Lost Technologies: Arc de Triomphe

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txhua lub TV hauv lub Peb Hlis 16, 2012 tau txais lwm cov xov xwm kab lis kev cai hais txog kev kho dua tshiab "Arc tsib Triomphe" hauv Moscow. Cov neeg sau xov xwm hauv kev tshawb nrhiav qhov kev xav tau xam phaj cov koom haum ntawm kev sim thiab cov kws tshaj lij. Tsis ntev, tsis nco qab tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua puv 19, thaum lub koov tau tsim, Russia tau raug suav hais tias yog "lub teb chaws rov qab", lawv tau pov txhua yam lawv tau khawb rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv chaw.

Lub ntsiab ntawm cov ntaub ntawv yog lub taub hau ntawm Moscow Department of Cultural Heritage Alexander Vladimirovich Kibovsky. Tus so ntawm cov kws tshaj lij uas nws cov lus xaus tau los ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm no tseem tsis muaj npe. Nov yog qee cov lus qhia:

Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov phab ntsa ntawm no hlau casting yog nyias nyias, tej zaum nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 1, 5 … 3 cm. Qhov no yog raws nraim li cas lawv tsis tuaj yeem rov ua dua hnub no. Cam khwb cia hlau yuav tsum tsis txhob nchuav rau hauv cov kab noj hniav nyias thiab txuas ntxiv, ntxiv rau, muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws saum npoo. Nws, ntawm chav kawm, tuaj yeem polished nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, tab sis yog hais tias lub casting tsis muab xws li zoo, ces tag nrho nto yuav tsis polished. Brass tuaj yeem nchuav zoo li no, bronze ib yam nkaus, vim tias lawv muaj qhov kub thiab txias qis dua li cov hlau cam khwb cia. Piv txwv li, ntawm qhov kub ntawm 1200 ° C, cam khwb cia hlau tsis ntws, tab sis bronze spills zoo kawg nkaus. Ntawm no, thaj, peb tab tom soj ntsuam qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tsis paub rau hnub no tshuabuas poob … Thiab cov no yog qhov tseeb tiag.

Tom qab tag nrho, yog dab tsi tshuab? Qhov no tsis yog ib qho zais cia, tab sis tag nrho cov complex. Yuav kom thev naus laus zis ua haujlwm tsis tu ncua, nws tsis txaus tsuas yog siv cov neeg ua liaj ua teb cunning. Cia nws tsawg kawg yog kaum zaus tus tswv, txawm tias nws muaj lub qhov muag pob zeb diamond. Xav tau cov ntaub ntawv raugnpaj raws li. Nws yog hais txog kev lag luam mining. Xav tau cov khoom siv zoo, uas yog, melting furnaces uas muab ib tug ruaj khov tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm melting kub, yooj yim rau kev khiav hauj lwm tsis tu ncua thiab sib xws nyob rau hauv ntim. Thaum kawg, koj xav tau raug rigging, nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv - molding cov ntaub ntawv, daim hlau, thawv, thiab lwm yam. Thiab txawm tias tag nrho cov no, yam tsis muaj kev zam, muaj (hnub no nws yog), tsis muaj dab tsi yuav ua haujlwm yam tsis muaj kev paub txheej txheemtshwm sim nrog cov hlau, thiab cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb ntawm kev ua haujlwm, nrog rau txoj kev sib sau, ziab, thiab lwm yam. Tsuas yog tag nrho cov no ua ke yog ib tshuab.

Thaum lawv tham txog lub tshuab ploj, rau qee yam lawv txhais tau tias tsuas yog tom kawg. Hais tias, cov qub tswv paub qhov twg yuav muab ib daim ntoo nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm. Tab sis lawv tsis nco qab tias tsis muaj qhov seem, thev naus laus zis feem ntau ua tsis tau. Tseeb tiag, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws tsis yog kiag li hais txog tej yam tshwj xeeb uas lawv contrived ua nrog "Vajtswv txoj kev pab thiab cov kev thov Vajtswv ntawm tag nrho cov neeg dawb huv." Nyob rau hauv thawj peb ntawm lub xyoo pua puv 19, muaj ib tug grandiose siv nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg thiab Moscow. Nco ntsoov tsawg kawg yog St. Isaac's Cathedral. Kuj tseem muaj qhov zoo sib xws hlau casting … Qhov kev tso tawm ntawm xws li masterpieces yog staged rau kwj … Peb yuav tsum tham txog qib siab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm kev lag luam metallurgical. Lawv tuaj yeem ua tiav ob qho tib si serial khoom, xws li kev txhawb nqa rau txhua kab, thiab cov khoom. artistic heev.

Niaj hnub no, tau kawg, koj tuaj yeem piav qhia qee yam zoo sib xws, tab sis tsuas yog los ntawm kev sib txuas ntawm ntau lub ntsiab lus, los yog nrum nws los ntawm tooj liab nrog cov phab ntsa tuab, thiab pleev xim nws zoo li cam khwb cia hlau. Thiab feem ntau, nws yog qhov tseem ceeb los sib piv qhov lawv tuaj yeem ua tau 1834 xyoo thiab, piv txwv li, hauv 1966thaum nws tau txiav txim siab los kho lub Arc de Triomphe rau hnub tseem ceeb. Tom qab tag nrho, nws tau dismantled kiag li nyob rau hauv 1936. Hauv ob qho tib si, kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim kho tau ua los ntawm kos. Tej zaum feem ntau ntawm cov casting ciaj sia thiab tau siv rau hauv kev kho dua tshiab, nrog rau lub tsheb loj nrog rau nees.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1826, tus tsim ntawm lub Arch yog entrusted rau tus kws kes duab vajtse Osip Bove … Nyob rau hauv tib lub xyoo, nws tsim nws thawj qhov project. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev txiav txim siab ntawm qhov kev teeb tsa tshiab tau ua rau qhov xav tau rov ua haujlwm dua. Tus tshiab version, uas Bove ua hauj lwm rau yuav luag ob xyoos, tau saws nyob rau hauv lub Plaub Hlis 1829. Kev tsim kho ntawm lub rooj vag Triumphal stretched tshaj tsib xyoos … Feem ntau vim tsis muaj nyiaj txiag. Tsuas yog lub Cuaj Hlis 20, 1834, qhib lub monument tau tshwm sim.

Ntau tus neeg xav tias Beauvais txoj hauj lwm tsuas yog los tsim ib qho album ntawm sketches, uas yog twb heev heev, muab cov artistic theem ntawm cov khoom. Tab sis thaum nws los txog rau ib txoj haujlwm niaj hnub no, txhua tus twb tau nthuav tawm cov duab kos nrog cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov av, cov av txiav, qhov ntev, qhov ntev, kev xaiv ntawm kev sib txuas lus, kev qhia tshwj xeeb ntawm cov khoom, kev suav thiab kev kwv yees.

Qhov kev ua yeeb yam yuam kev … Yog tias koj xav me ntsis, ces koj tus kheej yuav nkag siab tias txawm tias tag nrho cov ntim ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog qhov tsim nyog, zoo li tam sim no. Yog tsis muaj tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg, txawm tias qhov kwv yees tsis tuaj yeem ua tau, thiab qhov no tseem ceeb txhua lub sijhawm. Osip Bove muaj cov ntawv sib txawv, cov cwj mem sib txawv dua li cov kws tsim qauv niaj hnub, tab sis tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog tib yam.

Xyoo 1966, nws tau txiav txim siab los kho lub Arc de Triomphe hauv qhov chaw tshiab. Pab neeg ntawm 7th Rhiav "Mosproekt-3" coj los ntawm V. Libson, muaj xws li architects D. Kulchinsky thiab I. Ruben, engineers M. Grankina thiab A. Rubtsova ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub project.

Cov sculptors-restorers ntawm Industrial thiab Artistic Combine ntawm Ministry of Culture ntawm lub USSR, ua tib zoo kawm cov ntaub ntawv archival, npaj plaster casts thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntawm qhov chaw uas yuav tsum tau cam khwb cia dua. Ntau tshaj 150cov qauv - cov ntawv luam tseeb ntawm txhua qhov rov qab kho kom zoo nkauj.

Cov kws tshaj lij ntawm kev kos duab kos duab rau ntawm plaster pwm rov nrum ib tus neeg cov duab, poob qhov chaw ntawm cov tub rog armor thiab lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab ntawm lub qub Lavxias teb sab nroog, nrog rau kev pab cuam nrog cov tub rog cwj pwm es tsis txhob ntawm cov qub qub. Cov minters kuj tau ua haujlwm ntau ntawm cov castings. Kev txawj ntse zoo yuav tsum tau ua kom sib sau ua ke nrog cov duab ntawm cov tub rog thaum ub, cov pyramids los ntawm cov tub rog armor los ntawm cov khoom tawg, kom rov tsim cov khoom ploj ntawm cov cam khwb cia hlau "cov khaub ncaws" ntawm lub rooj vag Triumphal.

Cov neeg ua haujlwm ua vaj tse, cladders, fitters, pob zeb cutters thiab welders ntawm lub 37th Construction Directorate ntawm lub Embankment thiab Choj Tsim Trust tau ua hauj lwm rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub monument. Cov kab, txhua qhov hnyav 16 tons, tau rov muab pov rau ntawm Moscow Stankolit cog raws li cov ntsiab lus ntawm tib kab qub qub. Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1968 qhov zoo kawg li creation ntawm Bove pom ib tug thib ob lub neej.

Qhov ntawd yog Osip Bove hauv ib xyoostsim thawj qhov project (tsis yog qhov tseeb tias nws tsis tshua nyuaj), thiab hauv ob xyoos - qhov thib ob. Cov neeg tsim khoom thiab cov neeg ua haujlwm nrhiav tau pov thiab ua txhua yam hauv 5 xyoo … Lawv tsis siv, raws li cov lus pom zoo, kev tsim kho cranes thiab kev siv tshuab ua vaj tse, uas ua rau cov txheej txheem nrawm nrawm. Cov khoom siv tsim khoom raug xa tawm tsis yog los ntawm 10-tuj tsheb, tab sis los ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom uas muaj peev xwm nqa tau 300 kg, uas yog 33 zaug tsawg dua thiab 12 npaug qeeb. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsim kho tau raug ncua vim tsis muaj nyiaj txiag. Tab sis, ua tiav hauv 5 xyoostsis txhob maj.

Tsis muaj kev qhuas tshwj xeeb rau kev tsim kho ntawm koov hauv xyoo pua 19th. Thaj, thaum ntawd nws yog ib qho tshwm sim. Tab sis lub restoration ua hauj lwm tau ua 150 xyooTom qab ntawd, hauv cov lus piav qhia lawv zoo li yuav luag ib qho feat. Thiab txawm hais tias lub hauv paus yog ua los ntawm pob zeb, sab saum toj ntawm lub koov tau them nrog cov khoom siv vov tsev, tsuas yog cov ntsiab lus uas ploj lawm tuaj yeem nrum, thiab tag nrho cov cam khwb cia hlau tau ua tib zoo pleev xim rau. Kuzbasslak(coal plua plav yaj hauv ib qho hnyav).

Raws li cov kws tshaj lij niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem tshiab tau pab txhawb kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov hlau cam khwb cia tshwj xeeb, uas tau sawv rau 102 xyoo tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj loj. Thiab tsis yog tag nrho cov complex tau rov qab los. Tsis suav nrog qhov project tshiab lub tsev tiv thaiv, symmetrically nyob ua ntej ntawm ob sab.

Cov chav guardrooms tsis yog cov kab uas koj pom nyob rau hauv lub foreground, tab sis cov tsev nrog ib tug qis dome thiab colonnade, sawv rau sab laug thiab sab xis ntawm lub koov nws tus kheej. Nyob rau hauv thawj qhov project, lub guardrooms tau txuas nrog lub koov nrog ib tug openwork, wrought-hlau lattice.

Tag nrho cov no kav mus txog rau ib tug loj overhaul, tsuas yog 44 ntawm lub xyoo. Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, qhov kev sib piv tsis yog nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm modernity.

Tab sis, lo lus nug tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tseem tseem tsis tau teb. Tag nrho cov no tuaj qhov twg los?

Muscovy, uas loj hlob mus rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws thiab ua rau St. Petersburg nws lub peev, txij li thaum lub accession ntawm Romanov dynasty, tsis muaj dab tsi tab sis genocide nws tus kheej cov pej xeem thiab tsim nyog lub teb chaws ntawm lub qub Tartary. Txoj cai kev sib raug zoo no tsis tau ua rau muaj kev vam meej ntawm kab lis kev cai thiab khoom siv tes ua. Tej zaum nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm cov khoom kim heev. Tab sis cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev lag luam uas peb tau kov yeej tseem cuam tshuam txog nws qhov dav dav, lub xeev yooj yim.

Ib tug tau txais kev xav tias qhov kev khwv nyiaj txiag no tau txais nrog rau kev koom ua ke ntawm cov av tshiab. Cov chaw nplua nuj tshaj plaws khoom siv tes ua tej zaum yuav raug ntes rau Ural thiab hauv Siberia … Lub peev tshiab tau ua kom zoo nkauj cov seem ntawm kev loj hlob lub qub Empire…

Alexey Artemiev, Izhevsk.