Homer's riddle: leej twg yog tus kws sau paj huam Greek thaum ub

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Peb paub me ntsis txog lub neej ntawm tus kws sau paj huam legendary ntawm Ancient Greece. Lub cuaj phau ntawv keeb kwm paub peb, suav nrog ntau tus kws sau ntawv thaum ub, suav nrog Plutarch, Herodotus thiab Plato, yog qhov tsis sib xws thiab ntau txoj hauv kev implausible. Cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Homer yog hu ua mythological heroes - tus hu nkauj Mussey thiab Orpheus.

Apollo, tus vajtswv dej Melet, lossis Telemachus (tus tub ntawm Vajntxwv Odysseus thiab Penelope) ua li txiv. Homer niam yog suav hais tias yog Calliope, muse ntawm kev xav, kev tshawb fawb thiab paj huam, lossis Metis (tus vajtswv poj niam ntawm kev txawj ntse). Txawm li cas los, muaj ib tug version uas ascribes niam rau lub spinner ntawm ntaub plaub.

Qhov chaw yug ntawm tus kws sau paj lug tseem tsis paub. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau paub tseeb tias Homer yug hauv Asia Me - hauv Ionia, tab sis qhov tseeb qhov chaw tseem yog qhov tsis paub. "Xya lub nroog, kev sib cav yog hu ua lub teb chaws ntawm Homer: Smyrna, Chios, Colophon, Pylos, Argos, Ithaca, Athens," - hais nyob rau hauv lub epigram ntawm ib tug tsis paub lus Greek sau thaum ub. Thaum tus sau paj huam "Iliad" thiab "Odyssey" tau yug los, nws tseem tsis tau tsim, txawm li cas los xij, ntau tus kws tshawb fawb tau xav tias lub sijhawm Homer lub neej thiab kev ua haujlwm tau poob rau xyoo pua 8 BC. e.

Nws ntseeg hais tias Homer yog Aedom - ib tug neeg hu nkauj itinerant thiab keeper ntawm kev ntseeg thaum ub. Nyob ib ncig ntawm Hellas, nws ua si plaub-txoj hlua lyre thiab hu nkauj rau tib neeg txog cov yeeb yaj kiab nto moo thiab cov vajtswv uas muaj koob meej, khwv tau qhov no rau kev ua neej nyob. Homer tsis tau kawm nyeem thiab sau ntawv, tab sis nws muaj lub cim xeeb zoo: nws paub txog kaum tawm txhiab tus kab lus paj huam los ntawm lub siab thiab muaj cov txheej txheem ntawm kev sau paj huam uas tsis tau siv hauv kev hais lus. Kev sib tw hauv Chalcis nrog tus sau ua haujlwm "Ua Haujlwm thiab Hnub" thiab "Theogony" Hesiod, tus kws sau paj huam tau muab cov lus teb hauv nqe lus rau qhov nyuaj tshaj plaws ntawm nws tus nrog sib tw. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws tau ntseeg tias Homer siv lus poetic hauv lub neej txhua hnub.

Cov neeg sau keeb kwm ntawm Antiquity pom tias Homer tsis yog lub npe zoo, tab sis lub npe menyuam yaus, lub ntsiab lus, nyob ntawm hom lus, "qhia", "tus neeg tua neeg" lossis "tus txiv neej dig muag". Raws li kev lig kev cai, peb xav txog tus kws sau paj lug ua ib tug txiv neej dig muag, tab sis kev tshuaj xyuas cov duab ntawm tus phab ej ntawm cov paj huam tseem ceeb ntawm Homer, Iliad thiab Odyssey, nws nyuaj rau xav txog tias tus txiv neej dig muag tuaj yeem pom cov paj zoo li no. Tus kws sau paj lug piav txog Achilles lub teeb xim av curls thiab cov plaub hau daj ntawm Tsar Menelaus, "dub taum" thiab "ntsuab peas". Qhov no tau lees paub tias cov duab pom muaj yeej hauv cov lus piav qhia, thiab rau cov neeg dig muag hu nkauj (piv txwv li, tus kws sau paj huam Demodoc los ntawm Odyssey), cov duab ntawm lub suab, hnov, hnov tsw thiab kev xav yog yam ntxwv. Thiab tseem - yog vim li cas Homer tshwm sim rau peb hauv daim ntawv ntawm tus txiv neej dig muag?

Nws hloov tawm tias Homer tau nthuav tawm raws li pom txog thaum xyoo pua 4 BC. e. Tab sis, raws li tus historian Plutarch, ib zaug Alexander lub Great, nyob rau hauv nws lub hauv ncoo ib tug dagger thiab ib daim qauv ntawm lub Iliad yeej ib txwm khaws cia, muaj ib tug npau suav. Nyob rau hauv nws, tus kws sau paj lug tau taw qhia rau Alexander thaj chaw rau lub hauv paus ntawm lub nroog loj. “Nyob ntawm lub hiav txwv nrov muaj ib lub koog povtxwv uas nyob ntawm Iyi tebchaws; cov neeg nyob hauv Falaus hu nws nyob ntawd : nws yog nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw no uas cov Macedonian nrhiav tau Alexandria, qhov chaw uas nws tsa ib lub tuam tsev nyob rau hauv Honor ntawm Homer.

Tab sis cov philosophers ntawm Alexandria ntseeg hais tias tus kws sau paj lug deified tsis tuaj yeem muaj cov duab ntawm ib tug txiv neej hauv ntiaj teb nrog nws "qhov muag tsis pom kev." Txhawm rau hais txog qhov kev xaiv ntawm Homer thiab nws "pom qhov muag tsis pom", tus kws sau paj huam tau piav qhia tias qhov muag tsis pom.

Homer - tus tsim ntawm European cov ntaub ntawv

Homer tau tsim ob zaj paj huam Greek thaum ub - Iliad thiab Odyssey. Cov neeg kawm tiav ntseeg tias Calliope nws tus kheej tau tshoov nws lub siab los sau nkauj. Homer qhov kev tsim kho tshiab tshaj plaws, uas tau txheeb xyuas nws tias yog tus tsim ntawm European kab lis kev cai, yog qhov kev taw qhia ntawm lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm synecdoche (txoj kev zoo nkauj uas lub ntsiab lus ntawm ib lo lus raug xa mus raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: ib feem tsis yog tag nrho lossis vice versa). Thaum tsim cov zajlus ntawm kev ua hauj lwm, tus kws sau paj lug tsom nws cov xim nyob ib ncig ntawm ib ntu.

Yog li, hauv Iliad, Homer tsuas pom 51 hnub ntawm Trojan Tsov Rog, uas tau siv sijhawm 10 xyoo, thiab hauv Odyssey, nws piav qhia tsuas yog 40 hnub los ntawm tus phab ej kaum xyoo rov qab los rau nws lub tebchaws. Los ntawm kev tsom mus rau ib ntu, tus kws sau paj huam ua tiav qhov "zoo" ntim uas tso cai rau nws los qhia txog qhov ntsuas ntawm qhov kev ua yeeb yam ntawm ib sab thiab sib haum rau qhov loj ntawm qhov nruab nrab European tshiab ntawm lwm qhov. Nws tuaj yeem hais tau tias nws yog Homer uas xav txog lub sijhawm txwv ntawm ntau cov ntawv sau loj (tus kws sau ntawv lub cuab yeej, thaum qhov kev ua haujlwm haum rau ob peb hnub lossis ntau teev).

Lwm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws sau paj huam Greek thaum ub yog tias nws cov paj huam tau sau nrog lub hexameter (rau-ko taw dactyl). Hauv Hellas, hexameter tau suav hais tias yog cov lus ntawm cov vajtswv, tsim hauv lub tuam tsev ntawm Apollo ntawm Delphi. Qhov ntsuas no ib txwm chanted thiab raug xam kom cov paj huam tau hnov los ntawm pob ntseg. Lub hexameter muab lub suab sib dhos ua ke, tsis muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab ua suab nrov, thaum lees paub ntau yam kev sib txuas ntawm intonations thiab kev ntxhov siab, uas muaj "vajtswv" zoo nkauj ntawm nqe lus no.

Tab sis txawm li cas los xij ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm Homer xav txog kev txhim kho cov ntaub ntawv tom ntej, tus cwj pwm ntawm tus kws sau paj huam nws tus kheej tseem tsis tau paub, cov lus teb uas peb feem ntau yuav tsis tuaj yeem nrhiav tau.