Peb suav nrog kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv. Ntu 27. Mercury

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

1. Raws li WHO, mercury yog suav tias yog ib qho ntawm kaum cov tshuaj txaus ntshai tshaj plaws. Mercury, raws li WHO, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog txaus ntshai rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm tus me nyuam hauv plab thiab rau tus me nyuam thaum ntxov ntawm lub neej. Mercury yog txaus ntshai nyob rau hauv nws daim ntawv (hlau), thiab inorganic (mercury chloride), thiab organic (methylmercury).

Txawm li cas los xij, muaj ib qho organic mercury compound uas muaj kev nyab xeeb heev uas txawm tias cov menyuam mos thiab cov poj niam cev xeeb tub tuaj yeem txhaj tshuaj tau zoo. Qhov kev sib txuas no hu ua ethylmercury.

2. Thiomersal (Ortho-ethylmercury-sodium thiosalicylate) yog ib qho tshuaj preservative ntxiv rau ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv vials los tiv thaiv kab mob microbial tom qab qhib vial. Multi-dose vials ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog 2.5 npaug pheej yig dua li ib koob tshuaj vials. Ntawd yog, ntau koob tshuaj tiv thaiv tus nqi 10 xees ib koob, thiab ib koob tshuaj raug nqi 25 xees. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ib zaug siv ntau qhov chaw hauv lub tub yees. Cov no yog cov laj thawj tseem ceeb rau kev siv thiomersal.

Qhov concentration ntawm thiomersal hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog 0.01%, lossis 25-50 μg ib koob. 50% ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm thiomersal yog mercury, uas yog, koob tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj los ntawm 12.5 mus rau 25 μg ntawm mercury.

3. Mercury, tshuaj tiv thaiv, thiab autism: ib qho kev sib cav, peb keeb kwm. (Baker, 2008, Am J Public Health)

Thiomersal tau patented hauv 1928 raws li lub npe lag luam " merthiolate"Thiomersal tau pom tias muaj 40 npaug ntau dua li cov tshuaj tua kab mob ntau dua li phenol. Hauv kev tshawb fawb toxicity, nws tau pom tias nas, nas thiab luav txhaj nrog thiomersal intravenously tsis hnov tsw rau nws nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev. Muaj tseeb, lawv tau raug saib xyuas xwb. ib lis piam.

Xyoo 1929, muaj kev sib kis ntawm meningococcus hauv Indianapolis, thiab nws tau los ua cov tshuaj hauv tib neeg. 22 cov neeg mob uas muaj kab mob meningitis tau txais koob tshuaj ntau ntawm thiomersal intravenously, thiab qhov no tsis ua rau anaphylactic shock nyob rau hauv ib qho ntawm lawv. Cov kws tshawb fawb tau xaus lus tias thiomersal muaj kev nyab xeeb. Tom qab ntawd, nws tau pom tias tag nrho ntawm 22 tus neeg mob no tau tuag.

Qhov no tsuas yog kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam xwb, thiab txij li thaum ntawd los, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb ntxiv txog kev nyab xeeb ntawm thiomersal. Ntawm no, tus thawj coj FDA lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm lub rooj sib hais hauv Congressional.

4. Thimerosal: kev tshawb fawb soj ntsuam, epidemiological thiab biochemical kev tshawb fawb. (Geier, 2015, Clin Chim Acta)

Rov qab rau xyoo 1943, nws tau paub tias thiomersal tsis yog qhov zoo tagnrho raws li kev khaws cia, thiab cov kab mob muaj sia nyob ntawm qhov kev siv tshuaj tiv thaiv (1: 10, 000).

Xyoo 1982, muaj cov kab mob streptococcal abscesses uas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv DTP. Nws muab tawm tias streptococci muaj sia nyob hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiomersal rau ob lub lis piam. Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, nws tau pom tias thiomersal tsis tau raws li European cov cai rau kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob.

Xyoo 1999, American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) tau pom zoo kom tshem tawm thiomersal los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sai li sai tau, vim nws tau pom tias nws cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau tshaj li cov qauv. Thaum ntxov xyoo 2000, ntau thiab ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj thiomersal pib tshwm sim, thiab ib tus xav kom cov menyuam tau txais tsawg dua. Qhov no, txawm li cas los xij, tsis yog qhov tshwm sim. Txij li xyoo 2002, CDC tau pib pom zoo txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas rau cov menyuam mos, thiab tsuas yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv muaj ntawv tso cai rau lawv muaj thiomersal. CDC kuj tau pib pom zoo txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas rau cov poj niam cev xeeb tub, uas kuj muaj thiomersal. Txij li xyoo 2010, cov menyuam mos tau txais ob koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob khaub thuas, ua raws li ib koob tshuaj txhua xyoo.

Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias thiomersal tau raug tshem tawm lossis yuav luag tshem tawm ntawm lwm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv, tus nqi ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv mercury tau zoo ib yam rau cov menyuam yaus txij li xyoo 2000, thiab tau nce ob npaug rau lub neej. Thiomersal tseem tshuav nyob rau hauv ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob meningococcal thiab ib qho tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tetanus-diphtheria.

Hauv yuav luag tag nrho lub ntiaj teb, thiomersal tseem nyob hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv menyuam yaus thiab. Xyoo 2012, AARP thiab WHO tau yaum UN kom tsis txhob txwv kev siv tshuaj mercury hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

5. Iatrogenic raug mercury tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B hauv cov menyuam mos yug ntxov ntxov. (Stajich, 2000, J Pediatr)

Qhov concentration ntawm mercury nyob rau hauv cov ntshav ntawm cov me nyuam yug ntxov ntxov tau nce 13.6 zaug tom qab txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B (los ntawm 0.54 mus rau 7.36 μg / L).

Hauv cov menyuam mos tag nrho, qhov concentration ntawm mercury nce 56 zaug (los ntawm 0.04 txog 2.24 μg / L).

Thawj theem mercury hauv cov me nyuam mos ntxov ntxov yog 10 npaug siab dua li cov me nyuam mos (tsis muaj qhov tseem ceeb), uas qhia txog qib siab ntawm niam txiv mercury hauv cov me nyuam mos ntxov ntxov.

Txawm hais tias HHS (Kev Noj Qab Haus Huv & Tib Neeg Kev Pabcuam) cov lus qhia txiav txim siab cov ntshav mercury ib txwm yog 5-20 μg / L, muaj qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv luam tawm raws li qib twg suav tias yog tshuaj lom thiab qhov twg yog qhov qub. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntaub ntawv no tau txais los ntawm cov neeg laus uas raug mercury thaum ua haujlwm.

6. Cov plaub hau mercury nyob rau hauv cov me nyuam mos noj pests uas raug rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thimerosal. (Marques, 2007, Eur J Pediatr)

Cov plaub hau mercury qib hauv cov menyuam mos (tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiomersal) tau nce 446% hauv thawj rau lub hlis. Lub sijhawm no, theem ntawm mercury hauv niam cov plaub hau poob los ntawm 57%.

7. Kev sib piv ntawm cov ntshav thiab qhov mob mercury qib hauv cov menyuam mos liab uas raug methylmercury lossis cov tshuaj tiv thaiv uas muaj thimerosal. (Burbacher, 2005, Environ Health Perspect)

Cov menyuam mos liab tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv thiomersal, hauv cov koob tshuaj sib raug rau tib neeg. Lwm pab pawg liab tau txais tib koob tshuaj methylmercury nrog rau lub qhov ncauj raj.

Ib nrab-lub neej ntawm mercury los ntawm cov ntshav yog luv luv rau thiomersal (7 hnub) dua li methylmercury (19 hnub), thiab cov concentration ntawm mercury hauv lub hlwb yog 3 npaug qis dua rau cov neeg tau txais thiomersal piv rau cov neeg tau txais methylmercury. Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg uas tau txais thiomersal muaj 34% ntawm cov mercury hauv lub hlwb hauv daim ntawv inorganic, thaum cov neeg tau txais methylmercury tsuas muaj 7%. Qhov tseeb theem ntawm inorganic mercury nyob rau hauv lub hlwb yog 2 lub sij hawm siab dua nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas tau txais thiomersal tshaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas tau txais methylmercury … Cov theem ntawm inorganic mercury nyob rau hauv lub raum kuj tseem ceeb heev nyob rau hauv cov neeg uas tau txais thiomersal.

Tsis tas li ntawd, theem ntawm inorganic mercury nyob rau hauv lub hlwb tsis hloov rau 28 hnub tom qab koob tshuaj kawg, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov organic mercury, uas muaj ib nrab-lub neej ntawm 37 hnub. Lwm qhov kev sim kuj pom tau tias qib ntawm inorganic mercury hauv lub hlwb tsis txo qis.

Cov ntawv tshaj tawm tsis ntev los no tau qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm thiomersal hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab autism. Xyoo 2001, Insitite of Medicine (IOM) xaus lus tias tsis muaj pov thawj txaus rau kev sib txuas ntawm mercury hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab kev loj hlob tsis taus ntawm cov menyuam yaus. Txawm li cas los xij, nws tau sau tseg tias qhov txuas no tau ua tau thiab kev tshawb fawb ntxiv tau pom zoo. Tab sis hauv kev tshuaj xyuas tom qab luam tawm xyoo 2004, IOM tau tso tseg nws cov lus pom zoo thiab tseem thim rov qab los ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm AAP (kom tshem tawm thiomersal los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv). Txoj hauv kev no yog qhov nyuaj rau kev nkag siab vim peb qhov kev paub tsawg ntawm toxicokinetics thiab neurotoxicity ntawm thiomersal, qhov sib xyaw uas tau ua thiab yuav muab rau ntau lab tus menyuam mos thiab menyuam mos.

8. Inorganic mercury tseem nyob hauv lub hlwb rau xyoo thiab ntau xyoo.

9. Neurotoxic cuam tshuam ntawm thimerosal ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv ntau npaum li cas ntawm encephalon thiab kev loj hlob hauv 7 hnub qub hamsters. (Laurente, 2007, Ann Fac Med Lima)

Cov hamsters tau txhaj tshuaj nrog thiomersal hauv cov koob tshuaj sib raug rau tib neeg koob tshuaj. Lawv muaj lub hlwb qis thiab lub cev hnyav, qis dua ntawm cov neurons hauv lub hlwb, neuronal tuag, demyelination, thiab kev puas tsuaj rau Purkinje hlwb uas yog yam ntxwv ntawm kev puas hlwb.

10. Cov txiv neej voles, uas tau ntxiv mercury los yog cadmium rau hauv dej, tsim cov tsos mob ntawm autism.

11. Alkyl Mercury-Induced Toxicity: Ntau yam kev ua haujlwm. (Risher, 2017, Rev Environ Contam Toxicol)

Ib tsab xov xwm CDC tshuaj xyuas uas tshuaj xyuas kev tshawb fawb ntawm ethylmercury thiab methylmercury thiab xaus lus tias ob qho tib si muaj kuab lom. Ntawm lwm yam, ob qho tib si ua rau muaj qhov txawv txav hauv DNA thiab cuam tshuam nws cov synthesis, ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv hauv intracellular calcium homeostasis, cuam tshuam cov txheej txheem ntawm cell division, ua rau oxidative kev nyuaj siab, cuam tshuam glutamate homeostasis thiab txo cov kev ua ntawm glutathione, uas, nyob rau hauv lem, ntxiv tsis muaj zog tiv thaiv oxidative kev nyuaj siab.

12. Mercury disposition nyob rau hauv cov nas suckling: kev ntsuam xyuas sib piv tom qab parenteral raug rau thiomersal thiab mercuric chloride. (Blanuša, 2012, J Biomed Biotechnol)

Cov nas yug tshiab tau muab faib ua ob pawg. Thawj tau txais kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm thiomersal, thiab qhov thib ob txhaj tshuaj ntawm inorganic mercury (HgCl)₂). Tom qab ntawd lawv tau ua raws li 6 hnub. Hauv cov nas uas tau txais thiomersal, qhov concentration ntawm mercury hauv lub hlwb thiab hauv cov ntshav tau ntau dua li cov uas tau txais mercury inorganic. Cov neeg uas tau txais thiomersal tso tawm tsawg dua mercury hauv cov zis. Qhov concentration ntawm mercury hauv lub hlwb xyaum tsis hloov thaum lub sijhawm no.

13. Kev sib piv ntawm cov organic thiab inorganic mercury faib hauv cov nas nqus. (Orct, 2006, J Appl Toxicol)

Hauv cov nas me nyuam mos uas tau txais kev txhaj tshuaj thiomersal, qhov concentration ntawm mercury hauv lub hlwb yog 1.5 npaug siab dua thiab hauv cov ntshav 23 npaug ntau dua li cov nas uas tau txhaj tshuaj mercury inorganic.

Hauv cov nas uas tau txais cov tshuaj mercury uas tsis muaj zog, nws qib siab dua hauv daim siab hauv ob lub raum, qhia txog kev tso tawm los ntawm quav thiab zis. Ntau: [1] [2]

14. Kev sib piv toxicology ntawm ethyl- thiab methylmercury. (Magos, 1985, Arch Toxicol)

Cov nas uas muab qhov ncauj ethylmercury muaj cov ntshav mercury ntau dua thiab qis dua hauv lub hlwb thiab ob lub raum tshaj cov nas uas muab methylmercury.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov concentration ntawm inorganic mercury yog siab dua nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm nas tau txais ethylmercury. Lawv kuj tau poob phaus ntau dua thiab lub raum puas.

Hauv lwm txoj kev tshawb fawb, ethylmercury tau pom tias muaj 50 npaug ntau dua rau cov hlwb dua li methylmercury.

Ethylmercury hla cov placenta yooj yim dua li methylmercury.

15. Kev hloov pauv neuropathological ntev nyob rau hauv nas mob tom qab kev tswj hwm tus me nyuam mos ntawm thimerosal. (Olczak, 2010, Folia Neuropathol)

Cov nas me nyuam yug tshiab tau txhaj tshuaj thiomersal hauv cov koob tshuaj uas cuam tshuam rau kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm cov menyuam mos. Lawv muaj ischemic degeneration ntawm neurons nyob rau hauv lub prefrontal thiab temporal cortex, txo synaptic teb, atrophy nyob rau hauv lub hippocampus thiab cerebellum, thiab pathological hloov nyob rau hauv cov hlab ntsha nyob rau hauv lub temporal cortex.

- Cov nas me nyuam yug tshiab tau txhaj tshuaj 20-fold ntawm thiomersal ntawm Suav cov tshuaj tiv thaiv daim ntawv qhia hnub qhia txog kev loj hlob qeeb, kev tsis txaus ntawm kev sib raug zoo, kev nyiam rau kev nyuaj siab, kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, endocrine cuam tshuam thiab kev coj tus cwj pwm tsis zoo.

- Hauv cov nas yug tshiab, uas tau txhaj nrog thiomersal, degeneration ntawm lub hlwb neurons tau pom.

- Cov nas me nyuam yug los txhaj nrog thiomersal tsim cov tsos mob ntawm kev puas siab puas ntsws xws li kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, kev ntxhov siab thiab kev coj cwj pwm tsis zoo.

- Cov nas uas cev xeeb tub thiab lactating nas raug txhaj nrog thiomersal. Cov menyuam yaus tau pom tias muaj kev ncua qeeb qeeb, ua rau lub cev tsis muaj zog, thiab nce qib ntawm oxidative kev nyuaj siab hauv cerebellum. Ntau: [1] [2]

16. Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm thimerosal ntawm cov neurodevelopment ntawm nas ntxov ntxov. (Chen, 2013, World J Pediatr)

Cov nas yug ntxov ntxov tau txhaj tshuaj thiomersal tom qab yug me nyuam hauv ntau koob. Lawv muaj kev nco tsis zoo, tsis muaj peev xwm kawm tau, thiab nce apoptosis (cell suicide) hauv prefrontal cortex.

Cov kws sau ntawv xaus lus tias kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog thiomersal hauv cov menyuam yug ntxov ntxov tuaj yeem cuam tshuam nrog kev puas hlwb xws li autism.

17. Kev tswj hwm ntawm thimerosal rau cov menyuam mos cov nas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam ntawm glutamate thiab aspartate hauv prefrontal cortex: kev tiv thaiv lub luag haujlwm ntawm dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. (Duszczyk-Budhathoki, 2012, Neurochem Res)

Hauv cov nas txhaj tshuaj nrog thiomersal, qib siab ntawm glutamate thiab aspartate tau pom nyob rau hauv prefrontal cortex ntawm lub hlwb, uas yog txuam nrog kev tuag ntawm paj hlwb.

Cov kws sau ntawv xaus lus tias thiomersal hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tuaj yeem ua rau lub hlwb puas thiab puas hlwb, thiab hais tias qhov kev thov ntawm cov tuam txhab tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov kws kho mob txuas ntxiv siv cov pov thawj no neurotoxin hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog pov thawj ntawm lawv tsis quav ntsej txog kev noj qab haus huv ntawm cov tiam tom ntej thiab ib puag ncig.

18. Kev sib koom ua ke ntawm kev sim (hauv vitro thiab hauv vivo) cov kev tshawb fawb neurotoxicity ntawm cov tshuaj thimerosal tsawg cuam tshuam rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. (Dórea, 2011, Neurochem Res)

Cov kws sau ntawv txheeb xyuas cov kev tshawb fawb txog qhov cuam tshuam ntawm cov koob tshuaj tsawg ntawm thiomersal thiab xaus lus:

1) hauv txhua qhov kev tshawb fawb, thiomersal tau pom tias muaj tshuaj lom rau lub hlwb hlwb;

2) cov nyhuv neurotoxic ua ke ntawm ethylmercury thiab txhuas tsis tau kawm;

3) Cov kev tshawb fawb tsiaj tau pom tias raug thiomersal tuaj yeem ua rau muaj cov kab mob mercury hauv lub hlwb;

4) Cov koob tshuaj thiomersal cuam tshuam tuaj yeem cuam tshuam kev loj hlob ntawm lub paj hlwb hauv tib neeg.

19. Mercury thiab autism: ua pov thawj nrawm? (Mutter, 2005, Neuro Endocrinol Lett)

- Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb tias thiomersal tau siv rau 70 xyoo, thiab cov khoom siv amalgam rau 170 xyoo, tsis muaj kev tswj xyuas thiab kev tshawb fawb randomized ntawm lawv txoj kev nyab xeeb.

- Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob autists tso tawm 6 zaug ntxiv mercury thaum chelation piv rau pawg tswj hwm.

- Kev nyab xeeb ntawm ethylmercury feem ntau yog kev ncaj ncees nkaus xwb los ntawm qhov tseeb tias qib mercury hauv cov ntshav poob sai dua li methylmercury. Los ntawm qhov no, txawm li cas los xij, nws tsis ua raws li qhov mercury no tawm sai sai ntawm lub cev. Nws tsuas yog absorbed los ntawm lwm yam kabmob sai dua. Hauv kev tshawb fawb hauv cov luav tau txhaj tshuaj nrog thiomersal nrog cov tshuaj mercury, cov ntshav mercury poob qis 75% hauv 6 teev tom qab txhaj tshuaj, tab sis tau nce ntau hauv lub hlwb, daim siab thiab ob lub raum.

- Thiomersal hauv nanomolar concentrations inhibits phagocytosis. Phagocytosis yog thawj kauj ruam hauv lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob. Nws yog qhov tsim nyog tias kev txhaj tshuaj ntawm thiomersal yuav ua rau lub cev tiv thaiv kab mob ntawm cov menyuam yug tshiab, txij li lawv tseem tsis tau muaj kev tiv thaiv kab mob.

- Hauv cov nas predisposed, thiomersal elicited autoimmune teb, tsis zoo li methylmercury.

- Cov kev tshawb fawb txog kev kis kab mob tsis suav nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov caj ces raug rau cov kab mob mercury, yog li lawv tsis muaj peev xwm nthuav tawm cov txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb, txawm tias tam sim no.

20. Kawasaki tus kab mob, acrodynia, thiab mercury. (Mutter, 2008, Curr Med Chem)

Kawasaki Syndrome tau piav qhia thawj zaug hauv 1967 hauv Nyiv. Nws qhov laj thawj tseem tsis tau paub. Xyoo 1985-90, thaum tus nqi ntawm thiomersal tau txais los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau nce ntau, qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kawasaki syndrome tau nce 10 npaug, thiab los ntawm 1997 - 20 zaug. Txij li xyoo 1990, CDC tau tshaj tawm txog 88 tus neeg mob Kawasaki syndrome nyob rau hnub ntawm kev txhaj tshuaj, ntawm 19% ntawm cov neeg mob tau pib rau tib hnub. Lub tebchaws uas siv thiomersal tsawg dua muaj qhov tshwm sim tsawg dua li Tebchaws Meskas.

Lwm tus kab mob uas tsis paub ua yog acrodynia … Nws tus kab mob kis tau nce mus txog xyoo 1880-1950, thaum tus kab mob cuam tshuam rau ib ntawm 500 tus menyuam yaus hauv cov tebchaws tsim kho. Hauv xyoo 1953, nws tau txiav txim siab tias qhov ua rau acrodynia yog mercury, uas tau ntxiv rau cov hmoov txhuam hniav, cov hmoov me me, thiab uas tau muab tso rau hauv cov ntaub qhwv me me. Xyoo 1954, cov khoom uas muaj mercury raug txwv, tom qab ntawd acrodynia ploj mus. Nws kuj tau tshaj tawm tias qee kis acrodynia tshwm sim tom qab txhaj tshuaj.

Cov txheej txheem kuaj mob thiab kev nthuav qhia kho mob zoo ib yam hauv Kawasaki syndrome thiab hauv acrodynia. Cov tsos mob thiab kev kuaj sim uas tshwm sim hauv Kawasaki syndrome kuj tau piav qhia txog kev lom mercury. Kawasaki cuam tshuam 2 zaug ntau zaus cov tub hluas dua cov ntxhais. Qhov no yog vim kev tshawb fawb qhia tias Testosterone nce lub toxicity ntawm mercuryhos estrogen tiv thaiv nws toxicity.

Raws li EPA, 8-10% ntawm cov poj niam Asmeskas muaj cov mercury siab txaus los ua kom puas hlwb hauv lawv cov menyuam feem ntau.

Lwm tus kab mob zoo sib xws yog Minamata tus kab mob, uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv 1956 nyob rau hauv Nyiv vim tso tawm mercury rau hauv dej ntawm Minamata Bay. Nws tau ntev tau xav tias acrodynia thiab Minamata kab mob tau tshwm sim los ntawm kev kis kab mob. Qhov ua rau Kawasaki syndrome tsis paub, tab sis nws kuj tseem xav tias tej zaum yuav tshwm sim los ntawm tus kab mob, txawm hais tias nws tsis kis tau.

Calomel (Hg₂Cl₂) - hom mercury uas yog lub luag hauj lwm rau acrodynia yog 100 lub sij hawm tsawg toxicity rau neurons tshaj ethylmercury.

21. Kab Mob Ntshav Qab Zib (Infantile Acrodynia) Pom tau tias yog ib qho kev pheej hmoo rau Autism Spectrum Disorders. (Shandley, 2011, J Toxicol Environ Health A)

Txawm hais tias kev siv tshuaj mercury tau nthuav dav hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, tsuas yog ob peb tus menyuam yaus tsim acrodynia. Ib yam li ntawd, niaj hnub no tsuas yog ob peb tus menyuam yaus muaj kev puas hlwb autism. Cov kws sau ntawv tau txiav txim siab los ntsuas qhov kev xav tias kev puas siab puas ntsws, zoo li acrodynia, yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev kub siab rau mercury. Lawv tau sim tus naj npawb ntawm autism ntawm cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov neeg uas muaj sia nyob acrodynia, thiab nws tau pom tias qhov tshwm sim ntawm autism ntawm lawv yog 7 npaug siab dua qhov nruab nrab hauv lub tebchaws (1: 25 vs 1: 160).

22. Ib tug me nyuam tub muaj hnub nyoog 11 hli uas muaj kev puas siab puas ntsws regression thiab nws tus cwj pwm aggressive. (Chrysochoou, 2003, Eur J Pediatr)

Ib tug me nyuam tub muaj hnub nyoog 11 hli hauv Switzerland tau tsim cov tsos mob zoo li autism. Nws tsis luag, tsis ua si, tsis xis nyob, tsis tsaug zog, poob phaus thiab tsis tuaj yeem nkag los lossis sawv. Nws tau kuaj ntau yam, tab sis lawv tsis tuaj yeem kuaj xyuas. Tom qab 3 lub hlis, nws tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob, thiab tom qab rov kuaj xyuas ntau zaus, tsuas yog thaum cov niam txiv raug nug ib lo lus nug, nws tau pom tias tus pas ntsuas kub mercury tau tawg hauv tsev 4 lub lis piam ua ntej pib cov tsos mob. Nws muab tawm tias tus tub muaj mercury lom (acrodynia).

23. Synergism nyob rau hauv txhuas thiab mercury neurotoxicity. (Alexandrov, 2018, Integr Food Nutr Metab)

Aluminium thiab mercury yog tshuaj lom rau glial hlwb ntawm lub hauv nruab nrab paj hlwb, thiab ua rau inflammatory teb. Hauv txoj kev tshawb no, nws tau pom tias lawv muaj kev sib koom ua ke, thiab ntau zaus txhawb ib leeg txoj kev xav … Nws kuj tau muab tawm tias txhuas sulfate yog 2-4 npaug ntau dua mercury sulfate.

Piv txwv li, ntawm ib tug concentration ntawm 20 nM, txhuas thiab mercury nce inflammatory teb los ntawm 4 thiab 2 zaug, raws li, thiab ua ke, nyob rau tib lub concentration, los ntawm 9 lub sij hawm.

Ntawm qhov concentration ntawm 200 nM, txhuas thiab mercury txhim kho cov tshuaj tiv thaiv los ntawm 21 thiab 5.6 zaug, feem, thiab ua ke - los ntawm 54 zaug.

24. Thimerosal exposure thiab muaj kev pheej hmoo rau kev kuaj mob tic mob nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States: ib tug case-tswj kev kawm. (Geier, 2015, Interdiscip Toxicol)

Kev txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog thiomersal yog txuam nrog kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

Txawm hais tias cov paj hlwb ib zaug tau suav hais tias tsawg heev, hnub no lawv tau suav tias yog qhov teeb meem tshwm sim feem ntau.

Hauv xyoo 2000, thawj kis ntawm cov paj hlwb vim muaj mercury lom tau piav qhia. Tom qab ntawd, kev tshawb fawb txog kab mob kis tau tshwm sim uas pom muaj kev sib koom ua ke ntawm thiomersal hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

25. Ib koob tshuaj tiv thaiv kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov organic mercury raug los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thimerosal thiab cov kab mob neurodevelopmental. (Geier, 2014, Int J Environ Res Public Health)

Txhua microgram ntawm mercury hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tau cuam tshuam nrog 5.4% nce kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev loj hlob tsis zoo, 3.5% nce kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev loj hlob qeeb, 3.4% nce kev pheej hmoo ntawm paj hlwb, thiab 5% nce kev pheej hmoo ntawm hyperkinetic teeb meem.

26. Thimerosal-muaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B thiab kev pheej hmoo rau kev kuaj mob qeeb hauv kev loj hlob hauv Tebchaws Meskas: kev tshawb fawb txog kev tswj xyuas hauv cov ntaub ntawv tiv thaiv kev nyab xeeb. (Geier, 2014, N Am J Med Sci)

Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B nrog thiomersal yog txuam nrog 2-fib ntxiv kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev loj hlob qeeb. Cov neeg uas tau txais 3 koob tshuaj tiv thaiv no muaj 3 npaug ntawm kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev loj hlob qeeb piv rau cov uas tau txais cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis muaj thiomersal.

Tib yam tshuaj tiv thaiv tau cuam tshuam nrog kev nce kaum npaug ntawm qhov xav tau kev kawm tshwj xeeb hauv cov tub.

27. Thimerosal raug & nce zuj zus ntawm kev puberty ntxov ntxov nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kev ruaj ntseg datalink. (Geier, 2010, Indian J Med Res)

Cov menyuam yaus uas tau txais 100 mcg ntawm mercury los ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nyob rau hauv thawj 7 lub hlis ntawm lub neej muaj 5.58-fold muaj kev pheej hmoo ntawm precocious puberty.

Kev puberty ntxov ntxov tau kuaj pom hauv ib ntawm 250 tus menyuam yaus hauv txoj kev tshawb no - 40 npaug ntau dua li qhov kev kwv yees yav dhau los.

Nws tshaj tawm tias cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob siab B nrog thiomersal muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog 3.8-fold nce kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev rog thaum yau.

47. Cov tshuaj mercury, lead, cadmium thiab antimony xwm txheej hauv Norwegian cov poj niam uas tsis tau xeeb tub ntawm lub hnub nyoog fertile. (Fløtre, 2017, PLoS Ib)

Cov poj niam Norwegian uas noj ntses ib lossis ntau zaus hauv ib lub lis piam muaj 70 npaug ntawm cov ntshav mercury ntau dua li cov poj niam uas tsis noj lossis tsis tshua noj ntses.

Cov ntshav lead qib sib cuam tshuam nrog cov cawv haus, thiab cadmium qib siab dua hauv cov neeg haus luam yeeb. Mercury thiab antimony qib tau qis dua hauv cov neeg tsis noj nqaij.

48. Qib mercury nyob rau hauv txoj hlab ntaws yog 70% siab dua nyob rau hauv niam cov ntshav. Hauv 15.7% ntawm cov niam, theem ntawm mercury hauv cov ntshav siab dua 3.5 μg / L - ib qib uas cuam tshuam nrog kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm fetal paj hlwb.

49. Ib tug kws tshuaj chemistry tau nchuav cov tshuaj mercury (dimethylmercury) los ntawm lub raj tshuaj, thiab ob tee mercury poob rau ntawm nws txhais tes. Txawm hais tias nws hnav cov hnab looj tes latex, nws tau pom tias cov dimethylmercury dhau los ntawm cov hnab looj tes thiab tau nqus mus rau hauv daim tawv nqaij hauv vib nas this.

Nyob rau lub hlis tom ntej, nws pib poob phaus, tsoo rau hauv phab ntsa, nws hais lus tau dhau los ua slurred thiab nws gait tsis sib xws. Nws cov ntshav mercury qib yog 4000 lub sij hawm siab dua li cov qauv. Nws tau mus pw hauv tsev kho mob thiab tom qab ntawd poob rau hauv coma thiab tom qab ntawd tuag. Kev kuaj mob tau qhia tias qib mercury hauv lub hlwb yog 6 npaug siab dua li qib hauv cov ntshav.

50. Alzheimer's, Parkinson's thiab ntau yam kab mob sclerosis tshwm sim sai dua thaum raug cov hlau lom. Autism yog nrog los ntawm impaired hlau homeostasis.

51. Cov lej

Ib tug txiv neej muaj hnub nyoog 29 xyoo tau txhaj tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob tetanus thiab tsim cov tsos mob ntawm autism thiab ADHD. Nws raug kho los ntawm Cutler tus txheej txheem. Nws tau ua yeeb yaj kiab zoo heev txog mercury, thiomersal thiab autism.

52. Kev hloov pauv tus cwj pwm ua ke thiab kev ua tiav kev loj hlob hauv cov kab dawb uas raug cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig cov ntsiab lus ntawm methylmercury. (Frederick, 2011, Proc Biol Sci)

Cov ibises tau muab faib ua 3 pawg, thiab pib txij thaum muaj hnub nyoog peb lub hlis, cov tshuaj methylmercury tsawg (0.05, 0.1 thiab 0.3 ppm) tau ntxiv rau lawv cov khoom noj, thiab lawv tau saib xyuas rau 3 xyoos. Cov txiv neej ntawm cov ibises no muaj peev xwm tsim tau cov khub niam txiv sib deev (txog 55%) dua li pawg tswj hwm, uas tsis tau txais methylmercury.

Cov khub niam txiv sib deev tau tso 35% tsawg dua qe (tsis suav nrog qhov tseem ceeb).

Cov kws sau ntawv xaus lus tias txawm tias cov tshuaj methylmercury tsawg heev, ntawm qhov muaj nyob hauv cov tsiaj qus, tuaj yeem txo tus menyuam qaib los ntawm 50%, thiab cov kev kwv yees no yuav yog kev saib xyuas. Tsis tas li ntawd, yog tias nyob rau hauv qhov kev sim, cov noog muaj 4 qhov kev sim ua txhua lub caij, tom qab ntawd tsuas muaj 1-2 ntawm lawv nyob hauv cov tsiaj qus, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib nyiam sib deev rau cov menyuam qaib.