lub hlis, nrog rau tag nrho cov kev nkag siab hais tias tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsis tsuas txaus siab rau qhov no, tab sis yuav tsis txawm yuav pom. Ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, tab sis nws cov ntawv sau feem ntau nyuaj los piv nrog cov lus xaus uas tau hais saum toj no.

Tab sis muaj ib tug loj TABSIS … Peb tau raug shod nrog fakes ntau zaus uas nws tsis tuaj yeem lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov ntawv no. Koj tsis tuaj yeem paub tseeb 100% tias cov duab no tau pleev xim los ntawm Leonardo da Vinci.

Qhov tsuas yog qhov kuv ntseeg yog qhov kev hem thawj ntawm qhov tseeb, uas, ntau dua thiab dhau mus, tawv ncauj coj peb mus rau kev txiav txim siab txog advanced technology tom qab peb ntiaj teb kev vam meej. Tom qab tag nrho, ib tug neeg tsim cov duab no, thiab nyob rau hauv xws li ib tug txoj kev uas lawv tsuas tsis tuaj yeem tshwm sim nrog medieval technologies. Thiab nws tsis yog li ntawd ntev dhau los - xyoo pua 15th.

Thiab peb tsis paub Lavxias teb sab paintings ntawm lub sij hawm tag nrho. Zoo li lawv tsis yog. Tej zaum dab tsi tau piav qhia rau lawv, peb yuav tsum tsis paub? Nws tsim nyog xav txog nws.

Alexey Artemiev, Izhevsk