Qhov chaw rau conquest ntawm Kazan

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kev ntes ntawm Kazan tau dhau los ua tub rog nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm kev kav ntawm Ivan IV. Qhov kev tshwm sim no tau dhau los ua tus neeg ntawm lub sijhawm tshiab hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia, lub sijhawm ntawm kev sib tw ua yeeb yam ntawm cov ciam teb sab hnub tuaj. Kev saib xyuas ntau tau them rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm khanate hauv cov ntawv sau keeb kwm thiab keeb kwm, cov xwm txheej ntawm 1552 tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv sau ntawm Western European cov neeg taug kev thiab txawm tias hauv Tatar thiab Finno-Ugric lus dab neeg.

Moscow thiab Kazan: Rurikovich tawm tsam qhov seem ntawm Golden Horde

Tau ntau xyoo lawm, kev sib raug zoo ntawm Moscow tus thawj tswj hwm thiab Kazan Khanate tau txo qis rau qhov kev sim ntawm Grand Dukes los ntawm Rurik dynasty los tsim lawv txoj kev tswj hwm ntawm cov seem ntawm Golden Horde thiab rhuav tshem nws tawm ntawm Krymchaks uas cuam tshuam rau yav qab teb ciam teb ntawm Russia.

Txij li thaum 1487, raws li ib tug tshwm sim ntawm kev sib tw ntawm cov tub rog Moscow, Khan Mukhamad-Amin, loyal rau Russia, kav nyob rau hauv Kazan. Txawm li cas los xij, kev ntxhov siab ntawm kev sib raug zoo tsuas yog kav mus txog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 16th. Nyob rau hauv 1505 - 1507, lub Moscow protege mus ua rog tawm tsam nws masters, striving kom tiav kev ywj pheej. Nyob rau hauv 1521, ib tug tshiab khan, Sahib Girey los ntawm lub Crimean dynasty, nyob rau hauv alliance nrog nws cov txheeb ze ua ib tug muaj kev vam meej phiaj los nqis tes tawm tsam Moscow.

Cov tub ntxhais hluas Ivan IV txuas ntxiv txoj cai ntawm nws cov thawj coj tsom mus rau kev cai lij choj subordination ntawm Kazan. Txawm li cas los xij, ob qhov kev sib tw loj, 1547-1548 thiab 1549-1550, tsis tau ua kom tiav. Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas nteg nyob rau hauv lub remoteness ntawm lub mov ntsiab lus los ntawm lub ntsiab tub rog ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub phab ntsa ntawm Kazan. Nyob rau hauv 1551, Ivan IV tau hais kom tsim ib lub fortress hu ua Sviyazhsk ntawm lub confluence ntawm tus dej Sviyaga nrog lub Volga.

Sviyazhsk. Mid-18th caug xyoo engraving. Tau qhov twg los: sviyazhsk.info-music.org

Nyob rau hauv 1552, ib tug fortified tub rog (tsis ntev ua ntej uas ib tug streltsy pab tub rog tau tsim), nrog kev txhawb nqa ntawm cov phom, thawj zaug yeej cov tub rog Kazan cov tub rog ntawm Crimean Khan nyob ze Tula, thiab ces nce mus rau lub Volga. Ratnikov tau coj los ntawm tsar nws tus kheej. Qhov kev sib tw thib peb tau ua ntej los ntawm kev sib tham tsis tiav ntawm kev teem caij ntawm Tsar tus tswv xeev mus rau lub peev ntawm Khanate, tab sis feem ntau ntawm Kazan nobility tsis lees paub cov phiaj xwm no.

Nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov xyoo 1552, cov tub rog tsarist tuaj cuag Kazan thiab pib ua si. Cov neeg Lavxias tau tsom mus txog 150 txhiab tus neeg thiab 150 phom phom. Cov neeg tiv thaiv tsawg kawg yog peb zaug qis dua rau cov naj npawb ntawm cov besieging. Thawj theem ntawm lub siege tau ua phem heev los ntawm Epanchi Mari cavalry detachment, uas ply nyob rau hauv lub rear ntawm Lavxias teb sab pab tub rog.

Tom qab nws swb thiab hlawv ntawm Arsk, lub hauv paus ntawm Cheremis, tsis muaj dab tsi tiv thaiv Ivan IV los ntawm kev npaj rau kev ua phem. Nws tau tshwm sim thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2, 1552 tom qab kev npaj ntev. Txawm hais tias muaj kev tawm tsam hnyav, cov neeg nyob ze tau kov yeej, thiab Kazan tau koom nrog Russia. Txawm li cas los xij, tau ntau xyoo kev sib ntaus sib tua tawm tsam cov neeg tawm tsam Lavxias tau txuas ntxiv mus rau thaj chaw qub khanate.

Lavxias artillerymen thaum lub sij hawm siege ntawm Kazan. Tau qhov twg los: superclocks.ru

Lavxias teb sab qhov chaw: los ntawm "Tsarstvennaya kniga" mus rau Andrei Kurbsky

Xws li ib qho tseem ceeb rau keeb kwm ntawm Russia raws li kev ntes Kazan hauv 1552 tau tshwm sim hauv ntau qhov chaw ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd. Lawv tuaj yeem muab faib ua "official" thiab "unofficial", tus kheej. Lub keeb kwm nto moo tshaj plaws ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm kev kav ntawm Ivan IV yog "Lub ntsej muag Chronicle": ib tug kaum-ntim illustrated encyclopedia ntawm lub ntiaj teb no keeb kwm. Qhov kawg ntim, "Lub Royal Phau Ntawv", npog lub sij hawm ntawm lub reign ntawm Ivan IV.

Kev nkag ntawm Ivan IV mus rau Kazan. Miniature los ntawm "Obverse Chronicle Code". Tau qhov twg los: runivers.ru

Hais txog lub siege thiab ntes ntawm Kazan, "Facial chronicle collection" qhia nyob rau hauv cov style ntawm ib hom "combat journal" sau los ntawm ib tug neeg koom nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej. Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem pom cov ntaub ntawv hais txog cov tub rog, cov tub rog, cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tawm tsam thiab cua daj cua dub ntawm Kazan. Nrog rau qhov no, nyob rau hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm lub keeb kwm, koj muaj peev xwm nrhiav tau ntau yam kev xa mus rau txhua yam ntawm "miracle" uas nrog cov tub rog ntawm Ivan IV ntawm txoj kev mus rau Kazan.

Yog li ntawd, Vajtswv nws tus kheej tau foom koob hmoov rau cov tub rog hauv kev tawm tsam tawm tsam "cov neeg tsis ntseeg." Raws li "Royal Book", thaum lub sij hawm cua daj cua dub ntawm Kazan thaum Lub Kaum Hli 2, 1552, tsar tsis tuaj yeem koom nrog cov tub rog tam sim ntawd, tab sis siv qee lub sijhawm hauv nws lub tsev pheeb suab, thov Vajtswv. Tsuas yog tom qab nws ua kom ntseeg tau tias Vajtswv txoj kev pab tau muab rau nws, Ivan Vasilyevich mus rau cov tub rog.

Hauv zaj dab neeg no, koj tuaj yeem pom qhov sib piv nrog cov ntawv nyeem "Cov lus dab neeg ntawm Mamaev tua neeg", mob siab rau kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Kulikovo. Dmitry Donskoy kuj coj tus cwj pwm ua ntej kev sib ntaus sib tua. Yog li, cov kws sau ntawv ntawm "Tsarnovennyi kniga" kos ncaj qha kev sib piv ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Russia tawm tsam Horde domination thiab tsov rog ntawm Ivan IV nrog Kazan.

Lwm nthuav lus teb rau cov xwm txheej ntawm 1552 tuaj yeem hu ua "Lub Keeb Kwm ntawm Kazan Lub Nceeg Vaj" - ib qho kev sau ntawv tsim tawm kaum xyoo tom qab kev koom ua ke ntawm Kazan thiab sau los ntawm tus sau tsis qhia npe. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm lub xyoo nyob rau hauv "History … Tswv Yexus), txoj hauj lwm no muaj qee qhov tshwj xeeb.

Ib nplooj ntawv los ntawm "Keeb kwm ntawm Kazan Kingdom". XVII xyoo pua. Tau qhov twg los: iamruss.ru

"History …" muab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ntseeg ntawm kev mus rau Kazan. Yog li, nws muaj cov lus dab neeg hais txog tus kheej lub rooj sib tham ntawm tsar nrog Metropolitan Macarius. "Lub Tsar, Grand Duke, tau txais koob hmoov ntawm hierarchy, raws li los ntawm sab tes xis ntawm Saum Ntuj Ceeb Tsheej uas muaj hwjchim loj kawg nkaus, thiab nrog nws - lub siab tawv thiab ua siab loj ntawm Alexander, Tsar ntawm Macedon."

Piav txog kev mus rau Kazan, tus sau ntawm "History … Cov dej ntws qhuav thiab dej ntws tso cai rau cov tub rog Lavxias mus txog Kazan yam tsis muaj teeb meem ntau. Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv "Keeb kwm …" nws tau tshaj tawm hais tias cov pej xeem ntawm Kazan tsis kam lees lub Lavxias teb sab kev thaj yeeb lub tswv yim kom muab lub nroog, thaum lub official chronicle hais tias Ivan IV pib hloov cov tub rog mus rau Kazan, tsis txhob tos rau cov lus teb los ntawm cov yeeb ncuab..

Cov neeg sau keeb kwm niaj hnub no taw qhia qhov tseeb qhov tsis raug uas muaj nyob rau hauv "Keeb kwm ntawm Kazan Kingdom" - tus sau ntawm txoj haujlwm no tsis raug piav qhia txog txoj haujlwm ntawm tus tswv xeev, ua yuam kev hnub qee yam xwm txheej ntawm kev sib tw.

Ib txoj kev lossis lwm qhov, cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev kov yeej Kazan nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm ib qho kev xav yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau tus sau tsis qhia npe: kev qhuas ntawm tus kov yeej tsar. Ua ntej peb yog ib tug muab tso ua ke woven los ntawm feem ntau authoritative tej hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd thiab cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm ntawm lub era.

Ntawm cov peev txheej piav qhia txog kev ntes Kazan, cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ntawm Andrei Kurbsky, sau nyob rau hauv exile hauv Lithuania, sawv sib nrug. "History of the Affairs of the Grand Duke of Moscow" muaj cov ntaub ntawv uas tsis tau tshwm sim nyob rau ntawm nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv sau tseg, lossis hauv cov ntawv nyeem ntawm "Keeb kwm ntawm Kazan Kingdom".

Andrey Kurbsky. Tau qhov twg los: yarwiki.ru

Rov qab txog qhov kev tawm tsam tawm tsam Kazan, Kurbsky, qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, taw qhia txog cov kev nyuaj siab loj uas tau ntsib los ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias nyob sab nrauv ntawm Kazan. Yog li, nws tham txog ntau tus dej me me thiab cov dej ntws, uas yuav tsum tau kov yeej nrog kev pab los ntawm cov neeg tawg rog-cov lus qhia. Txawm tias muaj xws li ib tug transshipment point li Sviyazhsk, lub tsarist warriors tshaib plab ntev.

Kurbsky piav qhia txog cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav ntawm cua daj cua dub ntawm lub nroog. Raws li nws nco qab, cov neeg Kazan paub ua ntej txog kev ua phem rau lub Kaum Hlis 2 thiab tau tswj hwm los npaj rau kev tiv thaiv. Yog li ntawd, kev sib ntaus sib tua hauv lub nroog tau coj tus cwj pwm hnyav.

Qhov xwm txheej tau hnyav zuj zus los ntawm kev nyiag khoom ntawm cov tub rog Lavxias. Cov tub rog pib mus rau lub khan lub palace "tsis yog vim kev ua tub rog, tab sis rau kev ntshaw ntau heev." Qhov no tau txiav txim siab qhov kev vam meej ntawm Kazan counteroffensive, uas tau nres tsuas yog los ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm tsar nws tus kheej thiab cov tub rog tshiab uas tuaj nrog nws.

Tsis tas li ntawd, Kurbsky, tsis zoo li cov nom tswv chroniclers, tau tshaj tawm tias Ivan IV, txawm tias cov lus qhia ntawm cov neeg nyob ze nws kom nyob hauv nroog thiab txwv tsis pub cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig, nyiam tawm tam sim ntawd. Kev ua tsov ua rog nrog cov neeg koom nrog txuas ntxiv rau 4 xyoo ntxiv.

Xov xwm txog Kazan hauv Western Europe

Xws li ib tug loj tshwm sim nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm Russia raws li lub conquest ntawm lub Kazan Khanate yuav tsis dhau los ntawm European soj ntsuam. Cov ntaub ntawv pov thawj ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm 1552 tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm papal legates, diplomats ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, Fabkis thiab Askiv. Feem ntau, cov xov xwm no muaj ntau qhov yuam kev me me uas tsis tau hloov lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim.

Piv txwv li, papal legate Antonio Possevino, nyob rau hauv nws ua hauj lwm Muscovy, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1586, qhia tias artillery thiab phom tau los ua lub ntsiab kom zoo dua ntawm cov Russians nyob rau hauv lub Kazan phiaj los nqis tes. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg Italian tsis tau hais lus zoo heev ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Tatars thiab lawv cov phooj ywg. Qhov tseeb, cov pej xeem ntawm Kazan tau paub nrog rab phom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIV.

Antonio Possevino. Tau qhov twg los: Wikimedia Commons

Cov kws sau ntawv German, xws li Balthazar Russov lossis Daniil Prinz, tau piav qhia txog cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim hauv 1552 tau raug heev hauv lawv cov ntawv sau. Qhov no yog vim muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm Lavxias-German hauv kev sib piv nrog cov neeg Lavxias-Italian. Cov hauj lwm ntawm British diplomats kuj nthuav. Yog li, Anthony Jenkinson, British Ambassador rau Muscovy, tsim nyog sau tseg tias nrog lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Kazan Khanate, cov Russians tau qhib txoj kev nthuav dav mus rau sab hnub tuaj.

Tus kws sau keeb kwm Swedish, tus sau phau ntawv Moscovite Chronicle, Peter Petrei de Erlezund, tau hais lus pub dawb txog cov Tatars. Nws txoj haujlwm muaj cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm kev ua tub rog ntawm 1552 thiab kev ntsuas siab ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua thiab kev tawm tsam ntawm Kazan garrison. Tsis hais txog kev nom kev tswv lossis haiv neeg, yuav luag tag nrho cov ntawv ceeb toom ntawm European chroniclers thiab diplomats txog cov xwm txheej uas tshwm sim hauv 1552 yog qhov tseeb.

Folklore nkauj: Tatars, Mari thiab Mordovians txog Kazan

Lub siege thiab cua daj cua dub ntawm Kazan tau los ua neeg nyiam cov nkauj. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov kev nyiam no tsis yog tsuas yog siv rau cov lus dab neeg Lavxias nkaus xwb - ib tus neeg hais txog cov xwm txheej ntawm 1552 tuaj yeem pom hauv pej xeem cov haujlwm ntawm cov neeg Tatars thiab Finno-Ugric.

Lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm Kazan tshuav ib qho mob tob tob hauv keeb kwm nco txog cov neeg Tatar lub sijhawm ntawd. Hauv zaj nkauj nto moo "Bait txog Syuyun-bik", mob siab rau tus poj niam ntawm Shah-Ali, raug ntiab tawm ntawm Kazan thaum Lub Peb Hlis 1552, ib tus tuaj yeem pom cov kab hauv qab no:

Kev hais txog kev tawm tsam thiab cua daj cua dub ntawm Kazan tseem nyob hauv Mari keeb kwm epic ib yam. Piv txwv li, tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov xwm txheej ntawm 1552 hauv kev ua haujlwm "Yuav ua li cas Mari Tsar Yilanda Perished", tus cwj pwm tseem ceeb dhau los ua tus neeg raug tsim txom thiab kev ua phem ntawm Tsar Ivan IV. Yog li ntawd, vajntxwv tau kawm txog qhov kev ncua sijhawm ntawm kev tawg ntawm cov hmoov nplej hauv lub qhov hauv qab ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress.

Yilanda yog tus saib xyuas haujlwm. Nws hais kom vajntxwv tos ib pliag, tiamsis nws tsis tos thiab, nws npau taws heev, kom tus neeg pluag raug tua. “… Thaum lawv txiav Yiland lub taub hau, tib lub sijhawm rab phom phom tawg. Tom qab ntawd, tus tsar hloov siab lees txim thiab hais kom tsim nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Kazan lub Zilantyev monastery nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Yiland.

Tus qauv ntawm kev ua phem rau Kazan. Artillery Museum Source: St. Petersburg). (lewhobotov.livejournal.com

Nyob rau hauv Mordovian zaj nkauj "Samanka", ib tug hluas nkauj, tau kawm tias Ivan IV tsis tuaj yeem coj Kazan rau ntau xyoo, muab nws cov kev pabcuam rau tsar. Nws thov kom khawb hauv qab lub fortress phab ntsa thiab tshuab lawv. Nyob rau hauv zaj nkauj, huab tais tsis zam qhov khav ntawm ib tug ntxhais:

Txawm li cas los xij, Samanka txoj kev npaj ua haujlwm - nws khawb tau rhuav tshem cov phab ntsa, cov tub rog Lavxias coj lub nroog, thiab tsar hloov nws txoj kev npau taws rau txoj kev hlub tshua: nws muab khoom plig rau tus ntxhais nplua nuj, tab sis nws thov rau lwm yam:

Hauv zaj nkauj no, Mordovians tau nthuav tawm los ua ib tus phooj ywg ntawm Russians hauv kev tawm tsam Kazan. Txawm li cas los xij, ntau pab pawg neeg nyob hauv lub yeej khanate tau koom nrog cov Tatars hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua uas kav ntev li plaub xyoos.