Granite Petersburg. Ntu 2

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

1. Tsis hais txog ntawm txoj kev ua granite monoliths, tag nrho cov tswv yim technologies: casting, thiab ua hauj lwm nrog ntuj pob zeb, thiab "plasticine", thiab lwm yam "plasma cutters" kom meej meej tsis haum mus rau lub officially xaiv technological theem ntawm 200 xyoo dhau los - qhov no yog qhov tseem ceeb.

Thiab nws tseem tsis tau paub ntau npaum li cas los khi rau ib qho tshwj xeeb hnub rau kev tsim kho ntawm tib lub St. Isaac's Cathedral, txij li thaum raws li lub official version, lub Kazan Cathedral tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1811 - lub granite txhua sab hauv lub tsev teev ntuj no me ntsis. me me, tab sis nrog tib qhov zoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab geometry.

Nws hloov tawm raws li cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, thaum lub sij hawm tig ntawm lub xyoo pua 18-19 lub tshuab no twb muaj lawm.

2. Tam sim no cia peb xav txog ntau yam pov thawj ntawm "pre-Petrine" Petersburg, thiab qhov no feem ntau yuav yog cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb, nyob deb ntawm lwm cov qauv.

Ntawm no yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb uas xav nyob twj ywm tsis qhia npe, uas tau tswj xyuas cov duab kos duab pov tseg ntawm qhov nkag mus rau Menshikov Bastion. Cov no yog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm excavations nyob rau hauv 2007-2009 (hnub tim ntawm excavations txawv me ntsis raws li txawv qhov chaw) los ntawm sab nraum lub Menshikov Bastion (los ntawm sab ntawm Kronverk).

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Ib tug granite da dej yog ib qho analogue ntawm da dej los ntawm thermal da dej ntawm Caracalla, ib tug me ntsis txawv lub kaum sab xis ntawm inclination, lub zos granite. Ntawm no yog cov duab sib piv: 1 - da dej ntawm St. Petersburg, 2, 3 - Roman da dej los ntawm thermal da dej ntawm Caracalla, 4 - da dej los ntawm lub qub tsev cia puav pheej ntawm Berlin.

Qhov no yog dab tsi - luam rau antiquity los yog pov thawj ntawm tib theem ntawm technical thiab industrial culture? Peb yuav txav mus rau txoj kev twg: lub pas dej ntawm St. Petersburg yog thaum ub los yog lub tsev khaws puav pheej Roman cov khoom pov thawj tseem hluas dua?

Raws li cov nom version, qhov no yog ib lub tais haus rau refined Petersburg nees, xws li haus lub tais raug ntsia raws li Montferrand tus tsim nyob rau hauv lub nkuaj ntawm lub Me Hermitage (tam sim no lawv nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob ntawm lub Hermitage):

Tab sis rov qab mus rau Hare Island.

Nyob rau hauv txhua rooj plaub, lub official archaeology ntawm St. Petersburg muaj ib tug heev ob peb yam xws li cov khoom uas npaj txhij txog. Nov yog qee qhov piv txwv nyob rau hauv ib txwm chronology:

Hauv cheeb tsam Nevye, cov khoom muaj nqis ntawm Arab npib tau pom rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm ua haujlwm ntawm "Txoj Kev ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks"

Thawj ntawm lawv (nyiaj Sassanid npib ntawm 7th-8th centuries) tau pom thaum ntxov li 1797 thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm Galley Harbor; Nyob rau hauv 1804 ib tug serf peasant khawb rau ntawm ib tug ntawm cov Islands tuaj, ntau npaum li cas, 7 poods ntawm nyiaj npib; thiab xyoo 1941 cov khoom muaj nqis zoo sib xws (86 Kufic thiab Sassanid npib) tau pom nyob ze Petrodvorets.

Treasures ntawm Roman lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Leningrad cheeb tsam

Mus rau Laboratory ntawm Archaeology, Keeb Kwm Sociology thiab Cultural Heritage. G. S. Lebedev tau txais ob hoards ntawm Roman lub sij hawm los ntawm ib ncig ntawm lub Leningrad cheeb tsam. Cov neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Ua Haujlwm qhia kev ua tsaug rau cov neeg nyob hauv nroog Pushkin, Alexander Alexandrovich Panshin, uas tau tshawb pom cov kev nthuav dav tshaj plaws no thiab xa mus rau Lub Chaw Haujlwm (duab los ntawm Grigory Kobesh).

Thawj cov khoom muaj nqis muaj 30 Roman tooj liab npib uas txaus siab khaws cia. Cov khoom muaj nqis thib ob suav nrog 12 cov nyiaj npib tooj liab thiab cov khoom ntawm tooj liab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub los ntawm lub sijhawm Roman - lub caj dab grivna, brooch thiab ib txoj hlua nqaim. Yav dhau los, ob qho tib si complex tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau 1st - 2nd centuries AD.

Los ntawm cov lus:

Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv "Ib lub zos ntawm … qhov siab" nws yog sau: "… Thaum pib ntawm lub 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, nyob rau hauv lub vaj cheeb tsam "So ntawm cov neeg ua hauj lwm", … ib tug earthen hlab ntsha puv. Cov nyiaj npib thaum ub tau pom, lawv tau pom lub hnub nchuav tawm rays, cov nyiaj npib tau minted nyob rau hauv ancient Rome txawm ua ntej cov ntseeg Vajtswv - nyob rau hauv 314 AD.

Kuv nco qab xyoo 1998 lossis 1999 thaum "cov kev tshawb fawb qub los ntawm pab pawg ntawm cov phooj ywg" raug xa mus rau Hermitage rau ntau tshaj peb caug lub sijhawm Roman brooches. Raws li txoj cai, lawv tau hais tias "tawm mus, khawb hauv Crimea thiab sau cov dab neeg no txog thaj tsam Leningrad."Thiab unofficially, cov lus teb tau txais - "vim hais tias ntawm koj, cov detectors yuav tsum rewrite keeb kwm ntawm lub cheeb tsam." Cov nram qab no yog txhais lus ntxhib - "sau ntawv" ntawm keeb kwm tam sim no yuav tuag, nws yuav ua tau kom kho nws …..

Koj tuaj yeem nyeem txog lwm yam kev pom ntawm cov khoom los ntawm Roman lub sij hawm nyob rau hauv lub Leningrad cheeb tsam ntawm no:

Bulkin V. A., Sedykh V. N., Kargapoltsev S. Yu. Rivers ntawm sab hnub tuaj ntawm lub Baltic phiab nyob rau hauv lig antique qhov chaw thiab ib co archaeological pom nyob rau hauv tus dej. Luga.

Thiab ntawm no yog ib daim duab ntawm embankment hauv qab dej hauv St. Petersburg, ntawm tus dej Monastyrka:

Cov theem ntawm lub embankment no tau zoo heev "tua" nrog lub fact tias cov thawj pem teb yog littered yuav luag thoob plaws hauv St. Petersburg, hais txog uas nws tau sau ntau tshaj ib zaug, thiab tsis yog ob zaug.

Excavations ntawm Okhta

Tawm tsam keeb kwm yav dhau los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv no, kev khawb av ntawm Okhta, uas tau ua ua ntej kev tsim kho ntawm Gazprom pej thuam, zoo li tsis kaj, tab sis ua tiav.

Txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb yog raws li hauv qab no: cov khoom qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov txheej txheem kab lis kev cai nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam raws li kev txiav txim siab hnub rov qab mus rau 7-3 txhiab xyoo dhau los.

Nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Eastern Europe, kev nyob ntawm Neolithic thiab Early Metal lub sij hawm nrog xws li khaws cia ntawm cov organic seem yog ib qho tshwm sim tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, thiab nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Leningrad cheeb tsam lawv txawv. Ua tsaug rau excavations ntawm lub Okhta Cape, kev tshawb fawb tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb hais txog lub neej niaj hnub thiab kev lag luam ntawm cov neeg uas nyob hauv thaj chaw yav tom ntej St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm primitiveness.

Tom qab ntawd cov deposits kuj tau pom, raws li cov nom version, cov kab ntawm 1300 Landskrona fortress. Nov yog ib qho ntawm cov duab los ntawm cov excavations hauv nruab nrab ntawm St. Petersburg:

Zoo thiab ntau ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai

Muaj ib qho kev sib cav hais txog qhov ntau thiab qhov zoo ntawm cov ntawv sau keeb kwm ntawm St. Petersburg 200 xyoo dhau los. Txaus siab rau cov lus ntawm lwm txoj hauv kev, qee zaum zoo li muaj tsawg heev ntawm lawv, thiab lawv txhua tus "tsis meej pem hauv zaj lus tim khawv."

Raws li rau "kev tsis meej pem" - ntawm no, tej zaum, qhov kev kwv yees ntawm Leo lub Hudy, uas tau sau txog cov lus qhia uas txhob txwm ua kom tawg mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai, los ntawm "shtirlits" nyob rau hauv lub camp ntawm tag nrho cov cuav, tej zaum yuav tsim nyog. Yuav ua li cas ntxiv los piav qhia txog kev sib koom ua ke tshwj xeeb kos duab los ntawm Montferrand's albums, qhov twg ntawm nplooj ntawv txuas ntxiv, ib kem tam sim no nrog lub nplhaib, tam sim no tsis muaj, tam sim no nrog lub ntsuas kub rau kaw, Isaac tau sawv ntawm lub sijhawm qhib ntawm Alexandrian kem, lossis tsis.

Raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv pov thawj "daim ntawv", ces, ntawm chav kawm, muaj ntau ntawm lawv.

Cov archives muaj ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv los ntawm Moferran, thiab los ntawm ntau tus neeg rau nws, lub commission rau kev tsim kho ntawm St. Isaac lub Cathedral tau sau ntau tshaj ib txhiab cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov kev tsim kho lub sij hawm - qhov no yog tsawg kawg yog tib tus naj npawb ntawm cais. cov ntaub ntawv.

Feem ntau, muaj cov ntaub ntawv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv, txawm hais tias kev nkag mus rau lawv yog xyaum txwv tsis pub (xws li vim qhov tshwj xeeb ntawm St. tsis tuaj kawm ntawv pib qhia nyob rau hauv heev round sums).

Tab sis nyob rau hauv no hais txog, nws yuav tsum tau nco ntsoov hais tias XIX caug xyoo yog ib tug boom nyob rau hauv fakes.

Kev liam tias cov ntawv Greek thaum ub, cov ntawv ntawm huab tais, cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo, thiab ntau lwm cov ntaub ntawv raug tsim los ntawm ntau txhiab leej. Koj tuaj yeem nyeem ntxiv txog qhov ntsuas ntawm kev sau ntawv cuav hauv kab lus no, tab sis ntawm no peb yuav luv luv sau qee qhov tseeb:

1. Raws li cov kws tshawb fawb hauv Fabkis, nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1822 thiab 1835 ntau tshaj 12,000 cov ntawv sau, cov ntawv thiab lwm cov ntawv sau npe ntawm cov neeg nto moo raug muag, hauv 1836-1840 11,000 tau muab tso rau hauv kev sib tw, xyoo 1841-1845 - kwv yees li 15,000. -1859 - 32000. Ib txhia ntawm lawv raug nyiag los ntawm cov tsev qiv ntawv pej xeem thiab ntiag tug thiab khaws cia, tab sis cov khoom loj yog forgeries. Qhov kev thov nce ntxiv tau ua rau muaj kev nce ntxiv hauv cov khoom siv, thiab kev tsim khoom ntawm forging yog ua ntej ntawm kev txhim kho hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kuaj xyuas lawv thaum lub sijhawm ntawd.

2. Yog hais tias koj muab ib tug neeg ib txwm tsuas yog Rewrite tej hauj lwm ntawm tus naas ej mathematician Leonard Euler, nws yuav siv sij hawm 80 xyoo ua hauj lwm txhua hnub rau 12 teev, xya hnub ib lim piam. Tab sis qhov no yog lej, ntawm no nws tseem tsim nyog xav. Peb yuav tsum tsis txhob hnov qab tias Euler yog dig muag rau ib nrab ntawm nws lub neej, thiab yug tau 17 tus menyuam. Lo lus nug yog - leej twg sau "cov haujlwm ntawm Euler"?

3. Tus kws tshawb fawb nto moo Yauxej Justus Scaliger tau muab tso ua ke pub dawb ntawm cov kws sau ntawv Greek thaum ub, dhau los ua txoj haujlwm ntawm Astrampsychus. Ntau tus paub tias nws yog antique.

4. Cov neeg dag ntxias tshaj plaws tau lees paub tias yog Vren-Luka, tus tub ntawm tus kws qhia ntawv nyob deb nroog, uas tsis tau txais kev kawm txuj ci. Nws pib los ntawm kev sau cov noob caj noob ces ntawm cov tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Ntxiv ntxiv. Cov ntawv ntawm Alexander lub Great, Cicero, Julius Caesar, Plato, Aristotle, Archimedes, Euclid, Egyptian poj huab tais Cleopatra, huab tais Augustus thiab Nero, kws sau paj lug Ovid thiab Virgil, philosophers thiab zaum Seneca, Pliny, Tacitus, Plutarch, Dante, inventor Luther, Michelangelo, Shakespeare thiab lwm yam, txoj cai mus txog Mary Magdalene, Judas Iscariot, King Herod thiab Pontius Pilate. Cov ntawv ntawm Fabkis cov tub rog, cov kws sau ntawv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb tau nthuav dav tshwj xeeb - los ntawm Charlemagne mus rau Richelieu, los ntawm Joan of Arc mus rau Voltaire thiab Rousseau. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, txawm tias Julius Caesar thiab Cleopatra tau qhia lawv tus kheej hauv lawv cov ntawv hlub hauv Fabkis niaj hnub.

Luca mob siab me ntsis txog qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws qhov kev dag ntxias, uas nws dhau los ua qhov qub. Thaum nws raug tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev qiv ntawv, qhov chaw nws txiav tawm cov nplooj ntawv ntawm cov qub folios nrog txiab. Abelard cov ntawv rau Héloise feem ntau tau sau rau ntawm daim ntawv nrog watermark ntawm Angoulême Hoobkas. Lukas tsuas yog tsis muaj sijhawm los mus rau hauv cov subtleties zoo li no - tom qab tag nrho, nws tau forged tsis tsawg nrog nws txhais tes - 27,000 (peb caug xya txhiab!)ntau yam ntaub ntawv. Nws raug sim hauv xyoo 1870 thiab raug kaw rau 2 xyoos hauv tsev lojcuj.

(lwm tsab xov xwm ntawm lub ncauj lus no: Sau keeb kwm yog lus dag loj)

Peb puas muaj laj thawj ntseeg tias nyob rau hauv tsarist Russia, cov ntaub ntawv tsis zoo dua?

Kuv ua tsaug rau txhua tus kws sau ntawv, cov nyeem thiab cov neeg tawm tswv yim ntawm lub vev xaib kramola.info

Yaroslav Yargin