Dysgraphia: txhais, ua, tsos mob thiab kev kho mob

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Silence reigns nyob rau hauv lub slumbering hav zoov, Tig yog tush zatya zeros sonse, Cov noog npuaj teg txhua hnub.

Rutzei melte recki"

"Dab tsi yog cov lus ntxim nyiam no?" - koj nug, koj yuav hais tau, vim tsis muaj cov lus zoo li no hauv peb hom lus. Meanwhile, qhov no yog ib yam lus Lavxias teb sab, txawm hais tias ib qho txawv txawv. Thiab cov lus no tau sau rau hauv lawv phau ntawv sau thiab phau ntawv luam tawm los ntawm cov menyuam yaus (feem ntau - cov tub ntxhais hluas, tab sis ntau ntxiv rau qhov ntawd tom qab) raug kev txom nyem tshwj xeeb hu ua "dysgraphia". Tom ntej no, peb yuav tham txog qhov kev sib txawv no yog dab tsi, nws tshwm sim nws tus kheej li cas thiab kuaj pom, thiab yuav kho li cas.

Dab tsi yog dysgraphia

Dysgraphia yog ib hom kab mob pathological uas muaj teeb meem hauv kev sau ntawv. Kwv yees li 50% ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv qib qis thiab kwv yees li 35% ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm theem nrab tau paub txog tus mob no ua ntej. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kab mob no tuaj yeem txhim kho hauv cov neeg laus (10% ntawm txhua tus neeg mob), uas, vim li cas los xij, kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws ntau dua. Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov teeb meem no cuam tshuam nrog dyslexia - qhov sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem ntawm kev nyeem ntawv, vim tias kev nyeem ntawv thiab kev sau ntawv yog ob yam ntawm tib txoj kev puas siab puas ntsws.

Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, muaj cov menyuam yaus uas muaj dysgraphic thiab dyslexic ntau ntxiv. Tam sim no, hauv tsev kawm theem pib, txog li 50% ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau ntsib teeb meem tshwj xeeb hauv kev paub sau ntawv thiab nyeem ntawv. Ntxiv mus, rau feem ntau ntawm lawv, cov kev ua txhaum cai no tseem nyob hauv cov qib qub.

Keeb kwm ntawm dysgraphia

Tus kws kho mob German Adolf Kussmaul yog thawj zaug pom tias muaj kev ywj pheej ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev nyeem ntawv tsis zoo hauv xyoo 1877. Tom qab ntawd, ntau yam haujlwm tshwm sim, uas tau piav qhia txog ntau yam kev ua txhaum ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev nyeem ntawv hauv cov menyuam yaus. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau suav tias yog ib qho teeb meem ntawm kev sau ntawv, thiab qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau taw qhia tias feem ntau nws yog ib qho cim ntawm dementia thiab yog tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov menyuam yaus uas tsis nco qab.

Tab sis twb nyob rau xyoo 1896, tus kws kho mob V. Pringle Morgan tau piav qhia txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm ib tug me nyuam tub 14 xyoo uas muaj kev txawj ntse tag nrho, tab sis muaj kev sau ntawv thiab kev nyeem ntawv tsis zoo (nws yog hais txog dyslexia). Tom qab ntawd, lwm tus kuj pib kawm txog kev ua txhaum ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev nyeem ntawv raws li kev ywj pheej pathology, tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam nrog kev puas hlwb. Ib me ntsis tom qab (thaum ntxov 1900s), tus kws tshawb fawb D. Ginshelwood tau qhia cov ntsiab lus "alexia" thiab "agraphia", qhia txog cov mob hnyav thiab mob me me.

Raws li lub sijhawm dhau mus, kev nkag siab ntawm qhov tsis lees paub ntawm kev sau ntawv thiab kev nyeem tau hloov pauv. Nws tsis tau txhais tias yog homogeneous optical cuam tshuam; pib siv cov ntsiab lus sib txawv: "alexia" thiab "dyslexia", "agraphia" thiab "dysgraphia"; pib paub qhov txawv cov ntaub ntawv thiab kev faib tawm ntawm dysgraphia (thiab, tau kawg, dyslexia).

Tom qab ntawd, kev tsis sib haum xeeb hauv kev sau ntawv thiab kev nyeem ntawv tau pib kawm los ntawm ntau tus kws tshaj lij, suav nrog cov neeg hauv tsev. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog cov hauj lwm ntawm neuropathologists Samuil Semenovich Mnukhin thiab Roman Aleksandrovich Tkachev. Raws li Tkachev, lub hauv paus ntawm kev ua txhaum cai yog mnestic ntshawv siab (nco impairments), thiab raws li Mnukhin lub tswv yim, lawv lub hauv paus ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws nyob rau hauv cov yam ntxwv cuam tshuam.

Thaum kawg, nyob rau hauv lub 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, dysgraphia (thiab dyslexia) pib kawm los ntawm defectologists, xib fwb thiab psychologists, xws li R. E. Levin, R. M. Boskis, M. E. Khvatsev, F. A. Rau thiab lwm yam …. Yog tias peb tham txog cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no thiab tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais txog dysgraphia, ces L. G. Nevolina, A. N. Kornev, S. S. Lyapidevsky, S. N. Shakhovskaya thiab lwm tus tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo rau nws txoj kev kawm. Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lawv cov kev tshawb fawb, peb yuav txuas ntxiv peb tsab xov xwm.

Dysgraphia yog vim li cas

Txawm hais tias muaj kev tshawb fawb tob, qhov ua rau dysgraphia tsis nkag siab tag nrho txawm niaj hnub no. Tab sis qee cov ntaub ntawv tseem muaj. Piv txwv li, cov kws tshawb fawb saum toj no hais tias kev sau ntawv tuaj yeem ua rau:

Cov laj thawj lom neeg: heredity, puas los yog underdevelopment ntawm lub hlwb ntawm lub sij hawm sib txawv ntawm tus me nyuam txoj kev loj hlob, pathology ntawm cev xeeb tub, fetal trauma, asphyxia, loj somatic kab mob, kab mob cuam tshuam rau lub paj hlwb.

Socio-psychological laj thawj: tsev kho mob syndrome (kev mob tshwm sim los ntawm kev nyob ntev ntawm tus neeg nyob hauv tsev kho mob nyob deb ntawm tsev thiab tsev neeg), pedagogical tsis saib xyuas, kev sib tham tsis txaus, kev loj hlob hauv tsev neeg ob hom lus.

Social thiab ib puag ncig yog vim li cas: overestimated yuav tsum tau rau kev nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv relation mus rau ib tug me nyuam, yuam kev (thaum ntxov dhau) hnub nyoog ntawm kev nyeem ntawv, tsis raug xaiv tempos thiab txoj kev qhia.

Raws li koj paub, ib tug neeg pib txawj sau ntawv thaum tag nrho cov ntsiab lus ntawm nws lub qhov ncauj hais lus yog tsim txaus: suab hais lus, lexical thiab grammatical feem, phonetic perception, coherence ntawm kev hais lus. Yog hais tias, thaum lub sij hawm tsim ntawm lub hlwb, cov teeb meem uas tau hais los saum toj no tshwm sim, qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim dysgraphia yog siab heev.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tsum nco ntsoov tias dysgraphia cuam tshuam rau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj ntau yam kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm lub cev ntawm qhov hnov lus thiab qhov muag, uas ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm kev tsom xam thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv. Thiab nyob rau hauv cov neeg laus, mob strokes, raug mob lub hlwb raug mob, neurosurgical interventions thiab qog zoo li txheej txheem nyob rau hauv lub hlwb yuav ua tau ib tug impetus rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm pathology. Muab ib qho kev cuam tshuam rau tib neeg txoj kev loj hlob, cov no los yog cov yam ntxwv saum toj no ua rau dysgraphia, uas tuaj yeem tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv ntau hom.

Yog tias koj saib peb cov kev hloov kho kev kawm thiab muab piv nrog cov laj thawj, koj tuaj yeem nkag siab tias vim li cas peb thiaj li pom qhov kev loj hlob ntawm qhov teeb meem no.

Hom dysgraphia

Niaj hnub no, cov kws tshaj lij faib dysgraphia ua tsib hom ntawv tseem ceeb, txhua qhov nyob ntawm seb qhov kev sau ntawv tshwj xeeb puas raug lossis tsis tsim:

Acoustic dysgraphia - tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev tsis txaus ntseeg ntawm lub suab ntawm lub suab

Articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia - tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev cuam tshuam kev sib txuas lus thiab kev nkag siab ntawm phonemics (phonemic hnov), nrog rau cov teeb meem hauv suab nrov

Agrammatic dysgraphia - tus cwj pwm los ntawm cov teeb meem hauv kev loj hlob lexical thiab kev loj hlob ntawm cov qauv grammatical ntawm kev hais lus

Optical dysgraphia - tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tsis pom kev pom kev pom kev

Ib daim ntawv tshwj xeeb ntawm dysgraphia vim tsis muaj kev tsim cov lus synthesis

Hauv kev xyaum, txhua yam ntawm dysgraphia hauv nws daim ntawv ntshiab yog qhov tsawg heev, vim tias Feem ntau, dysgraphia siv ib daim ntawv sib xyaw, tab sis nrog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm qee yam. Nws tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb.

Cov tsos mob dysgraphia

Zoo li txhua yam kev hais lus kho mob, dysgraphia muaj ntau cov tsos mob. Raws li txoj cai, nws ua rau nws tus kheej xav tau los ntawm kev ua yuam kev hauv kev sau ntawv, tab sis cov kev ua yuam kev no yog ua los ntawm lub puab tsaig los ntawm kev tsis paub txog kev paub lus thiab cov cai. Feem ntau, qhov yuam kev tshwm sim lawv tus kheej hauv kev hloov lossis hloov cov suab zoo sib xws lossis cov ntawv zoo sib xws, cov ntawv uas ploj lawm thiab cov suab lus hauv cov lus lossis hloov lawv qhov chaw, ntxiv cov ntawv ntxiv. Kuj tseem muaj kev sau ntawv tsis tu ncua ntawm ntau cov lus thiab tsis muaj qhov sib xws ntawm cov lus thiab cov ntawv hauv kab lus. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kev sau ntawv nrawm nrawm thiab kev sau ntawv yog qhov nyuaj rau kev paub qhov txawv.

Tab sis cia peb tham txog cov tsos mob uas nws ua tau, nrog rau qee qhov kev tshwm sim, los tham txog kev txhim kho ntawm ib hom dysgraphia:

Nrog acoustic dysgraphia, tej zaum yuav tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam hauv kev hais lus ntawm lub suab, tab sis lawv txoj kev xav yuav tsis raug. Nyob rau hauv kev sau ntawv, qhov no manifests nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv hloov lub suab uas ib tug neeg hnov nrog cov uas zoo ib yam li lawv thaum hais, piv txwv li, whistling suab yog hloov los ntawm hissing, lag ntseg suab - voiced (S-W, Z-Z, thiab lwm yam), thiab lwm yam. …

Hauv articulatory-acoustic dysgraphia, kev sau ntawv tsis raug cuam tshuam tshwj xeeb nrog kev tawm suab tsis raug. Ib tug neeg sau raws nraim li nws hnov. Raws li txoj cai, cov tsos mob zoo sib xws pom muaj nyob rau hauv cov menyuam yaus uas muaj lub suab tsis zoo-phonemic sab ntawm kev hais lus. Los ntawm txoj kev, kev ua yuam kev hauv dysgraphia ntawm hom no yuav zoo sib xws hauv kev hais lus thiab sau ntawv (piv txwv li, yog tus menyuam hais tias "smishny zayas", nws yuav sau tib yam).

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm agrammatical dysgraphia, cov lus hloov los ntawm rooj plaub, declensions tsis meej pem, tus me nyuam tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim siab tus lej thiab poj niam txiv neej (piv txwv li, "ci hnub ci", "tus phauj zoo", "peb dais", thiab lwm yam). Cov kab lus yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov tsis sib xws hauv kev tsim cov lus, qee cov tswv cuab ntawm kab lus yuav raug hla tag nrho. Raws li kev hais lus, nws yog inhibited thiab underdeveloped.

Hauv kev kho qhov muag dysgraphia, cov ntawv sib xyaw thiab hloov nrog cov uas pom qhov zoo ib yam li qhov tseeb. Ntawm no ib qho yuav tsum paub qhov txawv ntawm cov ntawv kho qhov muag dysgraphia (cov ntawv cais tawm tsis raug tsim tawm) thiab hais lus kho qhov muag dysgraphia (cov ntawv hauv cov lus tsis raug tsim tawm). Feem ntau, cov ntawv yog "daim iav", cov ntsiab lus ntxiv yog ntxiv rau lawv lossis cov uas tsim nyog tsis tau piav qhia (piv txwv li, T yog sau li P, L - li M, A - li D), thiab lwm yam).

Nrog dysgraphia, vim tsis muaj kev tsim cov lus sib txuas lus, tus me nyuam hloov cov ntawv thiab cov lus nyob rau hauv qhov chaw, tsis ntxiv cov lus xaus lossis ntxiv cov tsis tsim nyog, sau prepositions ua ke nrog cov lus, thiab cais cov prefixes ntawm lawv (piv txwv li, "raug mus", "table", thiab lwm yam)). Hom dysgraphia no yog suav tias yog feem ntau ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv.

Ntawm lwm yam, cov neeg uas muaj dysgraphia tuaj yeem muaj cov tsos mob uas tsis cuam tshuam nrog kev hais lus. Feem ntau cov no yog cov kab mob thiab cov kab mob ntawm lub paj hlwb, xws li kev ua haujlwm qis, teeb meem nrog kev xav, kev cuam tshuam ntau ntxiv, kev nco tsis zoo, hyperactivity.

Nrog rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov tsos mob tshwm sim, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hu rau tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb uas tuaj yeem ua tiav kev kuaj mob thiab paub qhov txawv ntawm pathology los ntawm kev tsis nyeem ntawv banal. Xws li ib tug kws kho mob tshwj xeeb yog hais lus kho mob. Los ntawm txoj kev, nco ntsoov tias kev kuaj mob "dysgraphia" tsuas yog yog tias tus menyuam twb muaj kev txawj sau ntawv, piv txwv li. tsis ntxov tshaj li 9 xyoos. Txwv tsis pub, qhov kev kuaj mob yuav ua yuam kev.

Dysgraphia diagnostics

Raws li peb tau hais, koj yuav tsum mus ntsib tus kws kho mob hais lus txhawm rau kuaj mob dysgraphia. Txawm li cas los xij, kev sab laj nrog lwm tus kws tshaj lij kuj tseem ceeb heev. Cov kws kho mob tshwj xeeb no suav nrog kws kho mob hlwb, kws kho qhov muag, kws kho mob hlwb, ENT. Lawv yuav pab kom tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag hauv lub cev ntawm kev pom thiab hnov lus, nrog rau kev puas hlwb. Tsuas yog tom qab no, tus kws kho mob hais lus, tau kawm txog cov tsos mob, tuaj yeem tsim tau tias dysgraphia tab tom txhim kho thiab txiav txim siab nws hom.

Kev ntsuas ntsuas ib txwm ua tiav thiab hauv theem. Cov ntawv sau tau raug tshuaj xyuas, kev nthuav dav thiab kev hais lus, lub xeev ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab lub paj hlwb, lub cev ntawm lub zeem muag thiab hnov lus, kev hais lus lub cev muaj zog thiab cov cuab yeej kos duab raug soj ntsuam. Txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov lus sau, tus kws tshaj lij tuaj yeem muab tus menyuam rov sau cov ntawv luam lossis sau ntawv, sau ib phau ntawv hauv kev hais lus, piav qhia ib zaj lus los ntawm kev kos duab, thiab nyeem nrov nrov. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau txais, tus txheej txheem raug kos, thiab tus kws kho mob txiav txim siab.

Lub sijhawm thaum nws dhau mus ua lub luag haujlwm loj hauv kev kuaj mob. Nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws los nrhiav tswv yim ntawm lub hnub nyoog qis tshaj plaws (xws li hauv kindergarten) thiaj li yuav tau pib kho qhov sib txawv ntawm nws cov theem thaum ntxov. Yog tias qhov kev ntsuas tsim nyog tsis tau coj mus rau thaum yau, dysgraphia yuav tshwm sim nws tus kheej hauv cov neeg laus, thiab nws yuav muaj teeb meem ntau dua los tshem tawm nws.

Kho thiab kho dysgraphia

Tsis zoo li Western lub teb chaws, qhov chaw tshwj xeeb tau tsim rau kev kho mob thiab kho dysgraphia, tsis muaj cov kev pab cuam zoo li no hauv Russia. Tias yog vim li cas kev kho yuav tsum tau pib hauv cov hnub nyoog kindergarten, thiab suav nrog cov tswv yim tshwj xeeb thiab cov tswv yim uas cov kws kho mob hais lus tswv. Tab sis nrog kev pab los ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm tsis tu ncua, nws yuav tsis ua hauj lwm kom tshem tawm dysgraphia. Qhov tseeb, tsis muaj leej twg tuaj yeem tshem tawm qhov sib txawv kiag li - xws li nws qhov tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tseem muaj peev xwm coj cov txuj ci sau ntawv los ze rau qhov zoo tagnrho.

Cov kev kho kom raug tsim nyog yuav tsum tau tsim los rau hauv tus account tus yam ntxwv ntawm txhua tus neeg mob thiab, tau kawg, daim ntawv ntawm kev ua txhaum cai. Txhawm rau kho qhov sib txawv, tus kws kho mob tshwj xeeb tsim cov txheej txheem rau kev txhaws qhov khoob hauv cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov kev txawj sau ntawv, ua haujlwm ntawm kev txhim kho kev hais lus thiab nws qhov sib txuam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov dej num raug muab rau kev tsim cov qauv sau ntawv thiab kev txhim kho cov lus, spatial thiab auditory kev nkag siab raug kho, cov txheej txheem kev xav thiab kev nco tau tsim. Tag nrho cov no ua rau kev txhim kho kev txawj sau ntawv.

Ntxiv nrog rau kev hais lus kho mob, cov kws kho mob feem ntau siv physiotherapy ce, massage, thiab physiotherapy. Raws li kev kho tshuaj, nws qhov ua tau thiab kev ua tau zoo tseem yog cov lus nug loj.

Yog tias koj txiav txim siab koom ncaj qha rau hauv kev kho mob ntawm dysgraphia hauv koj tus menyuam, siv kev ua si. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv yau los muab cov haujlwm rau kev sau cov lus nrog cov ntawv sib nqus - qhov no txhawb nqa qhov pom kev pom ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv. Thiab kev sau ntawv dictations txhim kho qhov kev nkag siab ntawm lub suab.

Nws yog qhov tsim nyog los ua si keeb kwm nrog koj tus menyuam - thaum tus menyuam sau ntawv nrog tus cwj mem thiab tus cwj mem. Xaiv koj cov cuab yeej sau ntawv zoo ib yam. Nws raug nquahu kom yuav cov cwj mem, xaum thiab cov cim nrog lub cev ntxhib lossis tsis sib xws. lawv zaws qhov kawg ntawm cov ntiv tes, uas ntxiv cov teeb liab raug xa mus rau lub hlwb.

Qhov tseeb, muaj ntau txoj kev xaiv rau kev ua haujlwm tawm tsab ntawv sib txawv, tab sis txhua tus ntawm lawv yuav tsum tau tham nrog tus kws kho mob hais lus. Peb kuj pom zoo kom xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb. Ua tib zoo mloog cov phau ntawv los ntawm E. V. Mazanova ("Kev kawm tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov ntawv", "Kev kawm kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam lub suab"), O. V. Chistyakova ("30 tshooj lus hauv Lavxias los tiv thaiv dysgraphia", "Kho dysgraphia"), I. Yu.. Ogloblina (Speech therapy notebooks for the correction of dysgraphia), OM Kovalenko ("Kho kom raug kev hais lus tsis zoo"), OI Azova ("Diagnostics thiab kho cov kev hais lus tsis zoo").

Cov phau ntawv no muaj ntau yam khoom siv rau kev kawm tus kheej hauv tsev. Tab sis qhov tshwm sim sai yog tsis yooj yim sua, thiab yog li ntawd koj yuav tsum ua siab ntev thiab teb rau qhov ua yuam kev kom txaus. Cov chav kawm yuav tsum ua kom zoo, tab sis luv luv; nco ntsoov muab sijhawm rau koj tus menyuam kom so, ua si thiab ua qhov lawv nyiam.

Tsis tas li ntawd, peb nco ntsoov tias txawm tias qhov teeb meem ntawm dysgraphia tsis cuam tshuam rau koj, qhov no tsis txhais hais tias koj tuaj yeem sau nws tawm. Txhawm rau tiv thaiv nws los ntawm kev txhim kho, peb qhia koj kom ua raws li kev tiv thaiv ib ntus, hais txog ob peb lo lus kuj yuav tsum tau hais.

Kev tiv thaiv ntawm dysgraphia

Kev tiv thaiv dysgraphia yuav tsum ua cov kauj ruam ua ntej koj tus menyuam kawm sau ntawv. Lawv suav nrog kev tawm dag zog los tsim kev nco qab, kev nco, cov txheej txheem kev xav, kev nkag siab ntawm qhov chaw, kev pom kev sib txawv thiab kev hnov lus, thiab lwm yam txheej txheem ua lub luag haujlwm rau kev txawj sau ntawv.

Ib qho twg, txawm tias qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, kev hais lus tsis zoo yuav tsum raug kho tam sim ntawd. Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb sib npaug los nthuav koj tus menyuam cov lus. Thaum muaj hnub nyoog laus, kev sau ntawv yuav tsum tau kawm. Peb kuj xav muab koj ntau yam kev tawm dag zog uas tuaj yeem siv rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kho dysgraphia.

Kev tawm dag zog rau kev tiv thaiv thiab kho dysgraphia

Cov kev tawm dag zog no zoo heev rau cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog pib kawm ntawv, tab sis tuaj yeem ua tau los ntawm cov menyuam yaus:

• Nqa ib phau ntawv nrog koj tus menyuam uas nws tseem tsis tau paub. Nws yog ntshaw tias cov ntawv luam tawm hauv nruab nrab font, thiab tseem yuav ua rau me ntsis tho txawv kom tus me nyuam tsis txhob cuam tshuam los ntawm cov ntsiab lus. Muab txoj haujlwm los nrhiav thiab kos ib tsab ntawv tshwj xeeb hauv cov ntawv nyeem, piv txwv li, C lossis P, O lossis A, thiab lwm yam.
• Ua kom txoj haujlwm nyuaj me ntsis: kom tus menyuam nrhiav ib tsab ntawv tshwj xeeb thiab kos rau nws, thiab tsab ntawv tom qab ntawd, voj voog lossis hla tawm.
• Caw koj tus menyuam los kos cov ntawv zoo sib xws, xws li L / M, R / P, T / P, B / D, D / Y, A / D, D / Y, thiab lwm yam.
• Sau ib nqe lus luv luv rau koj tus menyuam. Nws txoj hauj lwm yog sau thiab hais nrov nrov txhua yam uas nws sau, raws nraim li nws tau sau. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau hais txog qhov tsis muaj zog ntaus - cov suab uas tsis tau them nyiaj mloog thaum hais, piv txwv li, peb hais tias: "ntawm cov hlau muaj lub khob nrog MALAK", thiab peb sau: "muaj ib lub khob. khob nrog mis nyuj rau ntawm lub rooj. " Nws yog cov kev qhia no uas tus menyuam yuav tsum hais txog. Tib yam siv rau kev ntxiv thiab tshaj tawm cov lus xaus.
• Kev tawm dag zog rau kev txhim kho kev mloog thiab tag nrho cov kev txawj tsav tsheb - kev txav ntawm lub cev, caj npab thiab txhais ceg. Cov kab hauv qab yog tias tus me nyuam kos ib txoj kab txuas ntxiv nrog tus cwj mem lossis cwj mem, tsis tas hloov txoj hauj lwm ntawm tes thiab daim ntawv. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws rau qhov no yog cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm cov duab kos, cov ntsiab lus nodal uas tau cim nrog cov lej sib txuas.
• Piav rau koj tus menyuam qhov sib txawv ntawm lub suab tawv thiab mos, dull thiab sonorous. Tom qab ntawd muab txoj haujlwm los xaiv cov lus rau txhua lub suab thiab txheeb xyuas cov lus nrog nws: cov ntawv dab tsi, cov suab lus thiab cov suab uas lawv muaj. Rau kev yooj yim thiab meej, koj tuaj yeem siv ntau yam khoom.
• Qhia koj tus menyuam txoj kev sau ntawv. Rau qhov no, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas yuav tau siv phau ntawv checkered kom tus menyuam sau cov lus, muab cov ntawv tso rau hauv nyias lub hlwb. Nco ntsoov tias cov ntawv sau tag nrho ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub hlwb.

Thiab ob peb lub tswv yim ntxiv rau kev ua cov chav kawm:

• Ib puag ncig yuav tsum nyob twj ywm, tus me nyuam yuav tsum tsis txhob cuam tshuam dab tsi.
• Xaiv cov haujlwm raws li lub hnub nyoog thiab lub peev xwm ntawm tus menyuam
• Thaum muaj kev nyuaj, pab tus menyuam, tab sis tsis txhob ua kom tiav cov haujlwm ntawm koj tus kheej
• Tsis txhob qhia koj tus menyuam cov lus txawv teb chaws yog tias nws tseem tsis tau npaj rau kev puas siab puas ntsws
• Hauv kev sib txuas lus txhua hnub, hais kom raug thiab kom meej meej li sai tau.
• Tsis txhob rov hais dua tom qab koj tus menyuam cov lus thiab kab lus uas nws hais tsis raug.
• Nco ntsoov xaiv koj cov cuab yeej sau ua tib zoo
• Muab kev txhawb siab rau tus menyuam, vim tias feem ntau cov menyuam yaus uas muaj dysgraphia xav tias "tsis zoo li lwm tus"
• Tsis txhob cem tus me nyuam kom ua yuam kev.
• Txhawb thiab qhuas koj tus menyuam rau ib qho twg, txawm tias qhov tsawg tshaj plaws, ua tiav

Nco ntsoov tias txoj hauv kev muaj peev xwm rau kev yug me nyuam, kev saib xyuas thiab saib xyuas tus menyuam, nrog rau kev mob siab rau cov txheej txheem ntawm nws txoj kev loj hlob yuav pab koj paub txog kev sib txawv ntawm lub sijhawm thiab ntsuas kev kho thiab tshem tawm lawv.

Thiab peb xav kom koj thiab koj cov menyuam ua tiav hauv kev kawm thiab paub cov txuj ci tshiab!

Peb pom zoo kom xa mus rau cov ntaub ntawv tshwj xeeb:

Chistyakova O. V. 20 zaj lus qhia ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm dysgraphia. 1 chav..pdf O. V. Chisyatyakova 30 zaj lus qhia hauv Lavxias rau kev tiv thaiv ntawm dysgraphia.pdf Chistyakova O. V. 30 zaj lus qhia hauv Lavxias rau kev tiv thaiv dysgraphia, 3-4 chav kawm.pdf Azova O. I. Kev kuaj mob thiab kho cov lus sau hauv cov menyuam kawm ntawv theem pib (2).pdf Mazanova EV, Kawm kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam cov ntawv.doc Mazanova EV Kawm kom tsis txhob muaj suab nrov. Album 1-2..docx ib