Peb paub dab tsi txog pob zeb diamond?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Txhua tus paub tias lub pob zeb diamond loj raug nqi ntau heev. Yuav luag txhua yam yog qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm ntuj. Thiab peb paub lwm yam thiab yuav zoo siab los qhia qhov kev paub no.

Pob zeb diamond ntxhib

1. Pob zeb diamond yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub mantle ntawm qhov tob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm ob peb puas kilometers. Muaj qhov kub siab heev thiab kub heev. Yog hais tias lub pob zeb diamond nyob rau saum npoo yog rhuab mus rau tib qhov kub, nws yuav hlawv. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov no yog raws nraim tib yam carbon li nyob rau hauv lub qhov cub, nws tsuas yog hais tias lub atoms yog teem txawv. Thiab tsis muaj oxygen dawb nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb lub mantle, uas yog vim li cas pob zeb diamond tsis hlawv.

2. Cov pa roj carbon uas cov pob zeb diamond yog tsim, zoo li, yuav tsum tsis txhob muaj qhov tob li ntawd. Qhov no yog lub teeb lub teeb, nws yog dav nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb crust, thiab ntxaum lus dag lub fact tias rau billions xyoo tom qab tsim ntawm lub ntiaj chaw, nws tau tswj kom "dhuav" nyob rau hauv nws lub plab.

Thaj, lub ntsiab lus yog subduction … Cov dej hiav txwv crust, feem ntau yog cov basalts, tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov dej hiav txwv, nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam ntawm lub mid-oceanic ridges. Los ntawm qhov ntawd, nws "tsov sib nrug" nyob rau hauv opposite lus qhia. Lub ntug ntawm lub crust so tiv thaiv lub teb chaws khoov nyob rau hauv nws thiab maj mam sinks nyob rau hauv lub mantle khoom.

Ua ke nrog sedimentary pob zeb, uas yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv carbon. Cov txheej txheem no mus rau ntawm tus nqi ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm centimeters hauv ib xyoos, tab sis tsis tu ncua.

Blue pob zeb diamond nplhaib

3. Txaus siab rau cov jewelers thiab lawv cov neeg muas zaub, xiav pob zeb diamond yog yuav luag zoo tib yam pob zeb diamond xim nrog ib tug me me admixture ntawm boron. Boron tseem sib zog dua cov pa roj carbon monoxide thiab nws qhov muaj nyob ntawm qhov tob tob yog qhov tsawg dua.

Thaj, nws tau txais nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, tab sis nyob rau hauv me me. Blue pob zeb diamond tau tsim nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv qhov tob ntawm 600-700 kilometers. Yog li ntawd, lawv tsis tshua muaj nyob rau saum npoo - txog 0.02% ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntau lawm.

Rough pob zeb diamond nrog suav nrog lwm yam minerals

4. Thaum lub sij hawm crystallization ntawm pob zeb diamond, cov khoom nyob ib puag ncig nws qee zaum tshwm sim hauv nws. Qhov no yog teeb meem rau cov jeweler thiab kev zoo siab rau geologist. Qhov tseeb yog tias siv lead ua lattice ntawm lub pob zeb diamond, vim nws lub zog, tuaj yeem tuav cov pob zeb hauv av ntawm tib lub siab uas lawv tau nyob rau lub sijhawm tsim ntawm peb "pob zeb".

Thiab qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb, txij li ntau yam khoom, raws li lub siab hloov pauv, dhau ntawm ib lub xeev mus rau lwm qhov. Piv txwv li, stishovite, uas ruaj khov ntawm rau los yog ntau dua gigapascals, hloov mus rau hauv coesite nrog txo qis, thiab thaum nws nce mus txog saum npoo, mus rau hauv quartz, uas paub zoo rau peb.

Hauv qhov no, nws cov tshuaj formula, ntawm chav kawm, tsis hloov - nws yog silicon dioxide, SiO₂… Tsis tas li ntawd, lub siab nyob rau hauv inclusions tuaj yeem txiav txim siab qhov tob ntawm pob zeb diamond tsim.

Exhausted tube "Qhov Loj". Kimberley, South Africa

5. Pob zeb diamond ncav cuag qhov chaw los ntawm kimberlite- magma thaum ub uas ib zaug tsoo mus rau saum npoo los ntawm cov yeeb nkab kimberlite - qhov nqaim, me ntsis nthuav dav rau saum. Lub npe ntawm cov yeeb nkab thiab cov pob zeb hauv av yog vim lub nroog South African Kimberley, nyob ze uas thawj cov yeeb nkab no tau pom nyob rau xyoo 19th.

Tam sim no muaj kwv yees li 1,500 cov kav dej paub thoob ntiaj teb. Alas, pob zeb diamond tsis pom nyob rau hauv tag nrho, tab sis nyob rau hauv txhua feem kaum. Geologists ntseeg tias kimberlite suav txog li 90% ntawm lub ntiaj teb pob zeb diamond reserves.

Lamproite

6. Qhov seem 10% yog nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem. Lawv kuj yog cov pob zeb uas tsis muaj zog nrog cov poov tshuaj thiab magnesium siab.

Orange River, South Africa, hnub no

7. Ua ntej nrhiav pom cov kav dej kimberlite, pob zeb diamond tau mined hauv cov chaw, feem ntau yog cov dej ntws. Raws li nws tam sim no meej, lawv tau tsim thaum lub sij hawm yaig ntawm kimberlite volcanoes, uas tsuas yog cov kav dej tau nyob rau niaj hnub no. Muaj ob peb qhov chaw ntawm kev lag luam tseem ceeb hauv ntiaj teb.

Cov neeg Brazilian tau xyaum dhau los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, cov neeg Indian ob peb puas xyoo dhau los. Cov khib nyiab hauv South Africa tau pom nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th thiab nws yog lawv txoj kev loj hlob nyob ze Kimberley uas thaum kawg ua rau kev tshawb pom thawj cov yeeb nkab.