Unrealized Stalinist Projects. Stalin lub Moscow

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Niaj hnub no lub Moscow yog adorned nrog xya "Stalinist skyscrapers" txaus siab rau towering nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev. Cia kuv ceeb toom rau koj tias qhov no yog lub tsev tseem ceeb ntawm Moscow State University, lub tsev ntawm Ministry of Foreign Affairs, cov tsev so "Ukraine" thiab "Leningradskaya", nrog rau peb lub tsev tswj hwm thiab thaj chaw nyob ntawm Kotelnicheskaya Embankment, ntawm Kudrinskaya Square thiab ntawm Red Gate Square. Kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv saum toj no tau tshwm sim tom qab Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Loj, thiab ua ntej kev tuag ntawm I. V. Stalin, feem ntau ntawm kev tsim kho kev ua haujlwm twb tau ua tiav, thiab cov tsev twb tau pib ua haujlwm.

Nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tam sim ntawd tias lub sijhawm ntawd tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi tau tsim nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, thiab cov skyscrapers ua nyob rau hauv lub 30s nyob rau hauv New York tsis tuaj yeem sawv kev sib piv nrog "Stalinist skyscrapers".

Los ntawm txoj kev, txawm niaj hnub no kev tsim kho ntawm cov qauv no yog suav hais tias yog ib tug daunting thiab muaj peev xwm-intensive kev lag luam, yog li ntawd, niaj hnub skyscrapers yog tsim raws li yooj yim tej yaam num, es tsis yog "Stalin's skyscrapers".

Yog li ntawd, nws tsuas yog xav tsis thoob thiab xav tsis thoob li cas hauv lub tebchaws uas nyuam qhuav dim ntawm kev tsov rog txaus ntshai, kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev puas tsuaj, cov cib fim thiab thev naus laus zis tau tshwm sim uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua kom muaj kev loj hlob ntawm kev tsim kho thiab kev tsim vaj tsev.

Tab sis qhov no tsuas yog qhov pib xwb!

Xya "Stalinist skyscrapers" tau dhau los ua thawj theem ntawm kev hloov pauv tam sim no ntawm kev tsim vaj tsev ntawm tag nrho lub tebchaws.

Tsis tas li ntawd, kev hloov pauv thoob ntiaj teb tos tsis tau tsuas yog Moscow xwb, tab sis kuj tseem muaj ntau lub nroog ntawm Union ntawm Soviet Republics.

Ntau qhov kev tsim vaj tsev tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no, qhov kev siv uas yuav tsum muaj nyob rau hauv 50s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Cov architectural tej yaam num ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv lub 30-50s yog cov feem ntau ambition nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no keeb kwm. Cov tsev loj loj, palaces thiab arches yuav tsum muaj tag nrho lub zog ntawm lub ntiaj teb thawj lub xeev socialist. Cov kws txawj ntse tshaj plaws los ntawm ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj tswv yim tau tawm tsam rau txoj cai los siv lawv cov haujlwm.

Ntawm tag nrho cov haujlwm, "Kev Npaj Rau Kev Txhim Kho ntawm Moscow", tau txais kev pom zoo hauv xyoo 1935, sawv tawm. Raws li txoj kev npaj no, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm luv tshaj plaws, Moscow yuav tsum tig mus rau hauv lub ntiaj teb tus qauv thiab qauv peev. Tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm txoj kev loj, squares thiab embankments nrog cov tsev tshwj xeeb yuav ua rau kev npau suav zoo nkauj tshaj plaws ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ci ntsa iab.

Lub tsev ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam hnyav

A. Vesnin, V. Vesnin, S. Lyashchenko. Xyoo 1934

Nyob rau xyoo 1934, kev sib tw tau tshaj tawm rau lub tsev ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam hnyav (Narkomtyazhprom) ntawm Red Square. Kev tsim kho ntawm qhov chaw loj ntawm 110 txhiab cubic meters ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 4 hectares yuav ua rau muaj kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm Red Square, txoj kev nyob ib sab thiab squares ntawm Kitay-gorod. Cov phiaj xwm zoo kawg nkaus ntawm Vesnin cov kwv tij - cov thawj coj ntawm kev tsim kho kev txav mus los - yeej tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig los ntawm pawg txiav txim.

Palace ntawm lub Soviets

B. Iofan, O. Gelfreich, O. Schuko. Sculptor S. Merkulov. Ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv rau qhov kev pom zoo. Xyoo 1934

Kev sib tw rau qhov project ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets nyob rau hauv Moscow yog ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws thiab feem ntau sawv cev kev sib tw architectural kev sib tw ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum. 160 qhov project tau xa tuaj rau kev sib tw. 24 lub tswv yim los ntawm cov neeg tuaj koom txawv teb chaws, cov uas yog cov kws tsim qauv nto moo hauv ntiaj teb: Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius, Erich Mendelssohn.

Mossovet Hotel (Moscow)

L. Saveliev, O. Stapran. Xyoo 1931

Nyob rau hauv 1931, lub Moscow City Council tuav ib tug kaw kev sib tw rau lub project ntawm lub tsev so loj nrog 1000 chav, qhov zoo tshaj plaws los ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov xyoo. Rau qhov haujlwm tau koom nrog hauv kev sib tw, qhov project ntawm cov kws kos duab hluas Savelyev thiab Stapran tau lees paub tias yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws. Qhov project ntawm lub tsev so, nws façade, tau hloov kho nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm ib tug tshiab monumentality thiab orientation ntawm classical cuab yeej cuab tam. Raws li cov lus dab neeg, Stalin tau kos npe rau ob lub versions ntawm lub tsev lub façade ib zaug, xa mus rau nws nyob rau hauv ib daim ntawv, vim hais tias ntawm lub façade ntawm lub tsev so tsim los ua asymmetrical.

Palace ntawm Technology

A. Samoilov, B. Efimovich. Xyoo 1933

Kev sib tw rau kev tsim qauv ntawm Palace of Technology tau tshaj tawm xyoo 1933. Tus tsim khoom nws tus kheej yog ib tug complex ntawm scientific thiab technical koom haum. Nws yuav tsum "cuam tshuam rau pawg neeg nrog rau kev ua tiav ntawm Soviet thev naus laus zis hauv kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb, kev thauj mus los thiab kev sib txuas lus." Qhov chaw nyob ntawm ntug dej ntawm Moskva River tau raug xaiv los ua qhov chaw rau kev tsim kho Palace, tab sis lub palace nws tus kheej tsis tau tsim.

Lub tsev ntawm cov tub rog commissariat

L. Rudnev. Xyoo 1933

Lub tsev ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse L. Rudnev yog cov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv Moscow. Nyob rau hauv lub 30s, ib tug xov tooj ntawm lub tsev ntawm cov neeg Commissariat of Defense tau ua raws li nws tej yaam num. Rau cov tuam tsev ntawm lub tuam tsev no, tus kws kes duab vajtse tsim ib qho tshwj xeeb style nrog kev txhawb siab ntawm kev nkag tsis tau zoo thiab muaj zog txaus.

Lub tsev ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam hnyav

I. Fomin, P. Abrosimov, M. Minkus. Xyoo 1934

Ivan Fomin: "Ob lub ntsiab ntsug ntawm lub ntsiab façade yog muab los tsim kom muaj qhov sib txawv los ntawm qhov nws yuav zoo rau saib lub tsev loj cuj. Hauv Sverdlov Square, lub tsev xaus nrog ncaj kawg ntawm lub tsev. Ib qho kev daws teeb meem silhouette raug xaiv ntawm no. Peb rhuav tshem qhov kawg no nrog ib qho kev ua koob tsheej heev, uas sib haum rau lub cim ntawm lub qub architecture ntawm lub xwmfab. Lub tsev yog lub nplhaib kaw hauv txoj kev npaj. Txij li thaum cov muaj pes tsawg leeg raug kaw, peb tsis xav kom nce siab tshaj 12-13 plag tsev, thiab tsuas yog cov yees yuav ncav cuag 24 plag tsev."

Lub tsev ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam hnyav

A. Vesnin, V. Vesnin, S. Lyatsenko. Kev xaiv. Xyoo 1934

Los ntawm cov lus piav qhia rau qhov project: "Nyob rau ntawm stylobate sib haum mus rau Kremlin phab ntsa, muaj plaub lub yees, ncav cuag qhov siab ntawm 160 meters. Kev tsim kho lub suab sib dhos, qhia nyob rau hauv plaub lub ntsiab lus ntsug thiab lub colonnade ntawm stylobate, tsim kom pom qhov txuas ntxiv tsim nyog rau txoj kab ntev ntawm lub square, thiab sib haum rau kev tsim kho ntawm phab ntsa Kremlin."

Aeroflot Lub Tsev

D. Chechulin. Xyoo 1934

Lub tsev Aeroflot, uas tau npaj yuav tsim tsa rau ntawm lub xwmfab ze ntawm Belorussky railway chaw nres tsheb, tau tsim los ntawm tus kws kes duab vajtse Dmitry Chechulin ua lub monument rau heroic Soviet aviation. Li no lub ntse silhouette tov thiab "aerodynamic" daim ntawv ntawm lub tsev siab. Qhov project nyob rau hauv nws thawj daim ntawv thiab lub hom phiaj tsis tau muab coj los siv. Yuav luag ib nrab xyoo tom qab, cov tswv yim dav dav ntawm qhov project tau tsim nyob rau hauv lub complex ntawm lub tsev ntawm lub Supreme Soviet ntawm RSFSR ntawm Krasnopresnenskaya embankment (tam sim no lub tsev ntawm tsoom fwv).

Phau Ntawv Tsev

I. Golosov, P. Antonov, A. Zhuravlev. Xyoo 1934

Qhov project ntawm Lub Tsev ntawm Phau Ntawv yog ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov qauv tsim ntawm lub tsev raws li "architectural monument" nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1930s. Trapezoidal, skyward-looking silhouette, simplified architectural cov ntaub ntawv thiab ib tug ntau ntawm cov duab puab nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov qhov chaw ntawm lub tsev.

"Arch of Heroes". Monument rau heroic tiv thaiv ntawm Moscow

L. Pavlov. Xyoo 1942

Txij li thaum Lub Kaum Hli 1942, nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov ntawv xov xwm Literatura i iskusstvo tau tshaj tawm: "Kev sib tw rau monuments rau tus phab ej ntawm Great Patriotic War yog los txog qhov kawg. Txog 90 qhov haujlwm tau txais los ntawm Moscow sculptors thiab architects. Cov ntaub ntawv tau txais txog kev tshem tawm cov haujlwm los ntawm Leningrad, Kuibyshev, Sverdlovsk, Tashkent thiab lwm lub nroog ntawm USSR. Ntau tshaj 140 qhov project yuav tsum tuaj txog. " Tus kws sau ntawv "Arch of Heroes" tus kws kes duab vajtse Leonid Pavlov tau thov kom tso nws lub monument rau Red Square. Lub monument tsis tau tsim.

Lub tsev nyob ntawm Vosstaniya square

V. Oltarzhevsky, I. Kuznetsov. Xyoo 1947

Vyacheslav Oltarzhevsky tau ua ntau txoj kev xav ntawm architectural thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev txhim kho cov tsev siab. Nyob rau hauv 1953, nws phau ntawv "Kev tsim kho ntawm high-sawv vaj tse nyob rau hauv Moscow" tau luam tawm, nyob rau hauv uas nws sim nrhiav tau ib tug kev sib raug zoo ntawm no architecture thiab cov kev cai ntawm Lavxias teb sab architecture. Oltarzhevsky tau them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau cov qauv thiab ntau hom engineering thiab cov cuab yeej siv rau cov tsev siab.

Lub tsev siab nyob hauv Zaryadye

Kev pom los ntawm sab ntawm Red Square. D. Chechulin. Xyoo 1948

Nyob rau hauv 1947, lub Soviet tsoom fwv tau txais ib tug decree ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm high-sawv vaj tse nyob rau hauv Moscow. Txawm li cas los xij, kev tsim kho ntawm 32-storey tsev tswj hwm hauv Zaryadye, uas yuav tsum tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov tseem ceeb hauv lub silhouette ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub peev, tsis tiav. Cov qauv tsim tau raug rhuav tshem, thiab ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev siab siab raws li qhov project ntawm tib Dmitry Chechulin, lub tsev so Rossiya tau tsim hauv xyoo 1967.

Palace ntawm Soviets

B. Iofan, V. Gelfreich, J. Belopolsky, V. Pelevin. Sculptor S. Merkulov.

Ib qho ntawm cov kev xaiv rau qhov kev pom zoo. Xyoo 1946

Lub ntsiab architectural qauv nyob rau hauv Moscow yog los ua lub Palace ntawm lub Soviets, uas pib nyob rau hauv 1930s. Nws qhov siab yuav tsum ncav cuag 415 meters - siab dua cov qauv siab tshaj plaws ntawm nws lub sijhawm: Eiffel Ntauwd thiab Empire State Tsev. Lub tsev-pedestal yuav tsum tau crowned nrog ib tug duab puab ntawm Lenin siab 100 meters. Nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem no, cov chaw kuaj tshwj xeeb rau optics thiab acoustics ua haujlwm, kev siv tshuab thiab nthuav dav av nplaum ua vaj tse ua haujlwm, ib txoj kab tsheb ciav hlau cais tau coj mus rau qhov chaw tsim kho. Tab sis Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj tau ua nws tus kheej hloov kho - kev tsim kho ntawm DS raug tshem tawm, thiab cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov qauv tsim rau Palace ntawm Soviets yuav tsum tau siv rau lwm lub hom phiaj. Piv txwv li, cov qauv hlau ua los ntawm cov qib tshwj xeeb ntawm DS steel tau siv hauv xyoo 1944 rau kev tsim cov spans ntawm Kerch Choj ib ntus.

Tom qab kawg ntawm Tsov Rog, kev tsim kho ntawm Palace ntawm Soviets tau npaj mus txuas ntxiv, tab sis nyob rau theem thib ob. Alas, kev tuag ntawm I. V. Stalin tiv thaiv qhov kev siv ntawm lub hom phiaj tshaj plaws architectural project.

Txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho lwm yam "Stalinist tej yaam num" raug txwv los yog khov, vim hais tias tom qab kev tuag ntawm IV Stalin (Lub Peb Hlis 5, 1953), tus cwj pwm ntawm Soviet coj noj coj ua rau architecture thiab pej xeem kev tsim kho tau hloov pauv loj heev.

"Stalin lub teb chaws Ottoman" tau raug thuam thiab tseem lees paub tias yog kev sib tsoo hauv kev tsim kho Soviet.

Decree No. 1871 ntawm Central Committee ntawm CPSU thiab Council of Ministers ntawm lub USSR ntawm lub Kaum Ib Hlis 4, 1955 "Ntawm kev tshem tawm ntawm oversea nyob rau hauv kev tsim thiab kev tsim kho" xaus lub era ntawm Soviet Monumental Classicism.

Txij thaum ntawd los, lawv pib tsim tshwj xeeb rau tib hom vaj tse thiab kev tswj hwm vaj tse, uas tau txais lub teb chaws lub npe - "Khrushchevki".

Niaj hnub no nws yog pom tseeb hais tias cov piv txwv zoo tshaj plaws ntawm no architecture, rau ib tug loj npaum li cas tseem tshuav nyob rau hauv tej yaam num, yog ntxaum thiab ntau lub ntsiab lus tshaj lub ideological dogmas nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm uas lawv tau siv. Cia cov dej num uas tsis tau paub txog ntawm cov tuam tsev monumental no qhia peb tias ib yam dab tsi tshiab tuaj yeem ua tau thiab yuav tsum tau ua yam tsis tau rhuav tshem cov txiaj ntsig keeb kwm yav dhau los. Dab tsi keeb kwm tau muab rau peb, txawm qhov zoo lossis qhov phem, yog peb zaj dab neeg, thiab peb yuav tsum lees txais nws raws li nws yog.