Yuav ua li cas menyuam tsis muaj tsev nyob raug tshem tawm hauv Soviet Union

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

85 xyoo dhau los, ib qho kev daws teeb meem tau pom zoo los ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm USSR thiab Central Committee ntawm All-Union Communist Party ntawm Bolsheviks "Ntawm kev tshem tawm kev tsis muaj tsev nyob thiab tsis saib xyuas menyuam yaus." Raws li cov kws sau keeb kwm, cov ntaub ntawv no tau cim qhov kawg ntawm kev sib ntaus tawm tsam kev tsis muaj tsev nyob, kev ua phem ntawm Soviet zej zog nyob rau xyoo 1920 thiab 1930s.

Raws li cov kws tshaj lij, cov kev ntsuas coj los ntawm USSR rau kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov menyuam ntsuag tau ua haujlwm zoo - lawv tau tso cai ntau pua txhiab tus menyuam yaus kom tau txais kev kawm thiab dhau los ua cov tswvcuab hauv zej zog. Yog li, cov chaw txais tos rau cov menyuam yaus, tsev kawm ntawv nce qib tau tsim, kev txhawb nqa, kev saws me nyuam, kev saib xyuas thiab kev saib xyuas tau nquag qhia, quotas rau kev cob qhia kev lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas tau qhia. Cov txheej txheem tsim nyob rau hauv lub moj khaum ntawm txoj haujlwm no tau lees paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb.

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 31, 1935, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm USSR thiab Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) tau txais kev daws teeb meem "Rau kev tshem tawm cov menyuam tsis muaj tsev nyob thiab tsis saib xyuas." Cov ntaub ntawv tau dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov kauj ruam kawg hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua tiv thaiv menyuam yaus tsis muaj tsev nyob, uas yog ib qho teeb meem loj tshaj plaws ntawm Soviet zej zog nyob rau lub sijhawm interwar.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog nyuaj lub sij hawm

"Kev tsis muaj tsev nyob ntau hauv Soviet Russia yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb thib Ib thiab Tsov Rog Hauv Tebchaws uas ua raws. Nws tau dhau los ua neeg phem tiag tiag, ib pab tub rog ntawm cov menyuam ntsuag tau tawm ntawm txoj kev, "hais tias Evgeny Spitsyn, tus kws sau keeb kwm thiab tus kws pab tswv yim rau tus rector ntawm Moscow State Pedagogical University, hauv kev xam phaj nrog RT.

Thaum lub sij hawm lub kiv puag ncig ntawm 1917, cov txheej txheem ntawm kev siab hlub thiab menyuam ntsuag uas muaj nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman tau tso tseg. Nyob rau lub Kaum Ob Hlis ntawm tib lub xyoo, Vladimir Lenin tau kos npe rau tsab cai tshaj tawm txog kev saib xyuas menyuam yaus raws li lub luag haujlwm ncaj qha ntawm lub xeev. Thaum pib ntawm xyoo 1918, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Tib Neeg tau tsim cov haujlwm rau cov menyuam yaus, uas suav nrog cov kws qhia ntawv, kev sib raug zoo thiab kev kho mob, nrog rau cov neeg sawv cev ntawm cov tub ceev xwm ncaj ncees.

Txij li thaum 1918, tag nrho cov teeb meem ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam tau pauv mus rau lub hwj chim ntawm lub xeev departments ntawm pej xeem kev kawm ntawv (GUBONO), uas yog departments ntawm lub xeev executive committees thiab nyob rau tib lub sij hawm lub zos lub koom haum ntawm cov pej xeem Commissariat ntawm kev kawm ntawv.. Muaj qhov tsis txaus siab ntawm cov tsev tshwj xeeb rau kev rov ua haujlwm ntawm cov menyuam yaus.

Xyoo 1919, tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj los tsim Pawg Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv Me Nyuam. Nws tau koom nrog kev khiav tawm ntawm cov menyuam yaus mus rau thaj chaw "grain", lub koom haum ntawm kev noj zaub mov rau pej xeem, zaub mov thiab khoom siv. Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees Txhua Tus Neeg Lavxias (VChK) tau pib koom nrog hauv txoj haujlwm no.

"Kev koom tes ntawm Cheka lub cev yog qhov tseeb thiab muaj laj thawj. Lawv muaj cov cuab yeej tsim kho hauv zos. Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tsis muaj tsev nyob tau ua lub hauv paus muaj txiaj ntsig rau qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua txhaum cai, "- hais tias Spitsyn.

Xyoo 1920, tau tshaj tawm tsab cai lij choj ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm, uas tau hais txog lub koom haum ntawm kev txais tos rau cov menyuam yaus txoj kev, nrog rau muab kev kho mob thiab zaub mov rau lawv. Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 27, 1921, Pawg Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm All-Lavxias teb sab Central Executive Committee tau tsim Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Txhim Kho Lub Neej Ntawm Cov Menyuam Yaus, coj los ntawm Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm All-Lavxias teb sab Cheka thiab Cov Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Internal Affairs ntawm RSFSR Felix Dzerzhinsky.

Felix Dzerzhinsky / RIA Novosti

"Thaum xyoo 1920, qhov xwm txheej nrog kev tsis muaj tsev nyob tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb. Nws yog kev puas tsuaj thoob tebchaws. Cov me nyuam txoj kev mus rau hauv ntau lab. Hauv ntau qhov chaw, lawv cov lej tau kwv yees li ntawm 4.5 lab mus rau 7 lab. Qee cov menyuam yaus poob lawv niam lawv txiv, lwm tus tau ploj thaum mus ncig thiab khiav tawm, "hais hauv kev xam phaj nrog RT tus thawj coj ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Lag Luam thiab Sociology ntawm PRUE npe. qab GV Plekhanov Andrey Koshkin.

Raws li tus kws tshaj lij, cov menyuam yaus tawm mus yam tsis muaj chaw nyob ruaj khov lossis kev saib xyuas niam txiv raug xa mus rau cov tsev nyob. Txhawm rau muab lawv nrog kev saib xyuas thawj zaug, cov chaw txais tos thiab xa tawm tau tsim. Dzerzhinsky tau pab hauv kev txhim kho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kov yeej kev tsis muaj tsev nyob los ntawm cov kws qhia paub zoo hauv Soviet, tshwj xeeb yog Anton Makarenko, uas tom qab ntawd tau muab cais tawm los ntawm UNESCO ua ib qho ntawm cov neeg uas txiav txim siab txog txoj kev xav hauv lub xyoo pua nees nkaum.

Kev tso npe ntawm cov menyuam tsis muaj tsev nyob hauv chav tsev kawm ntawv los ntawm ib tus neeg ua haujlwm ntawm Moscow Department of Public Education / RIA Novosti

"Raws li qhov ntsuas ntawm kev tsis muaj tsev nyob, cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog nws tau dhau los ua teeb meem kev nom kev tswv. Nws yog ib qho kev sim rau kev muaj peev xwm ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws, cov lus nug ntawm lub neej yav tom ntej ntawm tag nrho lub teb chaws tau txiav txim siab, "Koshkin hais ntxiv.

Peb nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm tag nrho cov hiav txwv ntawm cov me nyuam txoj kev tu siab

Qhov xwm txheej nrog kev tsis muaj tsev nyob ntawm cov menyuam yaus thaum ntxov xyoo 1920, raws li cov tswvcuab ntawm Pawg Saib Xyuas Menyuam Yaus tau hem "yog tias tsis yog kev ploj mus ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, tom qab ntawd nws lub cev thiab kev coj ncaj ncees degeneration." Qhov teeb meem phem zuj zus tawm tsam keeb kwm ntawm kev kub ntxhov thiab kev tshaib kev nqhis hauv ntau thaj tsam ntawm RSFSR. Cov menyuam yaus tawm mus yam tsis muaj kev saib xyuas niam txiv raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev kis kab mob thiab kev ua phem los ntawm cov neeg ua phem. Ntau tus ntawm lawv tau koom nrog pawg neeg loj leeb, ua tub sab nyiag, nyiag thiab tua neeg.

Xyoo 1921 ib leeg, muaj txog 200 lub chaw txais tos rau cov menyuam yaus tau tsim. Pib ua kom muaj kev txhawb nqa, kev saws me nyuam, kev saib xyuas thiab kev saib xyuas, pib qhia quotas rau kev cob qhia kev lag luam thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas.

Yog hais tias nyob rau hauv 1919 125 txhiab tus me nyuam raug coj mus rau hauv tsev kho mob, ces nyob rau hauv 1921-1922 twb 540 txhiab.

Thaum lub Peb Hlis Ntuj xyoo 1924, lub rooj sib tham thib 1 ntawm kev tawm tsam kev tsis muaj tsev nyob tau muaj nyob hauv Moscow, thiab thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis, lub rooj sib tham ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm tsoomfwv rau kev tawm tsam kev tsis muaj vaj tse nyob.

"Lub ntsiab lus tsis yog tsuas yog peb nyob ib puag ncig los ntawm tag nrho lub hiav txwv ntawm cov me nyuam txoj kev tu siab, tab sis kuj hais tias peb muaj feem yuav tau txais los ntawm cov me nyuam antisocial, antisocial neeg, lub hauv paus lwj, yeeb ncuab ntawm ib tug noj qab nyob zoo txoj kev ua neej … unprincipled cov neeg uas muaj ib tug Lub siab lub ntsws yuav mus rau lub yeej rog ntawm peb cov yeeb ncuab uas yuav koom nrog pab tub rog ntawm kev ua phem, "said Anatoly Lunacharsky, Tib Neeg Txoj Cai Kev Kawm, hauv ib qho ntawm nws cov lus hais.

Xyoo 1925, kev tsim loj ntawm Lenin cov nyiaj hauv cheeb tsam tau pib, uas tau koom nrog hauv kev pab cov menyuam yaus thiab cov menyuam ntsuag. Hauv 17 lub xeev muaj "Cov Phooj Ywg ntawm Cov Menyuam" cov zej zog uas muaj lawv tus kheej lub tsev noj mov, tsev noj mov, cov koom haum thiab cov chaw nyob. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho, thaum lub sij hawm ntawd, ntau tshaj 280 lub tsev menyuam ntsuag, 420 "cov neeg ua haujlwm hauv zej zog" thiab 880 "cov menyuam yaus lub zos" ua haujlwm hauv RSFSR.

"Yuav kom kov yeej kev tsis muaj tsev nyob, cov tub ceev xwm Soviet tau siv ntau yam kev ntsuas. Pawg Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm Railways nquag pab daws qhov teeb meem no. Railways thiab tsheb ciav hlau chaw nres tsheb, zoo li ib tug hlau nplaum, nyiam cov me nyuam txoj kev. Lawv raug txheeb xyuas, muab chaw nyob, noj, qhia. Cov menyuam ntsuag raug xa mus rau cov tsev neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv nruab nrab xyoo 1920s. Cov neeg ua liaj ua teb uas saib xyuas cov menyuam yaus tau muab cov av ntxiv, "hais tias Yevgeny Spitsyn.

Xyoo 1925-1926, muaj ntau txoj cai raug coj los siv hauv USSR uas tiv thaiv cov menyuam yaus, suav nrog cov uas tau txais txiaj ntsig rau cov menyuam yaus uas raug tso tseg yam tsis muaj niam txiv saib xyuas. Cov txheej txheem meej rau kev hloov cov menyuam mus rau kev saib xyuas raug kho. Cov lag luam thiab cov koom haum koom nrog hauv kev tawm tsam kev tsis muaj tsev nyob tau txais kev so se.

"Txawm hais tias muaj teeb meem kev lag luam uas muaj nyob hauv lub tebchaws, ntau lab rubles tau muab faib los kov yeej kev tsis muaj tsev nyob. Ob qho tib si kab rov tav interdepartmental thiab ntsug kev koom tes tsom rau cov cheeb tsam tau tsim los txhawm rau daws qhov teeb meem no. Ntau lub zog tau raug xa mus rau cov tub ceev xwm kev kawm hauv nroog. Art tau siv rau kev kawm. Cov menyuam yaus los ntawm cov chaw zov menyuam ntsuag tau los ua tus phab ej ntawm cov phau ntawv nto moo thiab yeeb yaj kiab, "hais tias Andrey Koshkin.

Raws li nws hais, nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo 1930s, theem ntawm kev tsis muaj tsev nyob pib poob sai heev.

Txhaum los ntawm cov yeeb yaj kiab "Republic SHKID" © kinopoisk.ru

Kev ua haujlwm zoo heev

Thaum lub Tsib Hlis 31, 1935, Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Neeg Sawv Cev ntawm USSR thiab Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Ncaj Ncees ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) tau txais kev daws teeb meem "Rau kev tshem tawm cov menyuam tsis muaj tsev nyob thiab tsis saib xyuas." Cov ntaub ntawv tau hais tawm ntau qhov kev thov tawm tsam cov thawj coj. Lawv txhawj xeeb txog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm lub tsev menyuam ntsuag, nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm kev ntsuas los tawm tsam cov menyuam yaus ua tsis taus pa thiab tsis muaj lub luag haujlwm ntawm lawv cov neeg saib xyuas.

Cov ntaub ntawv no tau tsim kom muaj kev pom tseeb ntawm cov tsev kho mob tshwj xeeb thiab cov chaw zov me nyuam tshwj xeeb, nrog rau cov chaw ua haujlwm thiab cov chaw txais tos rau cov menyuam yaus. Nws tau nthuav tawm cov teeb meem ntawm kev cob qhia kev ua haujlwm thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tub ntxhais hluas, kev tswj hwm sab hauv hauv tsev tu menyuam ntsuag, thiab kev txhawb nqa cov menyuam muaj txiaj ntsig. Kev lav phib xaub rau kev tso chaw raws sij hawm thiab muab cov me nyuam ntsuag raug xa mus rau pawg sab laj.

Lub tsev ntawm lub koom haum hu ua tom qab F. Dzerzhinsky / RIA Novosti

Rau cov neeg uas ua txhaum txoj cai ntawm cov menyuam yaus, cov ntaub ntawv tsim kev lav phib xaub. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tsab cai lij choj tau yuam kom cov koom haum sab hauv los txhawb kev sib ntaus tawm tsam kev ua txhaum cai los ntawm cov menyuam yaus lawv tus kheej. Tub ceev xwm tau txais txoj cai los nplua cov niam txiv rau txoj kev hooliganism ntawm cov menyuam yaus thiab hais txog qhov teeb meem ntawm kev yuam cov menyuam yaus hauv tsev ntawm cov menyuam yaus "thaum cov niam txiv tsis muab kev saib xyuas zoo rau tus menyuam tus cwj pwm."

Ib feem ntawm tsab cai lij choj tau yuam kom lub tuam tsev ntawm kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev kawm ua haujlwm thiab lub tuam tsev xov xwm thiab tshaj tawm lub tsev ntawm Central Committee ntawm All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), Central Committee ntawm National Communist Party thiab Council of People's. Commissars ntawm Union republics ntxiv dag zog rau kev saib xyuas menyuam yaus cov ntaub ntawv thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij rau menyuam yaus, piv txwv li, piav qhia txog kev lom zem ntawm cov neeg ua phem phem.

"Cov kev ntsuas tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1935 tau dhau los ua txoj kab tiav hauv kev tawm tsam kev tsis muaj vaj tsev nyob. Thaum kawg ntawm xyoo 1930, qhov teeb meem tau daws tau zoo, "ntxhais Andrey Koshkin.

Cov menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub tsev menyuam ntsuag / RIA Novosti

Raws li Yevgeny Spitsyn, lub nthwv dej thib ob ntawm kev tsis muaj tsev nyob hauv USSR tau nce ntxiv nrog rau cov xwm txheej ntawm Kev Tsov Rog Loj Loj, tab sis, txawm tias qhov xwm txheej nyuaj tshaj plaws, nws tau dhau los ua kom yooj yim dua los kov yeej thawj zaug: qhov kev paub tau txais hauv interwar lub sij hawm cuam tshuam.

"Txoj kev uas tsis muaj tsev nyob tau kov yeej hauv Soviet Russia thiab USSR yog qhov ua tau zoo heev. Ib qho kev paub tshwj xeeb tau raug sau tseg, uas tom qab ntawd tau siv los ntawm lwm lub tebchaws thiab tuaj yeem siv los kov yeej txhua yam teeb meem kev sib raug zoo niaj hnub no, "hais txog Yevgeny Spitsyn.