Capital ntawm Great Tartary. Ntu 3. Kev ploj lawm

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ua ntej nyeem, peb xav kom koj paub koj tus kheej nrog thawj ob ntu: Ntu 1 Ntu 2

Muaj ib qho txawv txawv txawv nyob rau hauv phau ntawv Fabkis xyoo 1683 (Manesson-Mallet). Tus sau sau tias lub nroog ntawm Tartaria yog lub nroog Khambalu (uas yog, Khambalyk), thiab sau tias Tartaria yog ib lub xeev ywj pheej, thiab txawm tias yog lub teb chaws Ottoman, thiab cov khas loj yog huab tais. Tom qab ntawd tus sau qhia peb ib daim duab ntawm Great Khan / Ham, ceeb toom: Zoo! Thiab tsis zoo li nyob rau hauv lub teb chaws Ottoman, piv txwv li, qhov twg prefix "Khan" tas li ntxiv rau lub npe ntawm Sultan, uas yog, tsis yog ib tug zoo, tsuas yog ib tug khan. Tab sis tom qab ntawd ib qho txawv txawv tshwm sim hauv phau ntawv: nws sau tias ntau pua xyoo lub ntiaj teb cov zej zog suav tias Khambala yog ib lub nroog cais, tab sis tsis yog, qhov tseeb, Khambala yog Beijing! Thiab nws txawm muab nws zaj dab neeg nrog ib daim duab, lawv hais tias, ntawm no nws yog, lub nroog Khanbalik. Thaum piav txog Tuam Tshoj-Tuam Tshoj nws tus kheej, nws muab yuav luag tib yam duab ntawm Beijing. Qhov ntawd yog, tus neeg Fabkis txoj no yeej suav tias Khambala thiab Beijing yog ib lub nroog. Qhov no yog qhov txawv heev, vim tias yav dhau los lwm tus kws sau ntawv tau piav qhia thiab piav qhia lub peev ntawm Tartary yog lub nroog tiag tiag. Thiab Marco Polo nyob hauv Khanbalik tau ntau xyoo thiab tau piav qhia tias nws loj heev. Tsuas muaj 3 txhiab lub koom haum pej xeem! Thiab tus choj nyob ib sab ntawm lub peev yog 12 mais ntev. Feem ntau ib mais yog ntau tshaj ib mais. Yog hais tias koj suav nyob rau hauv niaj hnub mais, nws hloov tawm hais tias tus choj ntawm polished pob zeb yog ntev li ntev raws li niaj hnub Crimean choj! Thiab tag nrho cov no mus qhov twg?

Hauv lwm lo lus, hauv 1683 cov neeg European ntes lawv tus kheej xav tias lawv tsis paub tias Kambala / Khanbalyk zoo li cas. Tus kws sau phau ntawv muab cov duab qhia ntxaws thiab cov duab ntawm palaces hauv lub nroog ntawm Tuam Tshoj, Persia thiab Is Nrias teb. Tab sis tsis muaj dab tsi zoo li no tshwm sim rau Tartary. Qhov no yuav qhia tau tias thaum lub sij hawm phau ntawv no tau sau, lub peev ntawm Tartary tsis muaj lawm. Manesson-Mallet tsis meej pem thiab sim piav qhia qhov kev nkag siab yuam kev los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qhov no yog Hambalu thiab qhov no yog Beijing, vim tias lawv yeej sawv ze rau ib leeg (txawm tias Tuam Tsev Loj Loj ntawm Tuam Tshoj yuav tsum sawv nruab nrab ntawm lawv). Yog li, peb pom tias qee lub sijhawm tom qab lawv ploj lawm tiag tiag, Khanbalik txuas ntxiv tau piav qhia hauv daim duab qhia tau ntau xyoo. Xav tias ib phau ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb, tau sau ntau xyoo, thiab cov ntaub ntawv mus txog Asia mus rau Tebchaws Europe tau ntev, ces nws tuaj yeem xav tias, txog li xyoo 1680, cov neeg European tsis muaj cov ntaub ntawv raug ntawm qhov chaw. ntawm lub nroog, thiab tom qab tso tawm lawv pom tias lub nroog zoo li no tsis muaj nyob hauv phau ntawv Manesson-Mallett.

Kuv tsis tau pom ib zaug txawm tias kwv yees daim ntawv qhia lossis lub tswv yim ntawm lub nroog Khanbalik, nws lub ntsiab square lossis palaces.

Nyob rau hauv 1729 illustrations los ntawm Peter Vander Aa, koj tuaj yeem pom lub palaces, lub tshav puam, "kev ua koob tsheej" (kab tshoob rau "Rudeness") ntawm Ham, koj tuaj yeem pom Ham nws tus kheej, tab sis nws tsis paub meej qhov twg tag nrho cov no tshwm sim. Ntawm nws daim duab qhia chaw (Kuv tau tswj kom pom ob) tsis muaj lub nroog Khanbalik / Khambala, tab sis thawj zaug muaj lub nroog Tamerlanka (thiab nws sawv, kwv yees li ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub nroog Tartaria), tom qab ntawd, ntawm lwm daim ntawv qhia, Tamerlanka ploj mus, thiab Ortus, lossis Ordus, tshwm.

Ntawm no tsuas yog ib qho ntawm cov duab qhia chaw los ntawm Peter Van der Aa. Yuav luag ib txwm nyob ntawm daim ntawv qhia qub - thiab qhov no tau pom ntawm no - Hambalik / Tamerlanku / Ordos nyob ze ntawm tib thaj chaw latitude li Beijing - 40 ° N, lossis qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm 40 ° N. thiab 45º N.. Nws nyob ntawm no, ntawm daim ntawv qhia qhia, peb nyeem me ntsis rau sab qab teb ntawm lub nroog Tamerlane: "3 lub nroog ntawm Tartar puas" (lus "3 Urbes Tartarae, destructae"). Tsis yog Peter Vander Aa tsuas yog hais txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov nroog (tsis yog chaw nyob!) Hauv Tartary. Nyob rau hauv ib tsab ntawm 1648-49. Hauv Latin hu ua "Parallela geographiae veteris et novae. Tomus 2 "los ntawm Philip Brietio (Philippo Brietio) thaum piav txog Moscow Tartary, uas yog ib feem ntawm Muscovy (tseem ceeb! Qhov no tsis yog ib feem ntawm lub xeev ntawm Great Tartary), lub nroog (chaw hauv cheeb tsam), puas los ntawm ib yam dab tsi inexplicable, kuj hais..

Lub npe ntawm thaj av Pohem lossis Pohemum (Pohem, Pohemum), uas tau rhuav tshem los ntawm Muscovites ("ib Moschovitis urbs extructa"), kuj tau qhia rau ntawm kab saum toj no. Nws hais txog cov nroog (urbs), pom tseeb, nws txhais tau hais tias qhov chaw nyob ntawm Pogem / Pochem cheeb tsam hauv cheeb tsam Siberia loj (hauv Moscow Tartary). Qhov no yog rau lo lus nug uas kev sib kis ntawm Kremlin lub hwj chim nyob rau hauv Siberia yog ntshav tsis muaj ntshav, thiab tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv zos, tsis muaj kev zam, liam tias tsis tiv thaiv kev nthuav dav ntawm Muscovites. Ntawm no tus sau phau ntawv txawv qhov laj thawj ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm ob cheeb tsam hauv Siberia - uas yog, tseem muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm kev puas tsuaj yooj yim thiab kev puas tsuaj ntawm tes ntawm Muscovites; qhov kev puas tsuaj tsuas yog ntawm qhov sib txawv. Thaj, vim muaj dej nyab ib ntus hauv cov cheeb tsam no, cov ntoo tsis muaj sij hawm mus txog qhov siab zoo thiab nrog cov pob tw nyias, raws li qhov zoo ntawm cov ntoo qub.

Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov nroog thiab dej nyab yog sau rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia ntawm Englishman Speed hauv 1626:

Ntawm no, nyob ze ntawm lub pas dej "Cincui hay" (Kuv tsis paub yuav ua li cas nyeem nws kom raug), qhov chaw ntawm ciam teb ntawm Tartaria, Tuam Tshoj-Tuam Tshoj thiab Is Nrias teb, muaj ib tug postscript:

"Hauv lub xeev Saney, ib lub pas dej puag ncig tau tsim los ntawm dej nyab hauv xyoo 1557 … hauv w … (pom tias, "hauv qhov chaw no" lossis ib yam dab tsi zoo sib xws hauv lub ntsiab lus) muaj 7 lub nroog hauv cheeb tsam, cov nroog suburban., zos thiab coob tus neeg. Thaum pom ib tug me nyuam tub "txawm yog nyob rau hauv ib tsob ntoo, los yog nyob rau hauv nws lub cev muaj ib yam dab tsi ntoo.

Feem ntau, dej nyab yog ib tug frenzied quab yuam, nws tsis yog tsuas yog dej nyab uas tej zaum tshwm sim thiab maj mam ploj mus. Ib tug tuaj yeem xav txog qhov loj ntawm lub pas dej no, uas tau tsim los ntawm kev puas tsuaj. Qhov xwm txheej tau tshwm sim rau sab qab teb ntawm Lop Desert (Gobi). Tab sis peb kuj tau nyeem txog lub nroog puas tsuaj ntawm daim duab qhia Peter Van der Aa xyoo 1729, ze rau Tamerlane.

Lawv sau cov ntawv dawb huv txog dej nyab lossis dej nyab tsis tu ncua hauv thaj chaw ntawm lub qub Tartary txawm tias tom qab ntawd. Tus sau phau ntawv Huc Évariste-Régis (1813-1860) hais txog kev taug kev ntawm ob peb tus neeg Fabkis mus rau thaj av no (kwv yees txhais lus):

Lub sijhawm no ntawm kev cia siab mob siab, peb txuas ntxiv mus nyob hauv cov gorges, thaj av ntawm Tartarus, nyob ntawm lub nceeg vaj ntawm Ouniot. Cov teb chaws no zoo li tau raug rhuav tshem los ntawm kev hloov pauv loj. Cov neeg nyob tam sim no hais tias nyob rau lub sijhawm thaum ub lub tebchaws tau nyob los ntawm Kaus Lim Kauslim cov pab pawg uas tau raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog thiab tau txais qhov chaw nkaum ntawm ceg av qab teb uas lawv tam sim no muaj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Dej Hiav Txwv Liab thiab Nyiv. Nyob rau hauv qhov no ntawm Tartary, peb feem ntau tuaj hla cov seem ntawm cov qub granites thiab fragments ntawm castles, uas zoo ib yam li cov seem ntawm medieval Europe. Thaum koj tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov pob zeb no (cov khib nyiab), nws tsis yog qhov tsis yooj yim uas yuav pom hmuv, xub xub, tawg ntawm riam phom thiab cov urns uas muaj cov nyiaj npib Kauslim.

Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th, cov Suav pib nkag rau hauv lub tebchaws no. Nws tseem zoo heev thaum lub sijhawm; cov roob tau crowned nrog zoo nkauj hav zoov, Mongolian tents tau tawg nyob rau hauv no thiab muaj, nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub hav ntawm cov rog pastures. Ntawm tus nqi qis heev, Suav tau txais kev tso cai los ntxuav cov suab puam. Maj mam (lawv) kab lis kev cai tau nce qib; cov tartars raug yuam kom tsiv teb tsaws chaw thiab tsav lawv cov tsiaj mus rau lwm qhov chaw. Txij thaum ntawd los, lub teb chaws tsis ntev hloov nws lub ntsej muag. Tag nrho cov ntoo raug torn tawm … . (cov phau ntawv tuaj yeem nrhiav tau ntawm Galica.bnf.fr)

Ntawm no koj tuaj yeem ntxiv lwm qhov kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub peev thiab lwm lub nroog ntawm Tartary - kiv puag ncig. Tab sis nws yuav nyuaj dua los tshawb xyuas qhov xwm txheej no. Yuav luag tag nrho cov ntaub ntawv ntawm boorish "kev tswj hwm" raug rhuav tshem. Cov riam phom ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd puas tuaj yeem ua tiav, xyaum mus rau xoom, rhuav tshem lub nroog loj? Tej zaum, thaum xub thawj, cov ntsiab lus tau tawg thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam, thiab tom qab ntawd "tsis txaus siab" lossis "tus neeg sawv cev txawv teb chaws" (lossis ob qho tib si) ntxuav cov khoom seem tom qab kev puas tsuaj.

Interestingly, tus Frenchman piav txog cov seem ntawm granite thiab fragments ntawm lub tsev uas zoo ib yam li cov European. Tom qab ntawd cov neeg Kauslim yuav ua li cas rau nws? Feem ntau yuav (qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm archaeological pom nyob rau hauv cov chaw no) ib tug txawv kiag li cov neeg nyob ntawm no - tsis Koreans. Thiab nyob rau hauv lawv cov nyiaj npib txhais tau tias npib nrog cov ntawv tsis paub zoo li Manchu (Manchus hu ua tartar-tunguts, uas tau kov yeej Tuam Tshoj-Chin hauv 1660s). Puas yog cov neeg Kauslim uas tau tso tseg tom qab pob zeb thiab cov hlaws Scythian hauv Inner Mongolia ze Ordos, thiab cov mummies lossis cov neeg Kauslim no - siab, plaub hau ncaj thiab tawv dawb - pom nyob rau sab qaum teb Suav? Nws yog txaus los kawm nyob rau hauv kom meej lub ancient thiab thiaj li hu ua ancient architecture ntawm Koreans thiab to taub hais tias cov no puas "medieval" (!) Palaces tau tsim los ntawm leej twg, tab sis twv yuav raug hu tsis yog Koreans, Japanese los yog Suav.

Thaum kawg ntawm lub ntsiab lus loj no hais txog lub peev ntawm Tartary, uas ploj mus rau qhov tsis paub vim li cas, kuv xav sau ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv. Tom qab qhov ploj ntawm Khanbalik / Khambalu, tsis muaj lwm lub peev tshwm nyob rau hauv Tartary (qee tus neeg sau ntawv nyob sab Europe tseem qhia Cambalu ua lub peev ntawm Tartary rau ntau xyoo lawm), thiab lub teb chaws nws tus kheej tau maj mam kov yeej los ntawm Muscovites, uas tab tom sim los tuav lub sab qaum teb ntawm Tartaria, los yog los ntawm Suav, uas (txawm hais tias tus huab tais Tuam Tshoj-Chins thiab yog Tartar keeb kwm) gnaw sab qab teb thiab sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub teb chaws. Hauv Caucasus, thaj tsam ntawm Circassia, nyob ntawm Persia, tau tsim, yav dhau los subordinate rau Great Ham. Tartary, zoo li lub USSR lig, tab tom tawg ntawm seams, cov xeev nyob sib ze tau rub lub teb chaws Ottoman sib nrug. Tus kav lub teb chaws ploj mus xyaum ua ke nrog Khanbalik / Khambalu. Qhov tseeb tias cov duab piv txwv ntawm Dutchman Peter Vander Aa zoo li piav qhia txog Great Ham tuaj yeem hais txog ob qhov xwm txheej.

Txawm hais tias lub peev raug rhuav tshem, thiab Ham tau muaj sia nyob thiab kav ib lub tebchaws tsis muaj peev txheej rau qee lub sijhawm (raws li hauv cov lus piav qhia, qhov twg "tus tub huabtais" zaum hauv lub tsev pheeb suab Tartar classic nrog rau sab saum toj tshwj xeeb).

Los yog cov duab kos no tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 1729 raws li cov lus xaiv thiab cov neeg ua pov thawj pom pom Ham ntau dhau los.

Ntawm daim duab qhia chaw thiab hauv cov ntawv luam tawm tom qab nruab nrab - ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th (1640-1700), peb pom qhov ploj ntawm lub peev, qhov chaw nyob ntawm Great Ham tsis hais nyob qhov twg. Tartary tau muab faib rau hauv Moscow (tswj mus rau Muscovy), Suav-Chinskaya (tsuas yog Tuam Tshoj-Suav) thiab Dawb / Independent, uas yog pom tseeb tias muaj npe vim nws muaj kev ywj pheej los ntawm cov xeev nyob sib ze, piv txwv li, Persia, uas nws ciam teb. Tseem muaj Tartary Malaya, tab sis nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, ua ke nrog lub Crimea, nws belongs rau lub teb chaws Ottoman, lub dynasty kav uas yog los ntawm Tartaria (ntau qhov tseeb, nws cheeb tsam - Turkestan), uas yuav kawm tau los ntawm Latin qhov chaw ntawm Hnub Nyoog Nruab Nrab. Tibet nrog Lhasa los nyob rau hauv txoj cai ntawm Beijing. Muaj ntau lub hordes tawg thoob plaws hauv thaj chaw ntawm Kev ywj pheej thiab Suav-Chin Tartaria nrog lawv cov khas hauv zos thiab khanchiks ("princes"). Hauv lwm lo lus, tom qab qee qhov xwm txheej los ntawm nruab nrab mus rau qhov thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, Tartary poob nws qhov chaw nto moo, ua nyob rau hauv "European" yam, thiab pib sib nrug.

Hauv tsab xov xwm tom ntej no, peb yuav pom qhov chaw nyob ntawm Khanbalik. Peb yuav ua pov thawj tias yog vim li cas nws yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam no uas koj yuav tsum tau mus nrhiav cov cim ntawm lub legendary Asian nroog, thiab tsis nyob rau hauv lwm yam, peb yuav nrhiav tau tawm dab tsi yuav puas tau nws. Thiab peb tseem yuav nthuav peb lub qab ntug nrog ntau qhov tsis ntev los no tau pom qhov tseeb txog lub teb chaws tsis meej - Tartaria.