Moscow Kremlin: Thawj Qhov Kev Tshawb Fawb Kev Tshawb Fawb 2019

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Excavations nyob rau hauv Great Kremlin Square tau pib los ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Archaeology ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis 2019 nrog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm kab lis kev cai strata nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus loj terrace ntawm lub Moskva River, nyob rau hauv lub zeem muag ntawm Cathedral Square.

Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm ob peb thaj av uas tsis muaj tsev nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm Kremlin, qhov twg cov txheej txheem kev coj noj coj ua hauv nruab nrab thiab cov seem ntawm cov qauv qub, txiav txim siab los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia thiab cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm kev tshawb fawb keeb kwm yav dhau los, tsis cuam tshuam thiab muaj rau kev kawm dhau los. thaj tsam dav. Cov excavations tau cog lus tias yuav qhia meej txog keeb kwm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm qhov no ntawm Borovitsky Hill. Thawj thawj zaug, kev khawb hauv Moscow Kremlin tau ua raws li kev tshawb fawb nkaus xwb, tsis hais txog kev ua kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov cuab yeej cuab tam qub txeeg qub teg thaum kho dua lossis ua haujlwm. Kev tshawb fawb Archaeological yog ua nyob rau hauv ib qho qhib hom, kom cov neeg tuaj xyuas lub Kremlin tuaj yeem pom cov khoom qub uas pom thiab saib xyuas cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm, sawv ntawm lub lawj saib.

Qhov kev khawb tau muab tso rau ntawm ib sab ntawm Archangel Cathedral, thawj lub tsev uas tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1333 ntawm qhov chaw uas muaj kev sib haum xeeb nyob rau thaum ntxov Iron Age. Muaj txhua qhov laj thawj xav tias thaj chaw no tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub sijhawm thaum ntxov ntawm keeb kwm ntawm Moscow, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th. Ntawm no, ib sab ntawm Archangel Cathedral, cov keeb kwm kev lig kev cai muab lub tshav puam ntawm Serpukhov tub huabtais Vladimir Andreevich lub siab tawv, ib tug kwv tij ntawm Dmitry Donskoy. Tej zaum, thiab tom qab ntawd muaj cov cuab yeej ntawm cov tsev neeg huab tais. Kev txaus siab tshwj xeeb hauv qhov chaw no yog vim qhov kev tso kawm ntawm no hauv XVI-XVII centuries. Central tsoom fwv lub koom haum ntawm lub xeev Lavxias teb sab - Orders.

Qhov pib ntawm kev tsim ntawm lub chaw tswj hwm nyob rau hauv no ib feem ntawm lub Kremlin, txiav txim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sau, tau nteg los ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm "Polata ambassadorial, uas tawm tsam St. Ivan nyob rau hauv lub tswb" los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich (IV.) nyob rau hauv 1565. Thaum lub sij hawm lub reign ntawm Fedor Ivanovich, nyob rau hauv 1591, ob-zaj dab neeg pob zeb chamber tau txuas mus rau lub ambassadorial txiav txim, nyob rau hauv uas muaj kev txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ntau yam kev tswj (xws li Razryadny, Pomestny, Siberian, Chelobitenny, Pushkarsky. Razboyny). Expansion ntawm kev txiav txim system nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. xav tau qhov chaw tshiab thiab kev tsim kho tshiab txuas ntxiv mus rau sab qab teb tis ntawm Prikaz Chambers. Cov duab ntawm lub tsev qub ntawm Prikaz Chambers tuaj yeem pom ntawm Moscow Kremlin txoj kev npaj ntawm xyoo 1600. thiab hauv cov duab kos los ntawm album ntawm Austrian diplomat A. Meyerberg hauv 1660s. Lavxias teb sab kev npaj ntawm lub tsev los ntawm 1660s - 1670s, khaws cia nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab State Archive ntawm Ancient Acts, muab ib lub tswv yim ntawm nws loj thiab qhov chaw ntawm ib tug neeg txiav txim. Lub tsev yog ob-storey U-shaped lub tsev nrog lub rooj vag tig mus rau sab hnub tuaj, cov kev pabcuam kev txiav txim tau nyob rau hauv pem teb thib ob, thiab hauv pem teb hauv qab yog siv rau tsev neeg cov kev xav tau. Lub tsev uas ploj lawm ntawm 1591 xyoo 1678 tau hloov los ntawm ib lub tsev tshiab, ua rau ntawm ntug ntawm Kremlin toj, nrog lub rooj vag saib lub Kremlin txoj kab nqes mus rau phab ntsa fortress thiab ob lub tsev teev ntuj nyob ze ntawm lub rooj vag ntawm sab sauv. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XVIII. Nyob rau hauv lub tsev ntawm Orders, ib co ntawm cov Tsev Kawm Ntawv Qib Siab thiab Chanceries tau nyob - tshiab central tsoom fwv lub cev uas hloov Orders thaum lub sij hawm hloov kho ntawm Peter I.. AND. Bazhenov. Txij thaum ntawd los, qhov no ntawm lub Kremlin tsis tau tsim thiab ua tau mus rau hauv ib tug loj khib nyiab nrog cov seem ntawm lub tsev puas tsuaj, cov tsos ntawm uas yog paub rau peb los ntawm engraving thiab paintings ntawm lig 18th - 19th centuries. Tom qab ntawd, qhov chaw tau leveled thiab nyob los ntawm ib tug tub rog parade hauv av, ib nrab paved nrog cib. Cov seem ntawm qhov paving no tau pom nyob rau hauv lub qhov tso rau hauv Grand Kremlin Square hauv 2018.

Lub excavation cheeb tsam yog hais txog 200 sq.m nyob rau hauv ib txheej ntawm cov khoom siv khib nyiab ntawm qhov tob ntawm 60-100 cm, qhov seem ntawm lub tsev cib monumental nrog lub plinth thiab lub hauv paus ua los ntawm cov pob zeb dawb tau tshwm sim. Nws yog ntxov ntxov kom raug rov tsim kho cov qauv kev npaj thiab tsim cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov tsis pom ntawm lub tsev nyob rau theem ntawm kev khawb, tab sis nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias cov no yog kev txiav txim. Ib txheej ntawm kev tsim cov khib nyiab npog hauv lub xyoo pua 17th masonry. thiab muab tso rau ib sab ntawm lawv, muaj cov ntsiab lus architectural, tawg ntawm lub qhov cub vuas, ib tug neeg hauv tsev cov khoom ntawm lig 17th - 18th centuries. thiab ntau npib los ntawm lub sijhawm no.

Archaeological cov ntaub ntawv sau thaum thawj lub hlis ntawm excavations (kwv yees li 450 yam khoom) characterizes lub neej ntawm lub Kremlin nyob rau hauv lub kawg ntawm lub 17th - 19th centuries. thiab suav nrog peb qhov kev tshawb pom.

Qhov ntxov tshaj ntawm lawv yog cov khoom siv uas tau poob rau hauv av tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm Prikaz lub tsev nyob rau hauv 1770: dawb-pob zeb carved qhov chaw, xam bricks, fragments ntawm polychrome qhov cub vuas, uas tej zaum adorned lub qhov cub nyob rau hauv lub Prikaz / Collegium vaj tse. Qhov tseeb pom los ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev Prikaz, hais txog lub sab hauv uas tsuas yog cov ntaub ntawv fragmentary feem ntau, ua rau nws muaj peev xwm kom tau txais ib lub tswv yim ntawm cov tsos ntawm lub tsev no thiab nws sab hauv kho kom zoo nkauj.

Pawg thib ob ntawm artifacts yog cov khoom muaj feem xyuam rau lub sijhawm ntawm Collegiums ua haujlwm thaum xyoo pua 18th. Cov no yog cov nyiaj npib tooj liab uas tsis tshua muaj npe (dengi, polushki, kopecks), ib qho khoom siv hauv tsev (riam), tawm tsam uas cov pob txha khaws cia zoo kawg nkaus sawv tawm - nees, dai kom zoo nkauj nrog cov xim pleev xim thiab inlays nrog niam-ntawm-pearl..

Cov pab pawg tsis tau xav txog thiab ntau qhov kev tshawb pom yog riam phom thiab cov cuab yeej siv tub rog thiab cov khoom siv hauv tsev uas yuav cuam tshuam nrog kev muaj Napoleon cov tub rog nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Kremlin.

Ntawm cov no yog ob sabers ntawm Hungarian qauv, lub qhov ncauj ntawm scabbard ntawm ib tug dragoon broadword, ib tug bayonet (feem ntau yuav los ntawm ib rab phom ntawm tus qauv 1777), phom ramrods thiab tawg ntawm phom, txhuas mos txwv, scraps ntawm epaulettes, siv. buckles, nees khau, ib lub tswb los ntawm nees harness. Cov khoom siv hauv tsev muaj xws li cov pob txha pob txha, qhov chaw ntawm tooj liab candelabra, tooj liab thiab tooj dag onlays uas ua rau cov khoom siv hauv tsev. Kuj tseem muaj nyiaj npib, suav nrog cov neeg txawv teb chaws - Fabkis, German, Swedish.

Cov nyees khawm (xws li cov tub ceev xwm General Staff) thiab daim paib piav qhia txog Napoleonic imperial dav dawb hau nrog lub teeb ci hauv nws lub paws ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov kev sib tw no yog cov cim ntawm kev ua tub rog thaum lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1812, thaum lub Kremlin, hauv Qhov kev nyab xeeb tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm Moscow, tau muab tso rau Napoleonic "laus tus neeg saib xyuas".

Nws paub tias cov tsev teev ntuj thiab cov palaces tau plundered, thiab qee lub tsev Kremlin tau tawg thaum lub Great Army tawm hauv Moscow. Pom tseeb, tawm hauv Moscow thaum Lub Kaum Hli 7, 1812, cov tub rog Fabkis tau tso qee yam ntawm lawv cov riam phom thiab mos txwv, uas tom qab ntawd, thaum tshem tawm thaj tsam ntawm Kremlin, raug pov rau hauv ib qho ntawm cov pov tseg. Qhov pom nyob rau hauv Great Kremlin Square yog ib qho tshwj xeeb archaeological pov thawj ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm Napoleonic pab tub rog nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin, tseem ceeb rau characterizing lub general lub xeev ntawm cov tub rog thiab lub xeev ntawm lub Kremlin tom qab hluav taws kub thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm 1812.