Granite Petersburg

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov khoom siv tau npaj ua ib feem ntawm kev txhawb nqa ntawm "Impossible Isakiy" qhov project. Kev tsim cov yeeb yaj kiab yog nyob rau hauv lub viav vias, ua tsaug rau txhua tus neeg uas txhawb nqa qhov project.

Sukhanov coj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev tawg granite rau qhov yooj yim thiab yooj yim. Tej zaum, cov neeg nyob hauv Petersburg yuav tsis ua kom zoo dua qhov kev tshawb pom tseem ceeb no thiab peb lub peev yuav tig mus rau hauv Thebes tshiab hauv kev nrawm, tom qab cov xeeb ntxwv yuav sib cav seb tib neeg lossis cov neeg loj heev tau tsim lub nroog no.

Petersburg tau tsim tsuas yog ob peb puas xyoo ua ntej peb. Peb cov txheeb ze plaub tiam dhau los tuaj yeem koom nrog hauv thawj theem ntawm kev tsim kho St. Isaac's Cathedral. Qhov no tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm Pushkin lub neej nyob rau hauv ib tug zoo-tsim ntaub ntawv lub sij hawm. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo ntawd, roob ntawm scientific thiab fictional ntaub ntawv sau nyob rau hauv cov lus niaj hnub. Tab sis vim li cas ho tsis ib lo lus hais txog cov cuab yeej thiab txoj hauv kev ua cov kab granite zoo meej? Pob zeb cutters ntawm tiam tom ntej no tsis muaj ntaub ntawv los yog qhov ncauj paub.

Cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev thauj cov kab los ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb mus rau qhov chaw nyob hauv kev tsim kho raws li hauv qab no: cov monoliths raug liam tias tau thauj khoom mus rau hauv cov nkoj hauv qab thiab tom qab ntawd ib lub tog raj kheej ntau-tuj liam tias dov rau ntawm ntug dej raws nyias boards.

Cia wb mus saib lwm cov duab ntawm granite billet logistics.

1. Kev thauj mus los ntawm granite blocks ntawm cov nkoj tshwj xeeb. Engraving los ntawm Karl Friedrich Sabat:

2. Unloading ntawm ob kab nyob ze ntawm Admiralty - lithograph tom qab tus thawj los ntawm Montferrand:

(los ntawm txoj kev, qhov ntev ntawm kab lus tsis yog 17 official meters, tab sis hais txog 1.8x7 = 12ntxiv lossis rho tawm 2 meters rau qhov tsis raug ntawm qhov kwv yees):

3. Kev teeb tsa ntawm 1 kem ntawm sab qaum teb portico. Lithograph nrog lub suab. Bischbois, W. Adam, raws li tus thawj los ntawm O. Montferrand:

thiab, thaum kawg, 4. thawj watercolor ntawm Montferrand nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv 1824 - lub unloading ntawm kem rau St. Isaac lub Cathedral:

Thiab ntawm no yog ib qho piv txwv hais txog kev thauj mus los ntawm ib lub workpiece rau Alexander Kum, tab sis qhov uas tseem qhia peb txog qhov tsis ntseeg ntawm Montferrand cov duab kos: ntawm no peb pom yuav ua li cas lub monolith hnyav li 600 tons tsuas yog dai rau saum huab cua thaum cov laug cam tawg hauv qab nws. Ib tug tau txais kev xav tias xws li "lub xeev xwm txheej ceev ntawm lub chaw" tau piav qhia txhob txwm muab kev ntseeg siab rau cov ntawv tshaj tawm.

Thaum koj saib cov duab kos, koj nkag siab: kos duab tsis yog txav granite.

Cov duab kos puas tuaj yeem cuam tshuam qhov tseeb ntawm xyoo ntawd? Koj puas xav tau cov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb kom nkag siab tias xws li logistics ntawm granite blocks hnyav 600, thiab txawm tias 114 tons (rau Isaac) tsis sawv los thuam?

Txawm li cas los xij, rau cov kws tshaj lij hauv kev tsim nkoj thiab cov chaw tshwj xeeb uas xav koom nrog hauv kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov nkoj thauj tshwj xeeb, ntawm no yog cov lus hais los ntawm Montferrand:

… Lub nkoj nqa lub pas nrig monolithic yog 147 ko taw ntev thiab 40 ko taw nyob rau hauv crossbeam, thiab yog 13 feet 3 ntiv tes los ntawm keel mus rau choj.

Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 18, 1830, cov thawj coj saib xyuas kev ua haujlwm tau txais los ntawm Minister of Navy ib txoj kev npaj thiab kev kwv yees kos rau kev tsim lub nkoj raws li kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tus thawj coj engineer.

Lub nkoj tau tsim nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg ntawm tus tub lag luam Gromov lub nkoj nkoj los ntawm Colonel Glazin, yog ib tus neeg tsim qauv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm lub xeev cov nkoj. Cov qauv hauv qab no muaj peev xwm tiv taus qhov siab tshaj plaws ntawm 65,000 phaus, uas yog, 2,600,000 phaus, nrog kev hloov pauv tsis pub ntau tshaj 7 taw 3 ntiv tes, uas ua rau muaj kev yooj yim heev rau kev hla dhau ntawm ntau lub shoals ntsib ntawm txoj kev navigation.

Tag nrho cov kev ntsuas tau coj los xyuas kom meej tias thaum Lub Xya Hli 5, 1832, lub nkoj tau poob thauj tog rau nkoj ntawm Puterlak chaw txua txiag zeb.

Tus neeg cog lus Yakovlev, uas tau tso siab rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev thauj khoom thiab tshem tawm kab, pib ua haujlwm, ua haujlwm plaub puas tus neeg. Txhawm rau ua kom lub nkoj thauj khoom ntawm kem, kuv xaj kom tsim ib lub pier, protruding mus rau hauv hiav txwv rau 30 fab. Lub pier tau tsim los ntawm cov seem ntawm granite uas tawg tawm thaum lub sij hawm tsim cov pob zeb. Nws xaus nrog qhov chaw nres nkoj 105 ko taw ntev thiab 80 ko taw dav. Cov qauv muaj ib lub log-tsev teeb rau pawg, cov kab uas hla, tsim ib qho piv txwv ntawm tawb; cov hlwb no tau ntim nrog granite.

Los ntawm saum toj no, cov tawb tau sib tshooj nrog kab teeb nyob ze, thiab nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm cov kab teeb, cov laug cam tau muab tso rau hauv ob txheej, uas ua rau tus choj ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj, thaum kawg ntawm lub pier protruding mus rau hauv hiav txwv tau tsim. hla nws. Qhov no tsim ib txoj kev ncaj ncees rau lub nkoj. Capstans tau nruab rau ntawm lub pier rau kev thauj cov kab.

Lub pier, zoo li qhov chaw nres nkoj, yog 106 ko taw ntev. Raws li rau txoj kev ncaj ncees, nws tsuas yog 44 ko taw dav los muab kev ruaj ntseg rau lub nkoj thaum thauj khoom.

Txoj kev ncaj ncees tau ntxuav los ntawm ob pab pawg ua haujlwm ua haujlwm nruab hnub thiab hmo ntuj. Qhov kev nrawm nrawm ntawm kev tshem tawm hauv qab no tau ua kom tsis txhob ncua sijhawm.

Yuav kom tau txais 10 feet ntawm qhov tob uas yuav tsum tau muaj rau kev thauj khoom, ob txhais taw ntawm cov av nplaum hnyav heev yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm hauv qab.

Txawm hais tias lub rooj sib txoos yuav tsum tau taug kev tsuas yog 300 ko taw ntawm txoj kev ncaj kom tau lub tsheb thauj mus los ntawm nws qhov chaw ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, qhov kawg roughness thiab unevenness ntawm pob zeb raws txoj kev ua rau nws nyuaj heev. Lawv yuav tsum tau tshuab lawv mus rau tag nrho qhov ntev ntawm 300 ko taw, thiab tom qab tshem tawm cov pob zeb, nteg txoj kev nrog kab teeb nteg ib qho mus rau lwm qhov.

Lub qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob ntawm kab mus rau lub pier pib txawm ua ntej qhov kawg ntawm qhov qis ntawm txoj kev khiav, thiab lawv yuav tsum tau tuav yim capstans, vim, vim qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kawg ntawm kab, nws ib txwm coj ib kab pheeb ces kaum. kev taw qhia thaum lub sij hawm qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob. Thiab los ntawm qhov tseeb tias rau kev thauj khoom kom raug nws yuav tsum tau saib xyuas qhov sib luag ntawm cov khoom thauj ntawm ntug ntawm lub berth, nws yog qhov tsim nyog yuav tsum tig nws ntau zaus thaum tag nrho txoj kev ntawm kem rov qab mus rau qhov sib npaug. Cov txheej txheem tig no tau ua los ntawm kev siv lub zog muaj zog, kho nrog hlau, uas rov qab rau txhua 12 ko taw. Nruab nrab ntawm lub npoo thiab kab, cov laug cam rub nrog xab npum tau hloov pauv ib qho tom qab lwm qhov. Rau lub capstans, siv pulley blocks, rub lub kem rau pem hauv ntej, thaum ob tug lwm tus, muab tso rau tom qab, kom tsis txhob tig.

Tom qab ob lub lis piam ntawm kev ua haujlwm hnyav, lawv thaum kawg ua tiav tias kem so ntawm ntug ntawm pier …

Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog xav paub hais tias tsis muaj quarries ntawm txaus loj, noj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov "granitization" ntawm St. Petersburg, nyob ib ncig ntawm tsis muaj.

Tus neeg siv nyob rau hauv lub npe menyuam yaus mus xyuas qhov chaw, uas tam sim no suav hais tias yog ib qho chaw pov tseg Piterlux chaw txua txiag zeb, tam sim no nyob hauv Finland - tsis yog qhov ntim ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, thiab qhov xwm txheej ntawm granite nws tus kheej yog qhov tsim nyog rau qhov chaw ntawm granite rau txhua kab. ntawm St. Petersburg. Tsis muaj ib qho chaw ntawm "lub pas dej tawg tawm mus rau hauv hiav txwv rau 30 fab".

Thiab Montfferand nws tus kheej tau sau ntau yam funny txog qhov no:

… nws yuav yog ib tug delusion xav tias granite colossi, obelisks thiab lwm yam Egyptian monoliths tau tawg los ntawm lub plawv ntawm lub roob. Nrog rau kev zam ntawm qee qhov chaw nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Suan, cov neeg Iyiv, txhawm rau zam cov nqi loj cuam tshuam nrog txoj haujlwm no, tau txais cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev xaiv granite los ntawm cov pob zeb nyob deb uas tau tawg thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws, cov duab thiab qhov loj me uas sib haum rau txhua qhov. muab case.

Ib yam li ntawd, cov neeg cog lus niaj hnub ua haujlwm nrog kev muab granite ua tib yam.

Qhov no piav qhia txog qhov tsis tseem ceeb ntawm cov cim ntawm granite mining hauv Finland hauv kev sib piv nrog cov nyiaj ntau ntawm nws cov khoom noj hauv St

Ua li ntawd, yog tias lub tuam tsev nto moo monolithic ntawm Sais tau tsim los ntawm ib qho thaiv ntawm cov pob zeb granite khiav raws ntug dej ntawm Nile, ze ntawm Elephantiana, yog tias lub pob zeb loj loj uas ua lub pedestal ntawm tus pej thuam ntawm Peter lub Great. tsis tshua raug tshem tawm ntawm cov swamps uas nws tau faus rau ntau pua xyoo, cov pob zeb no tsis yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj li cov pob zeb ntawd,Los ntawm qhov uas lub monolith ntawm Alexandrian kem tau tom qab carved.

Zoo, uas yog, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tau taug kev los ntawm, lawv pom ib qho tsim nyog, lawv coj nws, tsa nws, nqa nws, ntsia nws, polished, thiab ntawm no nws yog, qhov zoo nkauj ntawm Petersburg nyob rau hauv tag nrho nws lub yeeb koob.

Lub embankments ntawm Neva, Moika, Griboyedov Canal (Catherine Canal), Fontanka - tag nrho cov no tau hnav nyob rau hauv granite thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Catherine II. Piv txwv li, opposite lub Marble (Konstantinovsky) Palace ntawm tib lub Rinaldi, muaj ib tug pier ntawm lub embankment, qhov twg hnub tim 1776 yog engraved rau ntawm lub pob zeb.

Lub 70s-80s ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th yog suav hais tias yog lub xyoo thaum Petersburg tsis yog pob zeb xwb, tab sis granite. Granite tau siv kaum tawm, yog tias tsis yog ntau pua txhiab tus cubic meters. Nws paub, piv txwv li, los ntawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm 1768 ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Ruskeala marble chaw txua txiag zeb, txawm hais tias marble tau siv tsawg dua granite, tab sis tsis muaj kev txiav txim los yog txiav txim los tsim lub Peterlux chaw txua txiag zeb - lub ntsiab ntawm granite raws li. lub official version.

Yuav ua li cas koj tsis xav tsis thoob ntawm cov lus ntawm Alopeus (Cov lus piav qhia luv luv ntawm marble thiab lwm cov pob zeb pob zeb, roob thiab pob zeb pob zeb nyob hauv Lavxias Karelia, 1787, pp. 57-58):

Hauv Imbilakht, ntawm ib lub pob zeb ntug dej hiav txwv, muaj lub roob zoo, muaj zog, grey-liab granite. Nyob rau hauv qab ntawm lub roob muaj ntau ntau square thiab oblong pieces uas tau poob deb ntawm nws, mus txog 3 arshins [kwv yees 2, 1 meters] ntev, uas yog li ncaj thiab du, zoo li yog hais tias lawv txhob txwm txiav tawm rau. qee siv. Zoo kawg uas cov neeg cog lus uas muab cov pob zeb tsis pom lub roob uas tseb… Yog lawm, thiab ib lub roob tag nrho tuaj yeem tawg ntawm tus nqi qis, vim tias muaj qhov sib sib zog nqus ncaj nraim rau ntawm nws.

Ob peb lo lus hais txog lub polemics ntawm casting los yog ib tug monolith ntawm txhua, uas yog ib txwm ib txwm ntawm lwm txoj kev.

Vim li cas kuv thiaj xav tias qhov no tsis yog kev cam? Qhov tseeb yog tias cov mineralogical muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm rapakivi granite, los ntawm cov kab ntawm St. Isaac's Cathedral yog tsim, yog paub zoo. Nws muaj qhov loj (txog 5 cm) sib npaug, thiaj li hu ua ovoid, lossis ovoid, tawm ntawm paj yeeb feldspar - orthoclase, overgrown nrog lub plhaub dawb ntawm lwm feldspar - oligoclase. Cov ovoids dhau lub pob zeb thiab yog cemented los ntawm nruab nrab-grained loj ntawm liab thiab dawb feldspars, grey-dub quartz, ntsuab-dub mica, thiab mica-zoo li hornblende.

Nrog xws li ib tug complex thiab heterogeneous qauv, uas yog kawm tau zoo los ntawm mineralogists, yog hais tias peb xav tias casting technologies, ces lawv yuav tsum tsim ib tug 100% daim ntawv ntawm tej yam ntuj tso khoom, nrog rau ovoid inclusions, muaju ntawm ntau ntau thiab tsawg thiab crystallization tom qab casting, uas, ntxiv rau., txiav ovoid inclusions nyob rau hauv ib nrab.

Lwm qhov kev sib cav tawm tsam cov thev naus laus zis no yog tias ib qho ntawm cov kab qhia pom cov kab sib txuas ntawm ob ntu, thaj tsam thawj qhov siab ntawm kem tsis txaus, lossis cov kem puas lawm. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm casting, xws li ib tug xov kov tsis ua rau kev nkag siab ntawm tag nrho cov, txij li thaum tsis muaj leej twg thab mus nrum kem mus rau qhov kawg.

Yaroslav Yargin