Maldivian riddle

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thor Heyerdahl tau siv ntau xyoo los daws cov lus nug ntawm leej twg yog cov neeg siab nrog lub qhov muag xiav thiab cov plaub hau xim av - cov neeg qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Maldives. Nws tsis pom cov lus teb, tsis zoo li Anatoly Klyosov, uas tau ua pov thawj lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov Aryans thaum ub.

Lub npe ntawm tsab ntawv no rov hais dua lub npe ntawm Thor Heyerdahl phau ntawv, txhais los ntawm Kev Txhim Kho hauv xyoo 1988, nrog rau lub npe. Tshiab archaeological adventures ntawm tus sau ntawm "Kon-Tiki" … Heyerdahl tau siv ntau xyoo los daws cov lus nug ntawm leej twg yog cov neeg siab nrog lub qhov muag xiav thiab cov plaub hau xim av - cov neeg qub tshaj plaws ntawm cov Islands tuaj ntawm Maldives. Nws nrhiav tsis tau cov lus teb, thiab nws yuav nrhiav tau li cas? Yuav kuaj li cas? Zoo, nws yuav hais tias lawv yog cov neeg Norwegians thaum ub. Los yog cov ancient Slavs. Los yog Tibetan blondes. Los yog Fabkis. Zoo, thiab tom qab ntawd dab tsi? Qhov ze tshaj plaws yuav yog cov neeg Khab thaum ub, tab sis yuav ua li cas los xyuas qhov no? Thiab vim li cas cov no thiab tsis yog lwm tus?

Feem ntau, Heyerdahl muaj xws li kev ua si. Zoo li "yog thiab tsis yog - tsis txhob hais, tab sis leej twg zais, nws tsis yog kuv qhov txhaum." Los yog leej twg zais, tsis muaj teeb meem. Lub hom phiaj yog los sau cov lus nthuav, luam tawm ib phau ntawv nthuav. Lub hom phiaj no tau ua tiav, thiab qhov riddle, tau kawg, tseem yog qhov tsis paub. Nws tsis yog ib feem ntawm tus sau txoj haujlwm los daws nws, vim nws yog, los ntawm kev txhais, ua tsis tau. Muaj tseeb, Heyerdahl tau ua qee qhov kev xav, thiab tsis nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb, raws li yuav qhia hauv qab no, txawm hais tias nws nco me ntsis nrog thaj chaw. Tab sis koj tsis tuaj yeem txiav txim rau nws rau qhov ntawd.

Los ntawm txoj kev, muaj ib zaj dab neeg zoo sib xws nrog Heyerdahl ua ntej, thaum kawg ntawm 1940s, nyob rau hauv lub npe "Journey to Kon-Tiki".

Tsuas yog cov lus sib txawv - qhov twg cov neeg tuaj ntawm Polynesia? Leej twg yog cov neeg caij nkoj thaum ub? Heyerdahl tau hais tias cov no yog cov neeg thaum ub los ntawm South America. Thiab txhawm rau ua pov thawj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm qhov kev hloov pauv, lossis ntau dua qhov kev hla hla, nws tau kov yeej qhov kev ncua deb ntawm lub nkoj ua raws li cov cai ntawm kev kos duab thaum ub. Phau ntawv tau hloov mus ua qhov zoo kawg nkaus, nrog ntau cov duab uas qhia tias cov ntses loj npaum li cas lawv rub tawm hauv dej hiav txwv, thiab dab tsi lawv nyuam qhuav flopped hauv dhia txoj cai mus rau lub lawj, nqa nws - Kuv tsis xav. Peb, cov menyuam yaus xyoo 1950, nyeem phau ntawv no, paub zoo tias peb yuav tsis muaj kev mus ncig zoo li no, tab sis tseem npau suav txog lawv. Heyerdahl qhov xaus yog tias tib neeg tuaj txog hauv Polynesia los ntawm nkoj lossis nkoj los ntawm South America.

Heyerdahl yuam kev. Thawj qhov kev tshawb fawb ntawm haplotypes thiab haplogroups tau pom tias Polynesians muaj haplogroup C, thiab tsis muaj haplogroup hauv South America, muaj ib qho txuas ntxiv haplogroup Q. Tab sis ib phau ntawv zoo, nthuav tseem nyob.

Thaum tig los ntawm phau ntawv "The Maldives Mystery" Kuv tau mloog mus rau ib daim duab qhia pob zeb nrog cov cim qub. Muaj ib tug swastika txoj cai nyob rau hauv nruab nrab.

Qhov no twb yog ib qho tsis paub, txawm hais tias thaum xaus cov txiaj ntsig ntawm nws qhov kev tshawb fawb, Heyerdahl tsis tau hais txog swastika. Qhov no yog coj txawv txawv, txij li lub swastika yog ib qho zoo-paub cim npe ntawm Aryans. Yog li Heyerdahl tau hais li cas, nws tau xaus li cas? Lawv zoo li ntawd - cov neeg qub qub nyob hauv Maldives tau hu ua redines, thaum lawv nyob - nws tsis paub. Feem ntau, qhov pom ntawm Heyerdahl thiab lwm cov kws tshawb fawb taw qhia rau lub neej ntawm qhov kev iab liam qhib los ntawm 2500 xyoo dhau los. Raws li Heyerdahl, Maldives tau nyob hauv - raws li cov ntaub ntawv hauv zos - 1100 xyoo dhau los, uas yog, nyob rau xyoo pua 10 AD. Muaj tseeb, Wikipedia tshaj tawm tias Maldives archipelago tau nyob hauv ntau tshaj li ob txhiab xyoo dhau los los ntawm Dravidians - cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw sib raug zoo rau niaj hnub Sri Lanka thiab sab qab teb Is Nrias teb, uas mus txog rau xyoo pua 12th Maldivians tau tshaj tawm txog Buddhism, tab sis nyob rau hauv 1153 ib tug ntawm cov active Arab tsaws nyob rau hauv. Maldives cov xibhwb ntawm Islam, thiab tsis ntev tag nrho cov pejxeem hloov mus rau Islam. Muaj tseeb, Wikipedia tshaj tawm txog South Is Nrias teb, thiab Heyerdahl - nyob rau sab qaum teb Is Nrias teb raws li cov ntsiab lus pib ntawm kev sib hais haum, ntxiv rau Sri Lanka, tab sis cov kev tsis sib haum xeeb no thaum daws cov lus tsis sib haum xeeb muaj ntau.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim, Heyerdahl teev cov kev hloov pauv ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm cov redins thaum ub - Cov ntseeg ntawm Sri Lanka thiab Hindus los ntawm qaum teb hnub poob Is Nrias teb, txog 2500 xyoo dhau los. Nws ntseeg hais tias yog ib tug neeg nyob hauv Maldives ua ntej lawv, ces lawv raug ntiab tawm los yog assimilated. Qhov xaus ntawm Heyerdahl phau ntawv xaus li no: "".

Tam sim no cia saib dab tsi DNA genealogy qhia peb. Qhov kev tshawb fawb tshiab no yog qhov zoo kawg nkaus uas nws txo qis qhov ntau ntawm cov kev xav tau sib tham. Nws qhia txog qhov muaj nuj nqis uas yog lub hauv paus rau kev sib tham, thiab nws twb nyuaj rau kev sib cav nrog lawv. Nws tso siab rau DNA ntawm tib neeg, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nyob tam sim no nyob rau hauv lub Maldives, ntawm lawv haplogroups thiab haplotypes, nyob rau hauv tus naj npawb ntawm kev hloov nyob rau hauv haplotypes, thiab nyob rau hauv lub xam ntawm lub sij hawm uas nyob deb cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov neeg no nyob. Cia kuv ceeb toom rau koj tias haplogroup yog ib lub tswv yim sib npaug rau ib lub genus tshwj xeeb ntawm tib neeg, thiab ntau pua ntawm DNA genera tam sim no tau txheeb xyuas hauv ntiaj teb. Cov no yog pawg neeg tseem ceeb thiab lawv tsev neeg, uas tuaj yeem hu ua pab pawg. Hauv lwm lo lus, Maldivian riddle tam sim ntawd tig mus rau hauv lub dav hlau ntawm tib neeg li cas yog cov neeg nyob hauv Maldives tam sim no, thaum lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob deb, thiab qhov no haum rau lwm qhov tseeb, xws li Aryan swastika ntawm Maldivian thaum ub. pob zeb, ancient legends thiab myths xwb, thiab cov lus tim khawv ntawm historians, archaeologists, linguists.

Ua ntej, cia peb nco qab qhov twg Maldives nyob. Lawv nyob hauv Dej Hiav Txwv Indian, thaj av ze tshaj plaws yog Is Nrias teb thiab Sri Lanka. Nws tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob tias Thor Heyerdahl tau hu lawv ua thawj qhov chaw sib tham. Tab sis leej twg yog cov neeg no los ntawm keeb kwm, los ntawm haplogroups, i.e. los ntawm cov xeem thiab pab pawg neeg ntawm noob neej?

Cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev kuaj DNA ntawm thawj 126 tus neeg ntawm Maldives archipelago tsis ntev los no tau tshwm sim hauv cov ntaub ntawv. Nws yog tseeb hais tias nyob rau hauv thawj qhov chaw lawv sim cov inhabitants nyob rau hauv lub zos, txawm yog nqis los ntawm ancient inhabitants ntawm cov Islands tuaj. Nws muab tawm tias tawm ntawm 126 tus neeg no, peb caug, uas yog, ib feem peb ntawm tag nrho, muaj haplogroup R1a. Qhov no yog qhov loj tshaj plaws ntawm cov pejxeem. Qhov no yog thawj zaug ua tiav - Aryans ntawm Is Nrias teb muaj haplogroup R1a, zoo li lawv cov xeeb ntxwv tam sim no, muaj txog li 72% hauv cov neeg siab dua ntawm Is Nrias teb. Yog li ntawd, lub ancient swastika nyob rau hauv lub Maldives twb tau txais nws thawj peg.

Cov kauj ruam tom ntej hauv kev daws cov lus tsis sib xws yog tsim kom muaj tsob ntoo haplotype siv cov kev pabcuam tshaj lij. Qhov kev zov me nyuam npaj haplotypes nyob rau hauv "kev txiav txim ntawm caj ces", raws li kev hloov pauv yuav ntws los ntawm ib qho haplotype mus rau lwm qhov nyob rau ntau txhiab xyoo. Tseeb tiag, qhov kev pab cuam ntse tau muab faib cov haplotypes thoob plaws genera thiab lawv ceg, raws li cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm nws tus kheej txheeb xyuas cov genera no. Thaum tsim tsob ntoo, cov ntaub ntawv hais txog pawg neeg-cov pab pawg tsis tau nkag mus, tsuas yog cov haplotypes lawv tus kheej tau qhia, tsis muaj kev piav qhia. Tsob ntoo resulting yog qhia hauv qab no. Qhov kev zov me nyuam tau tsim nws hauv ob peb feeb. Cov ntoo tshwm sim qhia cov ceg ntawm lub ntsiab genera uas ua rau cov pej xeem ntawm cov Islands tuaj rau cov qauv no. Cov qauv me me, tab sis kev paub qhia tau hais tias thaum nws nce ntxiv, cov qauv yooj yim tau khaws cia. Yuav muaj qee qhov kev vam meej, tab sis qhov tseem ceeb yuav nyob twj ywm tib yam.

Tsob ntoo ntawm 12 tus cim haplotypes rau 126 tus neeg hauv Maldives.

Raws li cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm (Pijpe et al, 2013). Lub ntsiab haplogroups tau qhia.

Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm cov ceg ntoo, koj tuaj yeem qhia tam sim ntawd seb cov ceg ntoo tsis ntev los no lossis thaum ub, thiab los ntawm cov ceg ntoo haplotypes, koj tuaj yeem suav thaum cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm cov ceg no tuaj txog hauv Maldives. Qhov tseeb, muaj qee qhov teeb meem nrog kev txhais cov ntaub ntawv, thiab peb yuav qhia qhov no hauv qab no nrog qee qhov piv txwv. Tsuas muaj ob hom haplogroup A (tus lej 46 thiab 96), uas txhais tau tias lawv tuaj ntawm Africa. Cov haplotypes yuav luag tib yam, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv yog cov neeg tuaj xyuas tsis ntev los no. Tsis muaj ib yam dab tsi yuav tsum xyuam xim rau lawv. Nyob rau sab saum toj yog lub tiaj tus ceg ntawm haplogroup K, tag nrho cov haplotypes yog tib yam. Yog li ntawd, txhua leej txhua tus yog cov txheeb ze, cov poj koob yawm txwv nyob tsis ntev los no, 100-200 xyoo dhau los. Lub haplogroup nws tus kheej yog qhov qub heev, thiab cov ceg ntoo tshwj xeeb no yog cov neeg tuaj xyuas dua tshiab rau cov Islands tuaj.

Haplogroup J2 yog sawv cev los ntawm peb ceg. Feem ntau, cov neeg nqa khoom ntawm no haplogroup nyob hauv Middle East, Western Asia, Caucasus, Mediterranean, ntawm cov Dravidians ntawm Is Nrias teb, me ntsis hauv cov castes siab ntawm Is Nrias teb, tab sis ntau tsawg dua R1a. Hauv qab txoj cai - ib ceg hluas heev, ib qho kev hloov pauv rau rau haplotypes hauv ceg, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm txhua tus nyob tsuas yog 200 xyoo dhau los. Nws raug suav hais tias yog li ntawd - 1/6 / 0.022 = 8 yam xwm txheej tiam ntawm 25 xyoo, yog li ntawd ceg tau tsim 200 xyoo dhau los. 0.022 yog qhov hloov pauv tsis tu ncua rau cov 12-tus cim haplotypes uas tau txiav txim siab hauv cov kev sim rau DNA. Lwm ceg J2 ntawm 9 haplotypes, nrog cov poj koob yawm txwv 4825 ± 980 xyoo dhau los, qhov thib peb - 6600 ± 1200 xyoo dhau los. Cov no yog cov Dravidian haplotypes ntawm Is Nrias teb, tab sis lawv tsis muaj Aryan swastika lossis xiav-eyed. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv nqis los ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv qub heev, uas txhais tau hais tias lawv cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis nyob hauv Maldives, tab sis tau "coj" mus rau cov Islands tuaj hauv Y-chromosomes.

Haplogroups R2, H, L yog Dravidian haplotypes ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab Sri Lanka. Lawv, ib yam nkaus, tsis tuaj yeem ua plaub hau ncaj ncees thiab nrog lub qhov muag xiav. Hauv haplogroup R2 (saum sab xis hauv tsob ntoo haplotype), muaj 61 kev hloov pauv ntawm 15 haplotypes, los ntawm ib tug poj koob yawm txwv nrog lub haplotypes.

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Cov poj koob yawm txwv no nyob 61/15 / 0.022 = 185 → 226 tiam dhau los, uas yog, 5650 ± 920 xyoo dhau los (tus xub qhia txog kev suav kho rau kev hloov pauv rov qab). Nws yog tseeb tias nws tsis nyob hauv Maldives. Tab sis rau kev sib piv, Dravidian haplotypes ntawm yav qab teb Is Nrias teb (Klyosov, 2013):

14 23 14 10 13 19 12 14 10 16 16 11 nrog cov poj koob yawm txwv 7650 ± 1200 xyoo dhau los, thiab

14 23 14 10 13 18 10 13 10 16 16 11 nrog cov poj koob yawm txwv 5250 ± 780 xyoo dhau los.

Yog li lawv tuaj txog hauv Maldives, thaum twg tsis paub, lawv tuaj yeem muaj thaum twg los tau, txawm tias 200 xyoo dhau los, thiab cov poj koob yawm txwv yuav muaj tib lub sijhawm, uas yog 5-6 txhiab xyoo dhau los, yog lawv tuaj txog. hauv ib pab pawg.

Sab laug, ntawm tsob ntoo haplotype, muaj ib ceg ntawm haplogroup L. Nws tseem hluas thiab nthuav tawm ob peb ceg. Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm ib lub subbranch nyob 1675 ± 400 xyoo dhau los, lwm qhov txog 775 xyoo dhau los.

Cov haplotypes ntawm pawg Dravidian pawg H yog tsawg dhau ntawm tus lej, thiab txawm tias lub neej ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv tsis tuaj yeem suav los ntawm lawv. Txawm li cas los xij, cov ceg ntawm sab xis, haplogroup H1, yuav luag tag nrho cov haplotypes yog tib yam, cov poj koob yawm txwv yog tsis ntev los no. Lawv tsis yog cov neeg sib tw rau redins - tsis yog los ntawm anthropology, los yog hnub nyoog hauv Maldives.

Tsuas yog R1a haplogroup tseem tshuav, ntxiv rau, feem ntau ntawm cov qauv. Cia peb saib kom ze rau nws.

Maldivian haplotype ntoo muaj ob ceg R1a nyob rau sab xis sab xis. Muaj kaum haplotypes nyob rau hauv ib ceg, thiab nees nkaum nyob rau hauv lwm yam. Cov poj koob yawm txwv haplotypes ntawm ceg yog raws li nram no (qhov txawv yog qhia nyob rau hauv bold):

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Hauv thawj ceg, muaj 20 kev hloov pauv rau kaum haplotypes, hauv qhov thib ob - rau nees nkaum haplotypes, 37 kev hloov pauv, uas yog, cov ceg ntoo yuav luag tib yam hauv hnub nyoog (vim qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov kev hloov pauv ntawm ib haplotype yog xyaum tib yam). Tseeb tiag, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm thawj ceg tau nyob 20/10 / 0.022 = 91 → 100 yam xwm txheej ntawm 25 xyoo txhua, uas yog, txog 2500 xyoo dhau los. Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm ceg thib ob nyob 37/20 / 0.022 = 84 → 92 yam xwm txheej, uas yog, txog 2300 xyoo dhau los. Yog li Heyerdahl tau hais yog lawm, uas tau sau rau hauv nws phau ntawv tias kev sib hais haum ntawm Maldives yog nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st BC, txog 2500 xyoo dhau los. Thiab thaum twg cov yawg koob ntawm ob ceg R1a no nyob? Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv haplotypes ntawm ceg yog peb qhov kev hloov pauv, uas qhia tau hais tias 3 / 0.022 = 136 → 158 tiam neeg, uas yog, 3950 xyoo, thiab cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm ob ceg ntoo nyob (3950 + 2500 + 2300) / 2 = 4375 xyoo dhau los. Cov no yog lub sijhawm ntawm R1a cov neeg nqa khoom nyob rau hauv Lavxias Plain, los ntawm qhov chaw Aryans kis mus rau sab qab teb mus rau Mesopotamia thiab sab hnub tuaj thiab sab qab teb mus rau Iranian toj siab thiab Hindustan.

Raws li txoj cai, lawv tuaj yeem mus rau Maldives los ntawm Arabia, dhau los ntawm Arabian Hiav Txwv, lossis los ntawm Is Nrias teb, los ntawm qhov nws nyob ze dua. Yog li, feem ntau yuav, Heyerdahl yog txoj cai thaum tham txog kev daws teeb meem los ntawm Is Nrias teb thiab los ntawm Sri Lanka, uas mus txog rau tam sim no yog Ceylon.

Thiab tam sim no cia peb saib cov poj koob yawm txwv haplotype ntawm peb cov poj koob yawm txwv, cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm haiv neeg Russians ntawm haplogroup R1a, nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Plain. Lawv txhua tus "sab laug" qhov no haplotype txog 4900 xyoo dhau los (xws li, nyob rau hauv lub Balkans, ntawm txoj kev mus rau Lavxias teb sab Plain), los yog 4600 xyoo dhau los, twb nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Plain:

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Qhov no yog cov poj koob yawm txwv haplotype thiab R1a pawg nrog qhov ntsuas raws li phau ntawv teev npe Z280, lub npe hu ua Central Eurasian subclade (tsim 4900 xyoo dhau los), thiab nws yog lub npe hu ua poj koob yawm txwv haplotype ntawm Lavxias Plain (tsim 4600 xyoo dhau los) [Rozhanskii and Klyosov, 2012]. Nyob rau hauv txoj cai, lawv yog inseparable los ntawm haplotypes. Txawm li cas los xij, cov no yog peb cov poj koob yawm txwv haplotypes. Cov neeg nyob hauv Maldives zoo ib yam, tsuas yog me ntsis yau (nrog ib tug poj koob yawm txwv, kuv nco ntsoov koj, txog 4375 xyoo dhau los), thiab twb tau hloov mus rau hauv ceg ntoo los ntawm nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 1st BC. Yog li ntawd nyob rau hauv lub Maldives - peb cov txheeb ze, cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm peb proto-Slavic pog koob yawg koob.

Cia peb saib cov poj koob yawm txwv haplotype ntawm Aryans uas tuaj txog hauv Is Nrias teb txog 3500 xyoo dhau los (Klyosov thiab Rozhanskii, 2012):

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Raws nraim tib yam li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Plain. Qhov no, qhov kawg haplotype, tau txais los ntawm kev txiav txim siab tag nrho Indian haplotypes ntawm haplogroup R1a, muab rau hauv Indian database. Nws muaj 133 haplotypes ntawm haplogroup R1a, muaj 446 kev hloov pauv. Qhov no muab 446/133 / 0.022 = 152 → 179 tiam, uas yog, kwv yees li 4475 xyoo ua ntej cov poj koob yawm txwv. Yog li lub haplotype muaj ntau nrog Lavxias teb sab Plain, thiab lub hnub nyoog nyob ze, thiab xyaum tib yam li nyob rau hauv Maldives.

Yog li ntawd, peb tau daws qhov teeb meem ntawm Maldives, uas yog cov neeg nyob hauv ancient sij hawm ntawm cov Islands tuaj, uas yog cov neeg tsav nkoj nyob deb tshaj plaws uas siab nyob rau hauv ancient Maldives thiab muaj plaub hau xim av thiab xiav ob lub qhov muag. Lawv muaj haplogroup R1a, yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov poj koob yawm txwv Proto-Slavic uas, zoo li Aryans, tau nce qib hauv lawv txoj kev tsiv teb tsaws chaw mus rau Hindustan txog 3500 xyoo dhau los, thiab ntxiv mus rau Maldives txog 2500 xyoo dhau los. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias lawv mus txog Maldives los ntawm Arabian Peninsula, los ntawm qhov kev sib txuas ntawm hiav txwv tsis tu ncua nrog Hindustan tom qab tau tsim, tab sis lub haplotypes ntawm Arabian Arabs yog tib yam li nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Plain, uas txhais tau hais tias cov lus xaus ntawm peb txoj kev kawm nyob twj ywm. tib yam.

Cov ntawv nyeem

Klyosov, A. A. (2013) Subclad R1a-Z93 ntawm Dravidians ntawm Is Nrias teb (raws li Chennakrishnaiah li al "Cov neeg hauv paus txawm thiab txawv teb chaws Y-chromosomes characterize lub Lingayat thiab Vokkaliga pejxeem ntawm Southwest India" (2013). Bulletin of the Academy of DNA Genealogy, vol. 6, No. 8, 1361-1373.

Klyosov, A. A., Rozhanskii, I. L. (2012) Haplogroup R1a ua tus proto Indo-Europeans thiab legendary Aryans raws li tau pom los ntawm DNA ntawm lawv cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv tam sim no. Kev nce qib hauv Anthropology, 2, 1-13.

Pijpe, J., de Voog, A., van Oven, M., Henneman, P., van der Gaag, KJ, Kayser, M., de Knijff, P. (2013) Indian Ocean Crossroads: Human Genetic Origin and Population Cov qauv hauv Maldives. Amer. J. Phys. Ib., 151, 58-67.

Rozhanskii, I. L., Klyosov, A. A. (2012). Haplogroup R1a, nws cov subclades thiab cov ceg ntoo hauv Tebchaws Europe thaum 9000 xyoo dhau los. Advances in Anthropology, 2, 139–156.