"Garden City": lub unrealized master plan ntawm Moscow nyob rau hauv 1950

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv 1909 lub "Old Moscow" haiv neeg tau tsim. Nws tsim thawj General Plan ntawm Moscow. Cov thawj coj ntawm lub zej zog yog architects Alexey Shchusev thiab Ivan Zholtovsky. Hauv Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib ib, tsis muaj sijhawm rau General Plan, ua haujlwm txuas ntxiv rau xyoo 1922, thiab xyoo 1923 thawj cov ntsiab lus ntawm New Moscow tau luam tawm.

Lub nroog tau muab faib ua rau thaj tsam. Nws lub hauv paus yog Kremlin thiab Kitai-Gorod ("Golden City"). Tom qab ntawd muaj tsib txoj siv: "White City" (ib lub nplhaib ntawm txoj kev loj), "Earthen City" (Garden Nplhaib), "Red City" (lub nplhaib ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom), ib txoj siv ntawm lub nroog vaj thiab "Green Belt". Lub tsev qhov siab txo qis los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw ib puag ncig, qhov twg muaj cov tsev tsis siab tshaj 3 plag tsev.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum, lub tswv yim ntawm nroog loj tau tshwm sim - ib lub tswv yim kev tshawb fawb ntawm kev loj hlob hauv nroog. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd tau pom tias yog "lub nroog vaj" uas kev loj hlob hauv nroog tau sib xyaw nrog cov chaw ua si thiab chaw ua liaj ua teb. Qhov tshwm sim yog qhov txo qis ntawm cov tsev nyob hauv nroog los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau sab nrauv. Lavxias teb sab urbanism ua hauj lwm raws tib kab. Tus neeg txhais lus blog twb tau sau txog kev txhim kho General Plan ntawm lub vaj lub nroog Barnaul. Lub tswv yim zoo sib xws tau tsim rau Moscow, nws tau tsim los ntawm tus kws kos duab nto moo Alexei Shchusev.

Nyob rau hauv 1924, nyob rau hauv lub Krasnaya Niva magazine, Aleksey Shchusev piav dab tsi, raws li nws General Plan, Moscow yuav tsum yog nyob rau hauv 1950. Peb luam tawm ib qho snippet ntawm kab lus no:

Moscow layout

Cia wb mus saib Moscow los ntawm qhov siab ntawm lub dav hlau nyob rau hauv 1950. Txoj cai hauv qab peb, lub npe nrov Kremlin sparkles nrog cov qauv zoo nkauj ntawm cov tuam tsev, phab ntsa thiab yees. Hnub yog festive, kaj, muaj neeg coob coob nyob rau hauv lub Kremlin. Tab sis cov no tsis yog parades ntawm cov tub rog, qhov no tsis yog lub neej kaw ntawm qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm lub xeev. Muaj ib yam txawv ntawm no. Lub Kremlin yog ib lub tsev cia puav pheej, yog ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej loj tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm tag nrho peb cov txuj ci yas (vim architecture yog Kremlin nws tus kheej). Tag nrho-Lavxias teb sab Central Executive Committee thiab Council of People's Commissars, zoo li Parisian Elysee Palace, tau tsiv mus rau Petrovsky Park, qhov siab, noj qab nyob zoo thiab topographically tiaj tus ntawm Moscow, ib nrab tig mus rau hauv pej xeem chaw ua si, ib nrab mus rau hauv lub vaj lub zos. Nyob rau ntawm txoj kev loj ntawm Leningradskoye Txoj Kev Loj, palaces rau lub hlwb kev lag luam ntawm lub koom pheej nrog kaw ceremonial courtyards, amphilades, chav sib tham thiab chaw ua lag luam tau raug npaj thiab tsim.

Cov tsev no pib tsim kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm qhov chaw noj qab haus huv tshaj plaws ntawm Moscow, nws sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob ces kaum thiab puag lub meders ntawm sab saud ntawm tus dej Moskva nrog nws cov hav zoov yuav luag 20 mais. Krylatskoe, Khoroshevo, Serebryany Bor, Pokrovskoe-Streshnevo yog cov qauv vaj lub nroog uas Muscovites tuaj tom qab ib hnub ua lag luam los ntawm trams, subways, thiab ib nrab los ntawm cov tsheb npav dav hlau, uas tau nres hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub ru tsev tiaj tus ntawm cov tsev tshwj xeeb. Ob- thiab peb-zaj dab neeg cov tsev nyob, txoj kev nrog txoj kev dav dav, squares thiab cov chaw ua si zoo nkauj nrog cov chaw ua yeeb yam thiab lwm lub tsev pej xeem - qhov no yog tus cwj pwm ntawm thaj chaw tshiab Moscow, uas tau nthuav tawm ntau dua 25 xyoo ntawm sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob.

Tig los ntawm peb qhov chaw soj ntsuam nyob rau hauv qhov kev taw qhia ntawm sab qab teb-sab hnub poob, peb pom ib daim duab sib txawv kiag li - industrial Moscow: Simonovo. Lub npe nrov Sukino swamp txav, puffs, clanks, tab sis tsis ua pa mus txog Kolomna qhov siab. Hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob tsis muaj hluav taws xob muaj nyob txhua qhov chaw. Tag nrho Sukino swamp nrog nws cov plua plav thiab malaria bogs yog pitted nrog thoob ntawm industrial thiab hav zoov ports. Cov embankments tau txais kev pabcuam los ntawm txoj kev tsheb ciav hlau thiab tau ua ke nrog cov kab ke ntawm cov chaw khaws khoom nrog cov cranes tsis siv neeg. Qhov chaw nres nkoj yog teem caij nrog cov nkoj thiab nkoj uas tuaj ntawm ob sab qaum teb, yog li feem ntau yog los ntawm Oka, uas tau tsim muaj kev sib txuas yooj yim nrog kev pab ntawm lub rooj vag.

Kev thauj mus los hauv dej unloads Moscow railway junction. Ntawm qhov siab ntawm Kolomenskoye muaj cov zej zog ua haujlwm noj qab haus huv nrog cov tsev me me zoo nkauj rau cov tsev neeg thiab chav rau cov neeg nyob ib leeg. Cov zos tau muab cov tsev qiv ntawv, da dej, ntxhua khaub ncaws, thiab lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv ntxiv. Cov cheeb tsam kev lag luam txuas nrog rau qhov chaw los ntawm cov tsheb npav metro thiab dav hlau, thaum nyob ib ncig ntawm Moscow txuas nrog txhua lub nroog tshiab los ntawm txoj kev tshiab ntawm 50 sazh. dav (ntiv nplhaib G; txog 105 meters dav - BT), hla Simonovo, Moskvorechye, Vorobyovo, Fili, Serebryany Bor, Petrovsko-Razumovskoye, Ostankino, Alekseevskoye, Sokolniki, Izmailovo thiab b. Annenhof Grove. Txoj siv tshiab no, nrog rau cov tsheb ciav hlau ceev ceev, tsheb thiab maus taus nrawm, yog ib qho zoo tshaj plaws taug kev ncig Moscow rau Muscovites. Tom qab lub nplhaib G yog peb txoj kev nplhaib, tab sis muaj hluav taws xob, pab cov neeg caij tsheb nyob ib puag ncig lub nroog qub Moscow lub vaj.

Tom qab txoj kev Okruzhnaya, 2-verst (2, 2 km - BT) dav ntsuab barrage sawb ntawm cov nroj tsuag loj hlob ntsuab, nyob rau hauv qee qhov chaw nyob sib cuam tshuam, cozy thiab zoo siab nrog hluav taws xob, dej phwj tuaj thiab dej ntws. Tag nrho cov ntawm lawv yog ib feem ntawm lub nroog, uas yog enclosed los ntawm ntsuab siv nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv lub nroog square. Ntsuab, uas nqus plua plav thiab muab oxygen, yuav tsum nkag mus rau hauv lub cev ntawm lub nroog Moscow nws tus kheej, nws, zoo li lub ntsws, yuav tsum tau muab cua rau hauv nruab nrab cov kab mob, thiab yog li ntawd los ntawm txoj siv ntsuab, zaub ntsuab txiav hauv cov npoo hauv ntau cov lus qhia rau. qhov chaw.

Tag nrho cov toj roob hauv pes ntawm Sparrow Hills tau hloov pauv nrog kev pab ntawm cov ntaiv monumental rau hauv kev ua kis las Acropolis, nrog rau monument rau Lenin, chaw ntau pob, gymnasiums thiab tsev kawm ntawv ua luam dej thiab dej ua si. Tag nrho qhov qis qis ntawm Khamovniki tau npaj ib nrab rau cov tub rog, ib nrab rau kev kawm kis las. Cov tub rog loj maneuver camps tau tsiv mus rau Naro-Fominsk, thiab huab cua puag ntawm st. Ob txhais ceg. Txoj kev nkag los ntawm Sparrow Hills zoo ib yam li kev pom ntawm Rome hauv kev sib xyaw ntawm Pironesi nrog cov txheej txheem nruj ntawm cov tsev pej xeem, txoj kev, squares thiab boulevards.

Ua tsaug rau cov ntoo ntsuab mus txog qhov chaw, kev sib pauv huab cua hauv nroog thiab qhov cua ntawm cov cheeb tsam tau ua kom ntseeg tau, ua rau lub caij ntuj sov tsis muaj cov kab mob sib kis uas feem ntau tshwm sim nrog cov neeg coob coob hauv nroog thiab cov chaw tsis huv. Kev ua tiav hauv kev ua kom huv thiab tu cev tshwj xeeb ua rau lawv tus kheej muaj kev xav hauv Moscow hauv xyoo 1950, tsis zoo li cov xyoo nyuaj ntawm kev hloov pauv thiab kev ua tsov rog hauv zej zog.

Peb pom kev ywg dej zoo heev ntawm txoj kev, muaj cov kwj deg thiab, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw kab lis kev cai, cov chav dej hauv av zoo nrog cov da dej. Cov dej haus yog rub los ntawm cov chav los ntawm sab sauv ntawm Volga, ntxiv rau, nws yog ozonized thiab zoo kawg nkaus lim ntawm cov lim tshwj xeeb, los ntawm qhov chaw nws nkag mus rau hauv cov dej reservoirs ntawm qhov siab ntawm Sparrow Hills lossis hauv Rublevsky Towers.

Kev thauj mus los ntawm Moscow

Niaj hnub no Moscow muaj 92 tus neeg rau ib feem kaum. cov neeg nyob; los ntawm 1950, coj nws thaj chaw ua ke nrog 2-verst ntsuab siv ntawm 50 txhiab dessiatines thiab suav 60 tus neeg. ib feem kaum - nws yuav muaj tsuas yog 3 lab tus tib neeg, thiab yog li ntawd Moscow yuav tsum nce thaj chaw kom haum rau 5 lab tus tib neeg. Nyob rau sab qaum teb-sab hnub poob, sab qaum teb-sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qaum teb ntawm Moscow peb pom cov npoo tseem ceeb ntawm cov vaj tsev nyob-lub nroog uas haum rau cov neeg coob coob ntawm lub nroog, nyob tsis txwv lub nroog qub thiab siv txhua yam tshiab ntawm kev huv, huv si thiab kev thauj mus los.

Cov nroog tshiab no, txiav los ntawm cov boulevards thiab cov chaw ua si, yog qhov chaw noj qab haus huv, uas cov pej xeem nyiam txhua yam kev nplij siab thiab tseem nyob ze rau lub peev. Tab sis qhov no tsis txaus - Moscow railway hlws ris tau tsim ntau heev nyob rau hauv Moscow tshiab hais tias 2nd lub nplhaib txoj kev tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug deb ntawm 11 versts los ntawm txoj siv ntsuab. Tomilino, Pushkino, Odintsovo chaw nres tsheb yog qhov chaw loj marshalling ntawm txoj kev tshiab Okruzhnaya. Moscow yog txiav los ntawm sab qaum teb mus rau sab qab teb thiab los ntawm sab hnub tuaj mus rau sab hnub poob, ib nrab ntawm flyovers thiab ib nrab los ntawm underground railways. kab. Tsheb ciav hlau los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab hnub tuaj thiab rov qab khiav yam tsis muaj kev hloov pauv. Peb pom qhov chaw nres tsheb tshiab ntawm txoj kev Oktyabrskaya, npog nrog loj, 40-fathom, openwork arches. Cov tsheb ciav hlau hla ntawm 2nd pem teb, tag nrho Kalanchevskaya Square tau hloov nws txoj kev, thiab txoj kab nqes yog kho nrog ib tug me ntsis nce, ib tug dav avenue nrog boulevards pib, ua rau Sokolniki Park.

Lub metro, uas txiav Moscow nyob rau hauv 2 kab pheeb ces kaum ntawm sab qaum teb hnub poob mus rau sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj thiab los ntawm sab qab teb hnub poob mus rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj, txuas ntxiv mus rau txoj kab ntawm 2nd nplhaib txoj kev, thiab yog li nyob rau hauv nws txoj kev loj peb pom tag nrho cov kab ntawm cov neeg nyob ib puag ncig zoo, sib cais los ntawm thaj chaw ntsuab: Losinoostrovsky, Izmailovsky, Serebryany Bor thiab lwm tus. Yog li, qhov loj dua Moscow, thaum tswj cov duab ntawm concentric voj voog, txhim kho nws qhov chaw nyob hauv cov npoo hauv lub hnub qub zoo li.

Tus dej Moskva, uas nws cov dej tau ntxiv dag zog los ntawm cov dej ntws uas nyob ib sab nrog kev pab ntawm cov sluices, tsis zoo li lub pas dej nyob hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog; nws yog dej ntws puv nkaus li qhov peb tam sim no pom saum lub pas dej Babegorodskaya.

Muaj cov nkoj uas muaj lub cev muaj zog hla nws, nqa cov neeg caij tsheb ntawm qhov nrawm nrawm; lawv tau nruab nrog ob lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab cua tshuab. Dej kev ua si nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov yav tsaus ntuj enlivens tus dej, lub embankments uas nruj me ntsis girdled nrog openwork balustrades: choj hla tus dej nyob rau hauv 20 los yog ntau tshaj qhov chaw, kaw trams A, B, C thiab G. marble, 40 meters dav.

Infrastructure ntawm Moscow

Hloov chaw ntawm Okhotny Ryad, lub palace loj ntawm USSR nrog cov neeg tuaj saib ntau ntawm 10 txhiab tus neeg sawv saum ntuj nrog cov duab ntawm cov yees. Txawm hais tias nws muaj qhov chaw me me ntawm thaj chaw, thev naus laus zis ua rau nws muaj peev xwm tsav lub tsev nce siab, uas ua tiav nws qhov txawv silhouette. Lub elevators ntawm kev sib txawv ceev thauj cov neeg sawv cev los ntawm chav sib tham mus rau chaw ua haujlwm, tsev qiv ntawv, tsev cia puav pheej, tsev noj mov thiab lwm chav ntxiv. Kuj tseem muaj qhov chaw sab nraum zoov ntawm lub palace, thiab nyob ib ncig ntawm lub tsev ntawm cov brackets thiab consoles muaj cov duab puab ntawm cov duab zoo rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm noob neej.

Ib txoj kev dav coj los ntawm Teatralnaya Square mus rau Lubyanskaya, trams, hla dhau qhov tunnels, tsis txhob clutter nws, thiab tawm mus rau Myasnitskaya yog nthuav mus rau 15 sazhens. Cov pavements yog nyob txhua qhov chaw los ntawm cubic Norwegian granite, ib feem ntawm mosaic masonry. Lub Palace ntawm lub USSR yog illuminated los ntawm searchlights txhua hmo ntev thiab, ua los ntawm dawb Ural marble, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog zoo tiv thaiv keeb kwm yav dhau ntawm lub tsaus ntuj tsaus ntuj. Opera thiab ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam tau tawg thoob plaws hauv cheeb tsam. Cov no tsis yog cov tsev kho siab qhuav qhuav, cov no yog cov tsev ua yeeb yam ua yeeb yam nrog cov tsev kawm ntawv pabcuam thiab cov rooj cob qhia zoo nkauj. Tus actor nyob ze nws ua yeeb yam, nws yog ib tug pov thawj ntawm kos duab.

Cov khw muag khoom hauv Moscow nrog cov khw muag khoom tub yees, nyob ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Ring B, muaj neeg coob coob txij thaum sawv ntxov. Kev huv huv yog qhov ua piv txwv, kev lag luam tau muab los ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb metro thiab 2-inch railways hla Moscow. Sukharev qhov kev sib tham, ib qho suab nrov ntawm Asia, tsuas yog hnub Sunday ua rau lub qhov muag nrog cov neeg coob coob thiab motley. Kev xa khoom ntawm cov khoom yog centralized thiab yooj yim los ntawm kev thauj dej.

Cov khw muag khoom ntawm Kitai-gorod nrog 3-tiered qhob terraces hauv Zaryadye tau muab cov qauv ntawm cov khoom los ntawm tag nrho cov chaw tsim khoom hauv USSR. Cov tsev ntawm no ntawm American hom nrog ntsug nqa thiab txav platforms txuas nrog openwork kaw txuas hniav. Muaj Moscow yog kom meej meej thiab ntseeg tau tias; lub lag luam txawv teb chaws tau xav txog nws ntev.

Nyob rau hauv sib piv rau Moscow, thaj chaw nyob nrog lub vaj thiab boulevards, qhov chaw ntawm Moscow yog monumental thiab austere. Lub sij hawm qub qhia los ntawm kev ci ntsa iab ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los, ua rau qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws ntawm Republic. Monuments rau cov neeg zoo, sau ntawv, politicians, suab paj nruag, zaum nyob rau hauv lub rings ntawm boulevards, ua tiav nrog propylae thiab staircases - qhov no yog ib tug pom cov tsiaj ntawv rau cov hluas tiam.

Cov silhouettes ntawm Moscow tshiab tau hloov pauv - lub nroog vaj tau nthuav tawm hauv cov tsev qis ntawm 2-3 plag tsev nrog lub tsev ua yeeb yam, cov pej thuam siab ntawm lub dav hlau platform thiab lwm lub tsev pej xeem. Ntau lub teeb, ntau lub hnub - qhov no yog lub ntsiab lus ntawm Nordic lub teb chaws, uas tsis tso cai rau tua cov kab mob hauv chav tsis muaj hnub thiab lub teeb. Sanatoriums, tsev kho mob, chaw nres tsheb huab cua tuaj yeem pom hauv thaj chaw siab tshaj plaws thiab ntsuab hauv nroog. Kuj tseem muaj cov chaw ncaws pob caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij ntuj no. Roj tsis clutter qhov chaw ntawm Moscow nrog dull firewood warehouses.

Cov kav dej los ntawm peat thiab thee nyob ze, zoo rwb thaiv tsev los ntawm kev poob, cua sov, zoo li hluav taws xob teeb pom kev zoo, tag nrho cov zej zog.

Qhov chaw zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam yog tshwj tseg rau cov tsev kawm ntawv uas muaj cov gymnasiums, uas cov tub ntxhais hluas tau siv rau kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog yav tom ntej. Tag nrho Khamovniki sector mus txog Novodevichy Convent tau muab rau lub tsev kawm ntawv, tsev kho mob thiab lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab. Academic Center yog nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm lub Rumyantsev Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab upland ib feem ntawm Prechistensky Boulevard. Hloov chaw ntawm txoj kev sab hauv, cov tsev kawm ntawv, tsev kawm qib siab thiab chaw soj nstuam tau raug tsim tsa ntawm qhov siab thiab ntim tsim nyog.

Nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, ntawm cov squares, silhouette siab vaj tse nyob ib ncig ntawm cov chaw ua si yog tso cai, cov no yog khaus nyob rau hauv cov neeg ua hauj lwm los ntawm thaum sawv ntxov mus rau yav tsaus ntuj, tawm mus rau hmo ntuj thiab sau thaum sawv ntxov, tab sis tsis muaj ntau ntawm lawv, cov no tsuas yog loners.. Lub tsev qhov siab txo qis los ntawm qhov chaw mus rau qhov chaw ib puag ncig, qhov twg muaj cov tsev tsis siab tshaj 3 plag tsev. Kev zoo nkauj nyob rau hauv yooj yim thiab grandeur rau monuments thiab warmth thiab kev nplij siab rau vaj tse - qhov no yog lub motto ntawm lub architecture ntawm lub Moscow tshiab. Cov chaw lim dej nrog kev pab cuam ntawm kev ua kom huv thiab tsis siv neeg incinerators tshem tawm Moscow los ntawm qhov txaus ntshai ntawm kev kis kab mob thaum lub caij ntuj sov, thiab cov swamps ntawm qhov chaw qis qis tau ploj mus nyob rau hauv kev npaj ntawm cov khoom siv dag zog zoo nkauj thiab cov pas dej ntws nrog cov ciav dej. Lub hauv paus stunted tsis pom, cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob hauv lub nroog zoo nkauj thiab thaum sawv ntxov los ntawm cov tsheb ciav hlau tshwj xeeb raug xa mus rau cov chaw tsim khoom, cov tsev khaws khoom thiab cov chaw tsim khoom.

Qhov no yog qhov uas peb xaus peb lub dav hlau nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau tshaj Moscow nyob rau hauv 1950 thiab siv zog los hloov txoj kev npau suav no rau hauv kev muaj tiag nrog kev pab los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm thiab tsim nyog kev cai lij choj.