Kazan historian: Slavs nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Tatarstan txawm ua ntej Bulgarians

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Kazan historian: Slavs nyob rau thaj tsam ntawm Tatarstan txawm ua ntej Bulgarians

Nws paub hais tias nyob rau hauv lub IV-VII centuries AD, ib tug tseem ceeb thaj chaw ntawm lub Middle Volga cheeb tsam - los ntawm lub Sura nyob rau hauv sab hnub poob (Mordovia) mus rau lub Belaya River nyob rau hauv sab hnub tuaj (Bashkiria), los ntawm lub Lower Kama nyob rau hauv sab qaum teb (Laishevsky)., Rybno-Slobodskoy thiab lwm thaj tsam ntawm Tatarstan) mus rau Samarskaya Luka nyob rau sab qab teb, nws tau nyob los ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm lub thiaj li hu ua Imenkov archaeological kab lis kev cai. Nyob rau xyoo 1980, qhov kev xav tau tshwm sim tias nws tau tso tseg los ntawm cov neeg Slavic thaum ub.

Txawm tias ua ntej, nyob rau hauv lub 1940s thiab 1970s, thaum Moscow archaeologists ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub Bulgarians, nws yog dav ntseeg hais tias lub nroog no tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm lub Imenkov chaw nyob. Hauv qee thaj chaw ntawm Bulgarian kev sib hais haum tsis muaj cov txheej txheem tsis muaj menyuam nyob nruab nrab ntawm Imenkovsk thiab Bulgar txheej, lawv sib xyaw. Nws yog qhov ua tau heev uas cov neeg nyob hauv thaj chaw yav tom ntej Bolgar los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm xyoo pua 1st AD. cov Slavs sib xyaw nrog cov neeg tuaj tshiab-Bulgars thiab tau nce mus rau lub nroog tshiab. Tsis ntev los no, cov ntaub ntawv tau pom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Bolgar uas tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tsis tau txawm tias nrog Slavs, tab sis nrog Proto-Slavs. Muaj ib tsab xov xwm sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sau me me ntawm kev tshawb fawb, tab sis cov xov xwm no tsis tau mus txog rau cov pej xeem.

Bulgarian pom kuj qhia tias nyob rau hauv X-XIV centuries. Cov neeg nyob hauv Kievan Rus, thiab tom qab ntawd ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Lavxias teb sab, feem ntau mus xyuas lub nroog, thiab tsis tsuas yog "dhau mus". Muaj pob zeb icons thiab ntoo khaub lig, hlau icons, bronze lub tsev teev ntuj cov khoom siv: ib tug tswm ciab, ib tug icon teeb tuav, qhov seem ntawm ib tug saw ntawm ib tug icon teeb. Cov khoom zoo li no tsis tuaj yeem yuav los ntawm Bulgars lees paub Islam. Qhov chaw nyob ruaj khov ntawm cov neeg Lavxias nyob hauv Bolgar thiab lub xub ntiag ntawm Lavxias teb sab handicraft quarter yog pov thawj los ntawm qhov seem ntawm lub tsev nrog cov kev pom zoo. Vim li cas qhov no tsis tau tsom mus rau hauv Tatarstan niaj hnub no, kuv xav tias, nkag siab.

Qhov teeb meem no yog debatable nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau nom tswv, nyob rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm ib co ntawm tus kheej ambitions ntawm historians thiab archaeologists. Yog hais tias peb coj lub scientific nam ntawm qhov teeb meem, ces nws yuav cam hais tias cov Imenkovites yog Slavs ntau tshaj lwm tus. Muaj cov haujlwm ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb nto moo, piv txwv li, kws tshaj lij V. V. Sedov, tus kws tshaj lij hauv Slavic archaeology, orientalist S. G. Klyashtorny, tus kws tshawb fawb Samara G. I. Matveeva.

Nyob rau hauv lawv, nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus ntawm ib tug complex ntawm qhov chaw, nws muaj pov thawj hais tias lub Imenkovites yog ib tug Slavic pejxeem, tsawg kawg yog feem ntau ntawm cov pejxeem ntawm no kab lis kev cai yog Slavs. Qhov no yog pov thawj los ntawm lub ntees tuag, cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm cov lus ntawm cov neeg nyob sib ze (Slavic qiv nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm lub Udmurts), sau ntawv - piv txwv li, lub Arab neeg mus ncig tebchaws Ahmed ibn Fadlan, tus kheej mus xyuas lub Volga Bulgaria nyob rau hauv 922., hu rau tus kav ntawm lub Bulgars tus huab tais ntawm lub Slavs.

Tom qab Moscow archaeologists raug ntiab tawm ntawm Tatarstan nyob rau hauv 1970s, lub zos archaeologist A. Kh. Khalikov (qhov no yog vim qhov kev xav dav dav kom ntxiv dag zog rau txoj haujlwm ntawm nomenklatura hauv lub tebchaws koom pheej ntawm USSR). Tom qab ntawd lawv pib hais tias tsis muaj kev txuas ntxiv ntawm Imenkovians thiab Bulgars, thiab Bolgar tau dhau los ua neeg Bulgarian nkaus xwb, txawm tias lub nroog Bulgaro-Tatar. Cov kab lus tau sau, kev xav tau muab tso rau pem hauv ntej tias, tej zaum, Imenkovites yog Turks, Balts lossis Finno-Ugrian, tab sis qee qhov lawv tsis tau xyuam xim rau qhov tseeb tias muaj cov pov thawj zoo heev rau cov neeg Slavs ntawm cov pejxeem.

Qhov tseeb yog qhov tseeb ntawm cov Slavs nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Volga cheeb tsam txawm ua ntej qhov tshwm sim ntawm lub Volga Bulgaria. rhuav tshem lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev pom, raws li cov Tatars ib txwm nyob hauv tsev ntawm no, thiab cov Russians yog neeg txawv teb chaws., ntaus nyob rau hauv lub justification ntawm lub sovereignty ntawm lub koom pheej. Nyob rau xyoo 1990, nrog rau qhov kev ywj pheej ntawm kev ywj pheej, thiab tom qab ntawd, nyob rau xyoo 2000, Imenkov cov teeb meem hauv zej zog kev tshawb fawb hauv zos pib tsuas yog glossed. Yog li ntawd, niaj hnub no qhov tseeb yog lub tswv yim hais tias cov Slavs tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Volga tsuas yog tom qab 1552, thiab lub nroog ntawm Bolgars tau tsim los ntawm Bulgars, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg Tatar.

Kuv tau sau ib daim ntawv teev npe thiab daim ntawv kawm tiav raws li kev taw qhia ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm nto moo P. N. Starostin, tus kws paub zoo txog qhov teeb meem Imenkov, tus sau ntawm classic monograph ntawm lub ntsiab lus no. Thaum, ntawm qee theem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, nws tau dhau los ua qhov tsim nyog txav mus rau qib siab ntawm kev nthuav dav - haiv neeg thiab kev paub lus - tus thawj saib xyuas kev tshawb fawb pib hais tias: koj yuav tsum tau ceev faj ntxiv.

Nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov no yog Slavs, tab sis nws yog qhov zoo dua los hais tsis meej tias Imenkovites yog cov pej xeem ntawm "Western keeb kwm". Vim yog cov hluas maximalism, kuv tsis mloog nws thiab tiv thaiv kuv txoj haujlwm ntawm txhua lub rooj sib tham txog kev tshawb fawb. Thaum kuv kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv, cov neeg uas kuv nkag mus rau lub tsev kawm ntawv tiav ntawm Academy of Sciences ntawm lub koom pheej, tau teeb tsa ib qho xwm txheej: tsis txhob hloov kho cov haiv neeg ntawm Imenkovites. Kuv rov tsis mloog lus, ib qho kev iab liam los nag rau kuv - cov lus xaiv pib nthuav tawm txog kuv tias kuv yog "dub archaeologist".

Maj mam kuv tig mus rau hauv kev tawm tsam, nws tau mus rau lub ntsiab lus tias nyob rau lub Plaub Hlis 2005 lub monograph ntawm Bogoroditsky faus av ntawm Imenkovskaya kab lis kev cai, uas tau raug npaj rau kev tshaj tawm (sau los ntawm kuv hauv kev koom tes nrog P. N. Starostin), yooj yim. rhuav tshem ntawm kuv xub ntiag … Ib tus kws pab kuaj mob tsis yooj yim tuaj, nqa cov ntawv sau - thiab qhov ntawd yog nws. Nws hais tias - koj tsis nkag siab tias yuav coj li cas … Txawm tias tus saib xyuas ua tsis tau. Thaum kawg, kuv tau ua txuj ci tseem ceeb nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm tiav, tom qab ntawd muaj teeb meem nrog kev tiv thaiv ntawm tus neeg sib tw thesis. Nyob rau hauv 2009 kuv pib kuv cov kev ua ub no, kho Imenkov thiab ib co lwm yam teeb meem nyob rau hauv xovxwm.

Kuv pib muaj teeb meem ntawm kev ua haujlwm, kuv cov npoj yaig ntshai tias nrog kuv cov lus hais kuv yuav ua rau muaj teeb meem rau tag nrho lub tuam tsev. Kuv succumbed rau lub siab thiab txij li thaum 2010 tau tso tseg kev koom tes nyob rau hauv pej xeem lub neej ntawm Kazan, dua hloov mus rau science, tab sis ntawm no ib yam nkaus thiab cov teeb meem pib: lawv tsis noj nyob rau hauv lub rooj sib tham, tsis kam luam tawm cov ntawv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov VAK-ovs uas yog li ntawd tsim nyog rau. cov kws tshawb fawb.

Nws feem ntau tau hais tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm tsab xov xwm tsis sib haum rau qhov profile ntawm kev tshaj tawm. Tus editor-in-chief ntawm "Echo of Ages" magazine D. R. Sharafutdinov frankly hais tias Txhua haiv neeg yuav tsum muaj nws cov dab neeg, thiab kuv rhuav tshem cov dab neeg no. Tsis ntev los no cov tutorials tau luam tawm. Xyoo 2015, kuv muaj kev xaiv tsa dua. Feem ntau, lawv yuav raug xaiv rov los ntawm tus pab xibfwb rau tus pabcuam (qhov laj thawj zoo tsuas yog qhov tsis muaj kev qhia ntawv), lossis tej zaum lawv yuav tau nrhiav haujlwm tshiab tag nrho. Tab sis tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi txawv ntawm no, peb muaj lub xeev authoritarian, thiab historians yuav tsum ua hauj lwm tsis yog nrog ib rab ntaj, tab sis nrog ib tug cwj mem.

Lub ntsiab lus dab neeg, uas yog nyuaj heev rau kov yeej, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub Tatarstan nyob ob haiv neeg: Russians thiab Tatars, xav tias cais cov zej zog kaw, uas muaj txoj hmoo keeb kwm nyuaj heev, thiab yog tias tsis muaj kev coj noj coj ua, ces ob haiv neeg yuav nkag mus rau hauv kev sib cav sib ceg. Txhua tus kws sau keeb kwm yuav tsum txhawb cov dab neeg no, ib tus neeg yuav tsum kawm keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, ib tus neeg - Tatar, txhua tus yuav tsum coj tus cwj pwm kom raug. Txhawm rau hloov qee yam, nws tsis txaus los tshawb fawb pov thawj tias tib Imenkovites yog Slavs.

Qhov teeb meem yog nyob rau hauv ib puag ncig kev sib raug zoo nyob rau hauv uas kev txawj ntse circulates. Cov keeb kwm ntawm Kazan tau muab faib ua pawg neeg tshaj lij - cov no yog chav haujlwm, chav haujlwm, thiab lwm yam. Txhua pawg yog ib hom ntawm lub ntiaj teb nrog nws tus kheej kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kheej, thiab lub neej ib txwm muaj nyob rau hauv lub ntiaj teb no yog nyob ntawm lub siab zoo ntawm tus kav. Lub kaw lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov tub ceev xwm thiab cov kws tshawb fawb, uas tam sim no muaj nyob rau hauv Tatarstan, rov ua dua cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sib raug zoo. nyob rau sab hnub tuaj despotism ntawm tus kav thiab cov kev kawm … Cov txheej txheem no ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm ntawm keeb kwm myths xwb.

Qhov tshwj xeeb yog nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb tias txawm tias kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb tau suav nrog hauv cov lus piav qhia dav dav. Piv txwv li, ib tug archaeologist ua hauj lwm nrog ceramics, ua scrupulous xam, thiab nyob rau hauv ib tug generalizing ua hauj lwm xws li "Keeb kwm ntawm lub Tatars" nws yuav qhia tau hais tias qhov no yog cov ceramics ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm lub Tatar neeg. Lub tswvyim hais ua dabneeg muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev xav: nyob rau hauv lub xeev authoritarian, ideology yeej ib txwm yog dab neeg, thiab feem ntau nws ciam teb ntawm delirium.

Ib tug phooj ywg ntawm kuv tus xibfwb tau hais tias: thaum lawv nug koj hais txog nationalism, tham txog urbanization, thiab nws hais yog lawm. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th nyob rau hauv Russia, cov neeg los ntawm lub countryside tsiv mus rau lub nroog, qhov chaw uas nws nyuaj heev rau lawv mus ua hauj lwm. Lawv poob kov nrog lawv tsev neeg, lawv qhov chaw nyob, lawv ua tiav txhua yam ntawm lawv tus kheej. Lawv muaj kev kho siab, lawv yuav tsum koom nrog lawv tus kheej nrog qee lub voj voog ntawm cov neeg uas yuav pab. Qhov no yog ib yam dab tsi zoo li ib lub zos, ib tsev neeg. Yog li ntawd, cov dab neeg hauv tebchaws tau nrov.

Yog lawm, lawv yog kev dag ntxias, tab sis tus neeg uas cuam tshuam los ntawm cov tsev xauj tsev, uas tsis khwv tau nws tus kheej noj, paub tias tsis ntev nws yuav rho tawm thiab yuav them nws tag nrho nws lub neej, kom tsis txhob tsaug zog thiab tsis tawg, xav tau qee yam lus dab neeg. Thiab tom qab ntawd nws siv lwm txoj haujlwm los ntawm ib tus kws sau keeb kwm hauv zos thiab pom: ntawm no nws yog! Kuv yog ib tug neeg zoo, kuv cov yawg koob yog cov shakers ntawm lub ntiaj teb.

Qhov no, nws hloov tawm, yog vim li cas rau kuv cov teeb meem - cov Russians ntes Kazan 450 xyoo dhau los, yog tias peb muaj peb lub xeev, peb tus kheej ywj pheej Tatarstan, kuv yuav nyob zoo tam sim no. Lub teb chaws keeb kwm (nws tsis muaj teeb meem, Lavxias teb sab, Tatar los yog Bashkir) yog keeb kwm ntawm marginals, cov neeg ntawm ob ntiaj teb no. Lawv tau tawg tawm ntawm lub neej nyob deb nroog, tseem tsis tau nyob hauv nroog. Cov kws tshaj lij nyob rau hauv txoj kev xav ntawm kev niaj hnub sau tias qhov teeb meem no ua rau muaj kev sib cais ntawm tus cwj pwm, kev nkag siab txog dab neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb ib puag ncig, kev ntshaw rau cov duab surrealistic. Yog li ntawd, cov dab neeg hauv tebchaws tau nrov.

Kuv xav ntau heev txog cov lus nug no thiab tuaj rau qhov xaus tias muaj qhov tseeb ntawm kev xav txog ob npaug ntawm no. Muaj tej hauj lwm ntawm psychologists uas sau hais tias cov neeg uas nyob tas li nyob rau hauv kaw pawg feem ntau muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm doublethink. Ntawd yog, logic mechanisms nres ua haujlwm. Logic yug nyob rau hauv Ancient tim Nkij teb chaws, nws yog ib yam khoom ntawm ib tug atomized haiv neeg, los ntawm lub standpoint ntawm logic, ib tug neeg, tus kheej, xav txog. Dub tsis tuaj yeem yog dawb - qhov no yog logic.

Doublethink yog thaum dub tuaj yeem dawb tib lub sijhawm, piv txwv li. thaum ob qhov kev txiav txim tshwj xeeb raug lees paub tias muaj tseeb. Hauv Tatarstan tej yam kev mob, tus kws tshawb fawb xav li no: Yog lawm, kuv sau cov dab neeg hais txog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Tatar, tab sis tej zaum lawv muaj qee yam khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig. Feem ntau ntawm cov humanitarians ntawm Tatarstan, thiab nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov neeg ntawm muaj tswv yim professions, yog nag hmo cov neeg zej zog, thiab ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob txaj muag ntawm qhov no. Lawv yog marginalized thiab nyob rau qee lub sijhawm tuaj yeem ntseeg tiag tiag hauv cov dab neeg uas lawv tus kheej sau. Peb tab tom ntsib teeb meem ntawm Modernization, ntes nrog hom kev loj hlob ntawm lub teb chaws. Cia peb cia siab tias twb yog lawv cov menyuam, cov neeg hauv nroog tiag tiag hauv tiam thib ob thiab thib peb, yuav tshem tawm.

Raws li lub ntiaj teb no sib, kuv tsis xav txiav txim qhov no, kuv tsuas hais tau hais tias tag nrho cov tsim ntiaj teb no tau txais lub tswv yim ntawm thiaj li hu ua civil nationalism, thaum ib lub teb chaws yog co-citizenship. Hauv ib lub tebchaws, tuaj yeem muaj ntau haiv neeg, hom lus, kev ntseeg, thiab lwm yam. Tag nrho ua ke - ib lub teb chaws. Piv txwv li hauv Asmeskas thiab Fabkis, keeb kwm yog keeb kwm ntawm ib thaj chaw.

Raws li rau lub post-Soviet qhov chaw, ntawm no qhov teeb meem yog raws nraim qhov opposite, ethnogenesis thiab keeb kwm ntawm lub xeev coincide nrog txhua lwm yam. Hauv Central Asia thiab Caucasus, myth-making yog vam meej. Niaj hnub nimno Uzbekistan, raws li ib co sau ntawv, txuas ntxiv cov kab lig kev cai ntawm lub xeev ntawm lub Great Timur (Tamerlane), thiab Tajikistan, los ntawm txoj kev, yog tus txais txiaj ntsim rau lub zoo Aryan civilizations, piv txwv li, lub Persian xeev ntawm lub Achaemenids, Darius nws tus kheej. yog Tajik. Hauv Azerbaijan, rau kev ua xyem xyav txog qhov zoo ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv, koj tuaj yeem raug foob foob. Nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm mythologizing keeb kwm, Russia tsis muaj kev zam.

Txhawm rau hloov qhov xwm txheej, kev hloov pauv yog xav tau nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tib neeg, nws txoj kev ywj pheej, kev loj hlob ntawm kev xav ntawm pej xeem, kev hloov ntawm archaic mus rau niaj hnub, thaum tib neeg pib pom lub ntiaj teb rationally. Thiab tom qab ntawd feem coob ntawm cov pej xeem yuav pom cov ntawv sau ntawm cov keeb kwm hauv zos nrog luag nyav. Cov txheej txheem no yuav ntev yog tias cov kev nom kev tswv niaj hnub tseem nyob hauv Russia thiab lub teb chaws raug txiav txim tsis yog cov neeg nyob hauv nws, tab sis ntau pua tsev neeg nplua nuj, uas ua rau cov kws tshawb fawb tuaj nrog cov dab neeg los ua pov thawj lawv lub zog. Civil nationalism yog ib yam khoom ntawm ib haiv neeg ywj pheej, thiab Russia tseem nyob deb ntawm nws.

Tsis yog, nws yuav tsis. Kuv tau kawm txog qhov project kom zoo thiab kuv tuaj yeem hais tias nws tau sau rau hauv tib lub ntsiab lus ntawm haiv neeg-nationalistic. Ntawd yog, keeb kwm ntawm Russia feem ntau yog keeb kwm ntawm cov neeg Lavxias. Yuav muaj kev tsis txaus siab txog qhov project, Damir Iskhakov twb tau ua ib tsab xov xwm hais tias cov ntawv nyeem them me ntsis rau cov Tatars, nyob ze Chuvashia lawv yuav hais - lub Chuvashes. Lub tswv yim heev ntawm kev sau phau ntawv los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm ethno-nationalism, ib qho kev vam meej yog qhov tsis zoo.

Kuv ntseeg tias keeb kwm ntawm Russia yuav tsum yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, keeb kwm ntawm thaj chaw. Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tham txog txhua tus neeg uas nyob hauv thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Russia, pib los ntawm Paleolithic era. Nrog rau txoj hauv kev no, piv txwv li, keeb kwm ntawm East Prussia raws li thaj chaw thaj chaw uas cov neeg nyob uas hais lus sib txawv thiab tau koom ua ntau txoj kev nom kev tswv thiab lub xeev (xws li lub teb chaws Yelemees) yog sib npaug rau keeb kwm ntawm cov niaj hnub " Lavxias teb sab "ntawm Kievan Rus, lub xeev Bohai los yog lub teb chaws Ottoman jurchen. Hmoov tsis zoo, txoj haujlwm koj tab tom tham txog tseem yuav raug lees txais los ua lub hauv paus rau phau ntawv tshiab, thiab cov tub ceev xwm (tsoomfwv thiab hauv nroog) yuav txuas ntxiv mus ua daim npav haiv neeg-nationalist.

Raws li cov kev xav ntawm ib co kws txawj nyob rau hauv lub teb ntawm sociology thiab kev nom kev tswv science, nyob rau hauv 1990s Russia pib pom ib tug rov qab mus rau lub archaic, txawm hais tias xws li ib lo lus tshwm sim - "archaic syndrome." Qhov no yog rov qab mus rau cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev nom kev tswv uas yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Nrab Hnub nyoog los yog yav dhau los era. Lub tswvyim ntawm "tshiab Lavxias teb sab feudalism" tshwm sim.

Lub hwj chim tau teeb tsa los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus neeg sawv cev-tus neeg siv khoom. Kev tiv thaiv kev tiv thaiv feudal yuav siv tau thaum tus thawj tswj hwm zaum hauv Moscow muab rau tus tswv feudal hauv zos txoj cai los sau cov nyiaj tau los ntawm ib cheeb tsam, piv txwv li, los ntawm Tatarstan. Moscow overlord tsis cuam tshuam txog cov xwm txheej ntawm lub vassal - qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog qhov tom kawg qhia ib feem ntawm cov nyiaj tau los. Tus vassal tuaj yeem ua txhua yam (tawm, hauv qee qhov txwv) thiab ntau dhau hauv keeb kwm myths xwb - qhov kawg uas nws ua tau kom npau taws rau tus tswv.