Amasakhi - dawb sab qaum teb ntawm teb chaws Africa

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub ntsiab inhabitants ntawm Morocco tsis yog Arabs - lub Amazahs (Greek βάρβαροι, Latin barbari). Qhov twg pab pawg neeg ntawm cov tawv nqaij tawv, nyias nyias siab thiab cov poj niam zoo nkauj zoo nkauj ib zaug tshwm sim hauv Africa tseem tsis tau paub. Tab sis qhov no tau tshwm sim ntev ua ntej cov av no tau kov yeej los ntawm Arabs.

Tam sim no ntau Amazahs tau sib xyaw nrog cov pej xeem hauv zos ntawm Arab lossis African tsos, tab sis kuj tseem muaj ob peb tus neeg sawv cev "dawb huv" sab laug.

Cov neeg nto moo ntawm Amazonian qhovntsej thiaj tsis mob: Zidane Zinedine, Isabelle Adjani.

AMAZAKHI (Berbers)

Berbers (los ntawm Greek βάρβαροι, Latin barbari; nws tus kheej lub npe amazakh - gospodar, dawb, noble txiv neej) yog lub npe ntawm cov neeg hauv paus txawm ntawm North Africa los ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws mus rau lub hiav txwv Atlantic nyob rau sab hnub poob thiab los ntawm Sudan nyob rau hauv lub sab qab teb mus rau lub hiav txwv Mediterranean nyob rau sab qaum teb. Lawv hais lus Berberg. Los ntawm kev ntseeg, tam sim no lawv feem ntau yog Sunni Muslims, tab sis lawv tau khaws ntau haiv neeg kev coj noj coj ua. Lub npe "Berbers", muab los ntawm Europeans los ntawm kev sib piv nrog cov barbarians, vim hais tias ntawm incomprehensibility ntawm lawv cov lus.

THAUM KEEB KWM HAIV NEEG

Garamants (Greek ΓαράΜαντες) yog cov neeg qub ntawm Sahara. Lawv thawj zaug hais los ntawm Herodotus (kwv yees li 500 BC) ua "cov neeg zoo heev" (kev txiav txim los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los, lawv lub xeev tau tshwm sim ntau dhau los, thaum kawg ntawm xyoo pua 2nd BC). Lawv muaj ib tug Caucasian tsos. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua VIII BC. e. Lub xeev ntawm Garamantes twb suav nrog tag nrho tam sim no Fezzan, thaj tsam yav qab teb ntawm Tripolitania thiab ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm Marmarica. Lub Garamante kev vam meej yog kev siv tshuab siab heev. Herodotus tau sau txog lawv raws li kev ua tsov ua rog, kev xav ua phem thiab cov dab neeg uas nkag mus, ntawm cov tsheb sib tw uas tau rub los ntawm plaub tus nees, tob rau hauv steppe, txawm li ntawd los, qhov nthuav dav ntawm sab qaum teb Africa. Lub xeev ntawm Garamantes tau txuas ntxiv los ntawm Rome hauv 19 BC. e. Cov Garamans thaum kawg tau assimilated los ntawm Arabs nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th AD. e. Cov Garamants tau hais cov lus ntawm pawg Berber thiab siv lub npe hu ua kev sau ntawv thaum ub ntawm Tifinagh (lwm lub npe yog "Kub Libyan").

KABILA (los ntawm Arabic qabîlah - pab pawg neeg) yog cov neeg ntawm pawg Berber nyob rau sab qaum teb Algeria. Lawv hais cov ceg qaum teb ntawm cov lus Berber-Libyan. Kev sau ntawv raws li cov duab Latin. Fab Kis thiab Arabic kuj tau nthuav dav. Kev sim ua kom rov ua kom rov muaj kev sau ntawv thaum ub ntawm Tifinagh (lwm lub npe yog "Libyan qub"), khaws cia hauv paj ntaub, thiab lwm yam (nws cov neeg khaws cia feem ntau yog poj niam). Kabila ua rau feem ntau ntawm cov tswv cuab ntawm cov tog neeg hauv zos "Kev Sib Koom Tes rau Kab lis kev cai thiab kev ywj pheej", "Pem hauv ntej ntawm Socialist Forces" thiab lwm yam.

Lawv nyob hauv Algeria hauv roob loj thiab me Kabylia (keeb kwm thaj tsam ntawm Kabylia) sab hnub tuaj ntawm Algeria. Cov neeg nyob hauv Algeria approx. 3 lab tus tib neeg (2007, kwv yees). Lawv kuj nyob hauv Fabkis (676 txhiab tus neeg), Belgium (50 txhiab tus neeg), Great Britain (tshaj 3 txhiab tus neeg). Tag nrho cov naj npawb yog 4 lab tus tib neeg, raws li qee qhov chaw - txog li 6 lab tus tib neeg.

Cov chaw nyob feem ntau yog nyob rau saum lub roob thiab muaj 2 txoj kev: ib sab hauv rau cov poj niam thiab ib tug sab nrauv rau txiv neej; Cov tsev nyob ze rau ib leeg ntsib sab nraud nrog cov phab ntsa dawb. Cov neeg nyob hauv kev sib haum xeeb tsim ib lub zej zog (taddart, jamaat), coj los ntawm ib tug thawj coj (amin, amekkran); nws tau faib ua pawg (adrum), suav nrog ntau yam cuam tshuam (hauv tiam 4-5th) cov koom haum patrilineal (tararrubt), suav nrog cov tsev neeg loj patriarchal (aham - lus ib lub tsev loj).

Pre-Islamic folklore tau muaj sia nyob. Cavilian cov lus dab neeg muaj nws tus kheej phoenix noog, nws yog ib tug falcon (los yog ib tug hawk), los yog ib tug poj niam falcon, uas yog, ib tug falcon, Tha-Nina (thaum yog ib tug poj niam tsab xov xwm, zoo li Fabkis La). Nyob rau hauv nws cov cim thiab lub ntsiab lus rau peb, nws tsis yog qis dua rau peb firebird. Nws yog lub cim ntawm kev yug dua tshiab, poj niam zoo nkauj thiab tsuas yog lub npe poj niam xwb.

Cov cim tiv thaiv siv los ntawm henna yog tsim los tiv thaiv tus poj niam hauv lub sijhawm tseem ceeb ntawm nws lub neej - tshoob, cev xeeb tub, tom qab yug menyuam. Cov duab kos rau ntawm lub ntsej muag, caj dab, décolleté - feem ntau yog North Africa, Morocco - qhov no yog lwm qhov kev lig kev cai hu ua harquus ("harkuz"). Rau harquus, tsis yog siv henna, tab sis lwm yam dye mixs, dub. Harquus designs feem ntau pom nyob rau ntawm lub ntsej muag ntawm pab pawg neeg lub plab seev cev, thiab txuam lub cev ornaments nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm designs thiab tattoos ua kom tiav qhov zoo.

TUAREGI (tus kheej lub npe - imoschag, imoshag) yog cov neeg ntawm pawg Berber hauv Mali, Niger, Burkina Faso, Morocco, Algeria thiab Libya. Yav dhau los, ib tug neeg txhoj puab heev-invader.

Los ntawm kev ntseeg, Tuaregs yog Sunni Muslims. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau khaws ntau yam kev coj ua ua ntej Islam, xws li lub koom haum matrilineal clan thiab ortho-npawg sib yuav ntawm leej niam. Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias niaj hnub Tuaregs qhia Islam, qhov twg polygamy raug tso cai, ib tug tiag tiag Tuareg yuav ib zaug nyob rau hauv lub neej. Cov poj niam muaj kev hwm hauv Tuareg zej zog. Cov ntxhais kawm nyeem ntawv thiab sau ntawv txij thaum yau, thiab nws tso cai rau ib tug txiv neej tsis paub ntawv.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog kev ua liaj ua teb (cereals, legumes, zaub), ua ke nrog kev yug me nyuam ntawm me ruminants. Ib feem ntawm Tuareg nyob hauv Algerian Sahara thiab Tenere Desert taug kev nrog pab tsiaj ntawm ntxhuav thiab tshis.

Cov Neeg Tuag thaum ub yog cov neeg dawb thiab cov neeg nyiam. Cov qhev thiab cov kws ntaus hlau tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog Tuareg ntawm cov neeg siab dua. Lawv feem ntau yog tawv nqaij tawv, thaum Tuaregs lawv tus kheej yog tawv tawv thiab siab, nyias. Lawv suav hais tias lub neej tsuas yog ib qho khoom ua si xwb, yog li ntawd lawv tsis ntshai plam nws los yog coj mus deb ntawm lwm tus, yog li ntawd lawv tau txawv ntawm lawv txoj kev ywj pheej. Txoj hauj lwm ntawm ib tug poj niam tau txiav txim siab los ntawm tus naj npawb ntawm cov neeg nyiam thiab qhuas. Tuaregs raided cov neeg nyob sib ze, coj tib neeg mus ua qhev. (Colin M. Turnbull. Tus txiv neej nyob hauv Africa)

Muaj lus dab neeg hais txog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Tuareg. Raws li nws, "progenitor niam" Tin-Hinan tuaj rau lawv los ntawm Morocco ntawm ib tug ntxhuav dawb nrog nws tus poj niam Takamat. Nws tsis paub tias lawv tau mus rau Ahaggar li cas, ntawm no Tin-Khinan tau los ua huab tais. Cov txiv neej zoo nkauj tshaj plaws, hluas thiab muaj zog qhuas tuaj rau nws rau kev sib sau, ces nws tua lawv. Tus poj huab tais thiab tus poj niam yug me nyuam, tso lub hauv paus rau tsev neeg Tuareg. Los ntawm Tin-Hinan tuaj ib pawg neeg muaj koob muaj npe, thiab los ntawm ib tug tub qhe - pab pawg neeg ntawm vassals. Nyob rau hauv 1925, nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub ancient fortification ntawm Abalesa nyob rau hauv Ahaggar, ib tug nplua nuj faus ntawm ib tug poj niam tau pom, ntau Tuaregs ntseeg hais tias qhov no yog Tin-Khinan.

Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XI. Arab conquerors invaded thaj chaw ntawm Tuareg nyob rau hauv North Africa, ib zaug dua tsiv lub Tuareg cheeb tsam sab hnub poob. Lub sijhawm no, Tuaregs tau raug Islamization thiab Arabization. Ironically, niaj hnub Tuaregs tau assimilated rau hauv cov neeg dub.

Nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog, Tuaregs tau koom nrog kev lag luam trans-Saharan, tsim ntau lub xeev nyob luv luv, xws li Sultanate ntawm Agadez; tswj hwm cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm kev muag khoom, xws li Takedda (lub nroog-xeev hauv thaj chaw ntawm Niger, nyob rau hauv lub oasis nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm Huab Cua Highlands, uas muaj nyob rau hauv Nruab Nrab Hnub nyoog).

Thaum lub sijhawm colonial, Tuaregs tau koom ua ke rau hauv Fabkis West Africa. Tsis zoo li ntau lwm haiv neeg, Tuaregs tau ntev dhau los tawm tsam tsoomfwv tshiab (Tuareg uprising 1916-1917). Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, lub hwj chim colonial nyob rau hauv lub colony ntawm Niger muaj peev xwm mus kov yeej cov Tuareg pab pawg neeg tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1923. Fabkis colonial hwj chim kav cov Tuaregs los ntawm xeem cov thawj coj, sim siv inter-clan tsis sib haum xeeb.

Cov duab ntawm Kabyles (hereditary Amazighs) thiab Tuaregs (assimilated Amazighs):

Rau kev sib piv, cov ntsiab lus ntawm Lavxias teb sab ornaments:

Kev sib piv nrog lub taub hau ntawm Lavxias teb sab "Soroka":

Cov neeg keeb kwm xav txog Phoenicians los ua tus tsim ntawm kev sau ntawv, lawv hais tias lawv tau qhia tag nrho lub ntiaj teb los sau. Tam sim no ua tib zoo saib cov tsiaj ntawv Amazonian, thiab ua rau muaj kev nkag siab tias Amazahs nyob hauv lawv thaj av hauv Morocco ua ntej cov Phoenicians mus txog ntawd. Nws hloov tawm tias seafarers, tub lag luam thiab pirates pom AzBuka raws nraim los ntawm Berbers?