Cov ossuaries puas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Ossuary - qhov chaw SECONDARY khaws cov pob txha. Cov txheeb ze tau ua tib zoo muab faus rau hauv kev ua raws li tag nrho cov kev cai, thiab tom qab ib ntus lawv raug rub tawm ntawm lawv qhov ntxa thiab muab pov rau hauv lub pob zeb tsis zoo - tsis muaj kev hwm rau poj niam txiv neej, hnub nyoog lossis yug.

Ntawm no yog Paris catacombs nrog cov seem ntawm 6 lab tus tib neeg. Hnub tsim kho ntawm phab ntsa no pom.

Daim duab qub. Kev khaws cov pob txha tseem tsis tau ua kom yooj yim.

Santa Maria della Conchezione (Santa Maria della Concezione dei Cappuccini) - lub tsev teev ntuj Capuchin ntawm Via Veneto hauv Rome, nrog cov seem ntawm 4 txhiab tus neeg.

Czech. Kutná Hora. Ossuary hauv Sedlec. Kwv yees li 40,000 tus tib neeg pob txha pob txha tau siv los kho lub tsev teev ntuj. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau txais nws qhov tshwm sim tam sim no hauv xyoo 1870 (!!!).

Ntxiv Capela dos Ossos Portugal, Evora. 5 txhiab cev nqaij daim tawv.

Ossuary hauv Hallstatt. Lawv sau tias Ossuary tshwm sim vim tsis muaj av rau faus. Txawm hais tias qhov tseeb, teeb meem nrog av tsis tshwm sim ntxov dua li ntawm ib nrab xyoo pua 20th.

Tom ntej Fontanelle Cemetery hauv Naples. Nov yog thawj qhov pom ntawm qhov tseeb yog tus kab mob plague faus xyoo 1656. Cov seem yog unnamed, li no lub dumping xwm ntawm lub faus.

Lub qhov ntxa ntawm Andreevsky skate rau Mount Athos … tsis muaj qhov chaw txaus, "cov pob txha me me (caj npab thiab txhais ceg) tau muab tso rau hauv cov pawg tsis tu ncua, zoo li khiav tawm ntawm cov ntoo tuag, ze rau ntawm phab ntsa, yuav luag rau lub qab nthab." Muaj pes tsawg leeg?!

Ossuary hauv Monastery ntawm St. Catherine ntawm Sinai. Lub cev pob txha nkaus xwb nyob rau hauv lub ossuary yog lub relics ntawm lub hermit Stephen. Tag nrho lwm yam yog fragmented. Lub tsev teev ntuj muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov dej num ntawm Lavxias teb sab archimandrite Porfiry, uas tau pom zoo rau subordination ntawm Copts ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws thiab Ethiopia rau Lavxias teb sab huab tais. Kuv muaj zaj dab neeg no piav ntawm no:

Lavra ntawm Sava lub Sanctified nyob rau hauv Palestine. Ib qho chaw txawv txawv. Nyob rau hauv lub apse yog cov seem ntawm ib tug fresco depicting peb Babylonian cov hluas, lawv lub ntsej muag erased los ntawm Muslim Bedouins. Thiab tom qab ntawd cov Bedouins tsis muaj dab tsi ntxiv:) Qhov laj thawj yog qhov yooj yim: Babylon tiag tiag yeej ib txwm nyob hauv tebchaws Iziv, hauv thaj tsam ntawm Lake Fayum. Kuv muaj txog nws ntawm no:

Ossuary ntawm Bulgarian Bachkovo Monastery.

Nyob rau hauv Chersonesos, tom qab lub xyoo pua 10th, nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm ntau lub basilicas tawg loj, kaum ob ntawm ossuary graves raug tsa, nyob rau hauv uas cov pob txha ntawm cov neeg tuag, yav tas los faus sab nraum lub nroog, raug faus. Saib koj ob txhais tes: cov tshauv ntawm cov faus nyob sab nraum lub nroog raug cuam tshuam (tsis muaj av txaus) coj mus rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub nroog qhov chaw uas av kim dua.

Nyob rau hauv Malta, nyob ze lub megalithic tuam tsev ntawm Tarshin, ib tug underground ossuary, Hal-Saflieni, tau pom.

Ossuaries tau pom ntawm cov neeg hu ua menhirs, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov yam ntxwv ntawm Askiv thiab yos los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim kho lub npe nrov Stonehenge (3000-2000 BC)

Lub faus ntawm Casa de Moura (Portugal), pom nyob rau hauv 2001, belongs rau thaum ntxov Neolithic era, thiab tam sim no yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab yos.

Kwv yees li 4000 BC. e. hnub rov qab mus rau lub npe hu ua "Yarigol complex of ossuaries" pom nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Africa, ze ntawm Lake Turkana. Lub complex yog ib tug series ntawm tsawg mounds, nyob rau hauv txhua tus ntawm cov uas … ib chav tsev yog teem rau khaws cia skeletonized seem … skeletonized seem tau tov nrog txhua lwm yam.

Ossuaries - loj; Kuv mam li muab cov npe txuas rau koj. Qee tus, alas, tsis ua haujlwm lawm.

1. ↑ L'ossuaire néolithique de Berry-au-Bac (Aisne): étude odontologique // Revue archéologique de Picardie 1995, no. 1-2, pp. 83-86: kuv. ISSN 0752-5656B
2. ↑ Rau kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm lub qhov tsua Alepotripa
3. ↑ Yarigol complex (Eng.)
4. ↑ Hais txog Casa de Moura qhov tsua
5. ↑ Jersey Menhirs
6. ↑ N. Nepomniachtchi. Laus dua qub // Ib puas paub tsis meej ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub. M.: Veche, 2002.
7. ↑ Keeb kwm ntawm Ancient East, vol. 2
8. ↑ Phenicia // Brockhaus thiab Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary: Hauv 86 ntim (82 ntim thiab 4 ntxiv). - Ib., 1890-1907.
9. ↑ Chichen Itza, qhov ntxa ntawm tus pov thawj hlob
10. ↑ Lavxias Newsweek / Globus
11. ↑ Vladimir Kabo "Tasmanians thiab Tasmanian teeb meem"
12. ↑ Pugachekova G. A. - M., 1984. - No. 28. - S. 79-90.
13. ↑ Kolchenko V. A. Ntawm typology ntawm ossuaries ntawm Chui hav
14. ↑ Goryacheva V. D. Nausy ntawm necropolis ntawm Krasnorechensky kev sib haum xeeb
15. ↑ Gudkova A. V. Cov ntaub ntawv tshiab ntawm lub ntees tuag ntawm lub 7th-8th centuries. hauv Kedera (North Khorezm)
16. ↑ Yagodin V. Monuments ntawm ancient kos duab ntawm Karakalpakstan
17. ↑ Belyaev L. A. Byzantine archaeology
18. ↑ Yurevich D. Archaeological discoveries ntawm 50 xyoo dhau los, tseem ceeb rau kev kawm Vajluskub.
19. ↑ Ossuary. Electronic Jewish Encyclopedia
20. ↑ Ossuaries // "Bibliological Dictionary" ntawm tus txiv plig Alexander
21. ↑ ^{1 2} 100 secrets ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub. M.: Veche, 2005
22. ↑ Ossuary Hloov tshiab: cua daj cua dub tshaj lub Pob Txha // Biblical Archaeology Review. 2003. nr 6.
23. ↑ Biblical Archaeology. Ossuary of Caiaphas
24. ↑ Lub Zos B. Nyob ze cov khoom cuav ntawm Evangelical
25. ↑ Cov catacombs ntawm paris
26. ↑ Rinaldo Cordovani: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim? Crypt ntawm Capuchins. Rome: 2001.
27. ↑ Hallstatt's Dawb Kub - Ntsev
28. ↑ Dungeons of the City of Light around the World, 2003. No. 6
29. ↑ Cov lus zais ntawm lub qhov tsua ntawm Fontanelle yuav raug nthuav tawm los ntawm lub koob yees duab ntawm tus kws yees duab Miguel Invarto RIA Novosti
30. ↑ Boris Zaitsev. Athos
31. ↑ ^{1 2} Lub ossuary
32. ↑ Nyametsky monastery
33. ↑ Kuv Chernigov
34. ↑ Ossuary nyob rau hauv lub Transfiguration Monastery
35. ↑ Lub toj ntxas
36. ↑ General Keeb Kwm ntawm Art (Art of Bulgaria)
37. ↑ Kev sib cais ntawm Chersonesos los ntawm Byzantium thiab nws kev puas tsuaj
38. ↑ 130 xyoo txij li thaum lub capture ntawm Plevna … (Mausoleum-ossuary nyob rau hauv Plevna)
39. ↑ James Cameron nrhiav tau lub qhov ntxa ntawm Tswv Yexus?
40. ↑ Puas yog Yexus lub qhov ntxa pom tiag tiag?
41. ↑ Center for Apologetic Research Xov Xwm
42. ↑ Xov xwm - ua ntej thiab tom qab Christmas

Qhov tseem ceeb: ntau qhov ntxa-ossicles, nyob rau hauv thaj chaw nyob, yog ib tug yam ntxwv feature ntawm lub nroog thaum lub sij hawm nruab nrab hnub nyoog

Ossuaries yog siv rau qhov ntxa loj ntawm cov neeg tua nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua loj, feem ntau thaum cov seem tsis tuaj yeem txheeb xyuas tau. Yog li, qhov seem ntawm ntau dua 130 txhiab tus tub rog Fab Kis thiab German uas tuag hauv kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Verdun tau khaws cia rau hauv ossuary ntawm Douaumont, qhib rau xyoo 1932.

Cov pov thawj yog ntau tshaj qhov dubious … Kev sib ntaus sib tua tua 162 txhiab Fabkis thiab 143 txhiab Germans. Lawv kuj sau hais tias thaum lub sij hawm sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Verdun, ob tog tau poob txog ib lab tus tib neeg, cov neeg raug tua - txog li 430 txhiab tus neeg. Nyob ze Verdun, thawj zaug, lub teeb tshuab rab phom, phom loj grenade launchers, flamethrowers thiab tshuaj plhaub. Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov kwv yees tus neeg tuag yog 125 txhiab tus neeg. Qhov tsis sib xws tsis muaj tseeb, vim tias kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus thawj coj thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th tau ua tiav hauv kev ua neeg zoo.

Kev dag ntxias tau tshwm sim tam sim no - tshwj xeeb, cov ntawv xov xwm encyclopedias sharply underestimate (tawm tsam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub encyclopedias ntawm lub 1930s) lub poob ntawm Belgium, uas yog nyob rau hauv Belgium muaj tectonic faults uas yuav pov tawm ib tug tuag tus nqi ntawm hydrocarbons.

Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj pov thawj hais tias nyob rau hauv 1872 muaj ib tug txaus ntshai hluav taws nyob rau hauv lub catacombs ntawm Paris.… Dab tsi tuaj yeem hlawv muaj - pob txha lossis limestone? Los yog tej zaum cov pa roj hauv av tawg tawm vim kev hloov tectonic?

TEEB MEEM: ossuaries - qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub ntiaj teb nplai. Qhov no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, yog qhia los ntawm categorical contradiction ntawm cov tsoos (kev ntseeg tob) kab lis kev cai ntawm burials thiab cov pov tseg ntawm lub ossuaries.

EGYPT … Nws paub tias Kev khaws cia ntawm cov pob txha pob txha tsis yog qhov tseeb ntawm Egyptian kev lig kev cai … Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tshawb pom hauv 1914 hauv Giza ntawm qhov chaw faus neeg ntawm Idu II, uas pom tau tias koom nrog Badari kab lis kev cai (txog 4150 BC), pom.. txwv tsis pub. Kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Ulrich Weser ntawm University of Tübingen, tau ua nyob rau thaum xaus ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, ua pov thawj tias … cov pob txha tau "haus luam yeeb" - uas yog, fumigated nrog pa luam yeeb (!)

Kuv mam li qhia rau koj tias qhov twg muaj cov cim "kopechnia" ntawm cov seem hauv Idu. Ntawm no yog ib tug neeg caij tsheb kauj vab uas tau raug hlawv tag nrho thaum lub sijhawm "hluav taws kub" hauv Hamburg xyoo 1943. Raws nraim tib yam hluav taws kub cua daj cua dub tau tsim los ntawm qhov tsis paub "Peshtigo txaus ntshai" - "plague" ntshai heev hauv Asmeskas xyoo 1871. Txuas:

JUDEA … Lawv sau tias kev coj noj coj ua ntawm kev khaws cov pob txha tom qab lawv lub cev pob txha tshwm sim hauv Yudas thaum lub sij hawm ntawm Lub Tuam Tsev Thib Ob, uas cuam tshuam nrog qhov tsis muaj chaw nyob hauv tsev neeg crypts vim muaj neeg coob coob. Kev lig kev cai theem ob faus hauv ossuaries tsis yog tseem nyob hauv cov neeg Yudais nyob rau lub sijhawm tom qab kev puas tsuaj ntawm Lub Tuam Tsev Thib Ob thiab kev tawg.

Raws li kuv nco qab, ntawm cov neeg Yudais (zoo li ntau lwm tus) nws tsis yog kev cai los cuam tshuam cov seem. Lo lus "kev faus neeg thib ob" tau qhia los piav qhia qhov xwm txheej loj heev ntawm kev faus neeg tsis muaj kev hwm rau xwm txheej. Hauv kuv lub tswv yim, qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev faus neeg no yog qhov qhia ncaj qha ntawm kev puas tsuaj.

Yog li ntawv xaus

1. Lub ntees tuag yeej ib txwm yog tus kheej. Ossuary - Pawg ntxa qhia txog kev tuag loj heev

2. Cov txheeb ze raug faus ib sab ntawm cov txheeb ze. Nyob rau hauv lub ossuary, cov seem yog faceless thiab jumbled, raws li yog hais tias tag nrho cov txheeb ze tau ploj mus.

3. Cov poj koob yawm txwv seem raug saib xyuas. Nyob rau hauv lub ossuary, qhov seem yog, qhov tseeb, thuam, sculpting chandeliers thiab tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab los ntawm lawv.

4. Nyob rau hauv ossuaries, raws li txoj cai, tsis muaj khaub ncaws thiab cov hniav nyiaj hniav kub, uas qhia tau hais tias cov looting ntawm cov neeg faus, lawv yog cov neeg txawv ntawm ib leeg.

5. Tsis muaj cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshuaj ntsuam genetic lossis anthropological ntawm cov seem ntawm ossuaries hauv pej xeem sau.

6. Cov pob txha hauv ossuaries, raws li txoj cai, tau raug txiav txim nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob ib ncig ntawm 1870 - qhov no yog hnub ntawm kev puas tsuaj.

7. Cov cim ntawm "kev haus luam yeeb" ntawm cov pob txha hauv ossuaries qhia tias tib neeg tuag hauv hluav taws zoo ib yam li xyoo 1870-1871.

8. Tus naj npawb ntawm Parisians thiab Czechs tuag nyob rau hauv qhov hluav taws kub ntawm 1870-1871 yog hushed. Yuav ua li cas cov pob txha ntawm lub ossuaries hnub tim yog tsis meej.

9. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm Lavxias teb sab hav zoov feem ntau yog 130 xyoo, thiab Russia yog ib thaj chaw loj heev. Qhov peb muaj yog thoob plaws ntiaj teb

Ntawm no nws yog, Paris xyoo 1871.

Tab sis li cas contemporaries pom Fabkis nyob rau hauv 1871. Corpses mus rau lub qab ntug.

Txawm li cas los xij, cov neeg tuag no tsis nyob hauv cov ntaub ntawv txheeb cais. Hlawv Paris nyob ntawd, tab sis tsis muaj neeg tuag. Tsuas yog 40 qhov kev sib txuas lus.

Thiab ntawm no yog Strasbourg ntawm tib lub sijhawm.

Tib yam tshwm sim thoob plaws ntiaj teb - los ntawm Nyiv mus rau Tebchaws Meskas.

VERSION: Lub Parisian catacombs yeej tsim ua tsaug rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm Baron Haussmann. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lub cev khaws cia hauv lub nroog tau faus rau ntawd vim cov pob zeb tawg tau raug tshem tawm. Pob zeb nce, pob txha nqes. Rau xyoo 1871, 6 lab lub cev tuag - nrog lub creak, tab sis ib daim duab pom zoo.