Lub tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub ntawm kev kawm lossis kev loj hlob ntawm ib tug qhev

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

"Lub tswv yim ntawm kev xa me nyuam mus rau qee yam ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj Vajtswv, qhov chaw uas lawv yuav raug qhia los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws raws li cov kev pab cuam los ntawm cov nom tswv thiab cov kws tshawb fawb siab, yog nyob rau hauv nws tus kheej li absurd thiab sib nrauj los ntawm tus me nyuam qhov kev xav tau tiag tiag, uas yog. tsuas tuaj yeem xav tias nws tau tswj kom muaj tseeb li cas."

Stephen Harrison, Happy Child

"Nws yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg thiab tsis tuaj yeem ntseeg hnub no tias lo lus" tsev kawm ntawv "nws tus kheej los ntawm Greek keeb kwm thaum ub lub ntsiab lus lom zem!"

Marina Kosmina, Kev Kawm thiab Kev Ua Haujlwm magazine

Nws tsis zoo li niaj hnub no leej twg yuav sib cav hais tias cov qauv kev kawm tam sim no zoo li cov khoom siv conveyor rau stamping cogs ntawm kev lag luam mechanism tshaj li qhov system uas pab txhawb rau kev loj hlob ntawm tus kheej DAWB. Zoo, hauv paus ntsiab lus, qhov no yog to taub. Lub xeev tsis xav tau cov neeg dawb. Tab sis cov niam txiv xav li cas?!

Pom tau tias, cov niam txiv tau raug coj mus los ntawm kev qhia cov menyuam yaus kom lawv tsis nco qab tias qhov tseem ceeb ntawm tus menyuam txoj kev kawm yog tsim nws lub neej zoo siab. Tom qab tag nrho, nws yog lub neej zoo siab uas peb xav ua tsaug rau peb cov menyuam thiab peb tus kheej.

Feem coob ntawm cov niam txiv uas kuv paub, nrog rau cov kws qhia ntawv, tsis txaus siab heev rau lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab niaj hnub no. Tab sis, txawm li cas los xij, tsis muaj leej twg sim hloov ib yam dab tsi … Thaum kawg, feem coob tau dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem no thiab xav tias nws tsuas yog ua tau.

Puas yog lawv tsis nco qab lawv tus kheej kev ntxub ntxaug ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv? Cia peb qhib lub encyclopedia: "Totalitarianism: ib qho ntawm cov qauv ntawm lub xeev (tag nrho lub xeev), tus cwj pwm los ntawm nws tag nrho (tag nrho) tswj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov spheres ntawm lub zej zog, qhov tseeb tshem tawm ntawm kev cai lij choj txoj cai thiab kev ywj pheej, kev tsuj tawm tsam cov tawm tsam thiab dissidents. " Koj tsis xav tias qhov no yog hais txog peb lub tsev kawm ntawv?!

Marina Kosmina hais tias, "Yog lawm, qhov ntawd yog lawm," hais tias tus neeg sau xov xwm Marina Kosmina, "chav kawm txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm, nrog rau txhua tus cwj pwm ntawm nws qhov kev ntshai ntawm kev ywj pheej ntawm tus kheej, yog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, nyob rau hauv txoj cai ua siab phem rau tus menyuam thiab necrophilic. Thiab qhov thib ob, nws yog hopelessly outdated."

Txhua yam uas peb tau siv los xav txog lub hauv paus tsis muaj zog, lub hauv paus ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv, cov qauv ntawm nws lub koom haum - tag nrho Tsev Kawm Ntawv Txoj Cai, uas, peb cia siab, qhuab qhia lawv thiab qhia lawv ua haujlwm (tshwj xeeb tshaj yog kev txawj ntse), mus rau lub neej hauv zej zog nrog nws xav tau kev ua hauj lwm niaj hnub nyob rau hauv feem ntau thiab ntawm nws tus kheej tshwj xeeb, nrog rau nws cov sij hawm, lub sij hawm, cov kev npaj thiab lub sij hawm, nrog rau inevitable ntawm mloog lus thiab ib tug super-thov rau kev mob siab rau - thiab yog li ntawd, tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv tsoom fwv yog tiag tiag tsuas yog ib tug punitive-yuav tsum tau. system uas tsis pub tus me nyuam ua pa dawb, nyob thiab loj hlob. Yog vim li ntawd lawv thiaj ntxub nws thiab sib haum xeeb.

Thiab nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, txawm tias yuav thov txim npaum li cas los xij, lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis qhia lej thiab chemistry ntau npaum li nws muab cov lus qhia txog kev muaj peev xwm los tawm tsam, dag ntxias, hloov mus rau lub zog ntawm lub zog thiab lub zog, dag, ntxeev siab.

Qhov no tsis yog kev npau suav. Qhov no yog kev muaj tiag…

Yog li cia peb sim ua kom paub tseeb tias: a) lub tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub no yog dab tsi - kev puas tsuaj lossis txiaj ntsig, thiab b) yog lub tsev kawm niaj hnub tiag tiag tib txoj hauv kev rau koj tus menyuam txoj kev kawm …

Kev loj hlob, kev muaj tswv yim, kev ntseeg tus kheej

Koj puas tsis pom tias koj cov menyuam, ua ntej lawv mus kawm ntawv, tsuas yog ua rau muaj tswv yim zoo, ua rau muaj kev txaus siab rau txhua yam thiab muaj tswv yim thiab kev nkag siab? Ob peb xyoos ntawm tsev kawm ntawv tau dhau mus thiab nws mus qhov twg?

Kuv nco qab tias Korney Chukovsky yog thawj zaug luam tawm phau ntawv "Los ntawm ob mus rau tsib", uas nws luam tawm cov nqe lus ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog no. Tom qab ntawd, ntau phau ntawv zoo li no tshwm sim. Cov me nyuam hais amazing, paradoxical yam. Tab sis vim li cas ho tsis muaj phau ntawv nrog cov nqe lus ntawm cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 14 txog 18 xyoo, yog vim li cas cov hluas hnub nyoog no (feem ntau) hais lus platitudes? Pom tseeb, cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog qis dua tsib xyoos yog cov muaj tswv yim zoo dua li cov tub ntxhais kawm tau txais kev cob qhia zoo.

Raws li Stephen Harrison tau sau tseg, "cov txheej txheem kev qhia ntawv uas twb muaj lawm xav tias tus menyuam yuav tsum tau saib xyuas. Tab sis tus me nyuam tsis zoo tag nrho? Puas yog nws pib muaj kev xav paub, muaj tswv yim, kev xav sib txuas lus - txhua yam uas cov kev kawm sib ntaus sib tua nyuaj heev? Txij thaum pib, cov me nyuam tsis txhob siv zog kawm ua ib yam dab tsi, sau cov ntaub ntawv thiab sib txuas lus zoo dua li cov neeg laus?"

Vim li cas peb thiaj txiav txim siab rau tus menyuam tias nws yuav tsum qhia dab tsi thiab pes tsawg teev hauv ib hnub? Yog vim li cas ib tug me nyuam tsis muaj txoj cai los tsim ib tug trajectory ntawm nws txoj kev kawm, ua nws txoj kev mus rau hauv lub hiav txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raws li nws ywj siab nyiam, los yog yuav tsum tau nqus cov kev ntsuas ntawm kev coj noj coj ua ntawm tib neeg kev ntsuas los ntawm cov neeg laus - passively, nrog kev tawm tsam, superficially, nrog kev ua tsis tiav, tab sis raws li txoj kev npaj?

Thaum kuv xa kuv tus ntxhais mus kawm kindergarten, nws mus rau qhov ntawd tau ib lub lis piam, thiab tom qab ntawd tsis kam lees. Thaum nug yog vim li cas? tus txiv neej muaj peb xyoos teb tias: "Txhua yam zoo ib yam nyob ntawd" … Einstein yuav tsis tau hais ntau succinctly. Thiab lub vaj tsis yog tsev kawm ntawv!

Ib lub tsev kawm ntawv niaj hnub no yog cov chav kawm ntawm 30 tus neeg, qhov twg cov menyuam yaus ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog kawm raws li cov ntaub ntawv qhia tib yam nrog kev qhia nrawm … kev loj hlob los ntawm ntau qhov kev txiav txim siab nce ntxiv hauv txhua tus (!!!) hnub nyoog sib txuas lus … Hauv qhov no kev hwm, lub vaj, nrog rau nws cov txheej txheem kev sib txuas lus nyuaj thiab kev xaiv ntawm tus menyuam, pab txhawb kev loj hlob ntawm koj tus menyuam ntau dua li hauv chav kawm ntawv. Thiab feem ntau, nco, ua raws li tus qauv yog qib qis tshaj ntawm kev xav, thiab tsev kawm ntawv, alas, tsis muaj lwm yam …

"Puas yog menyuam yaus koom nrog kev puas siab puas ntsws, leej twg rau kaum xyoo raug txiav tawm los ntawm kev tsim, uas yog, xav tiag tiag, thiab yuam kom koom nrog tsuas yog cim thiab tsim cov qauv? Thiab nyob rau hauv dab tsi lub zej zog ib tug kawm tiav yuav hloov tau tiag tiag? Puas yog nyob rau hauv university. Kuv pom zoo: tib txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb uas nag hmo tus tub ntxhais kawm qib kaum ib tuaj yeem daws tau tiag tiag yog nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, "tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm St. Petersburg University, tus sau phau ntawv "Introduction to humanitarian exam of education", Sergei Leonidovich Bratchenko.

Plaub nqe lus nug txog tsev kawm ntawv:

• Yuav ua li cas rau tus menyuam txoj kev ntseeg tus kheej hauv tsev kawm ntawv? Nrog nws muaj peev xwm lean ntawm nws tus kheej? Nrog nws txaus siab los daws nws cov teeb meem los ntawm kev pom ntawm tus sau thiab tus tswv ntawm nws lub neej? Tsev Kawm Ntawv - Puas yog nws pab txhua tus menyuam yaus ntseeg lawv tus kheej ntau dua, lossis rov ua dua?

• Tus menyuam nkag siab thiab xav li cas rau nws tus kheej? Nws paub nws lub zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog, nws cov peev txheej li cas? Tsev kawm ntawv puas pab nws to taub nws tus kheej? Los yog nws muab nws illusions? Los yog, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, nws puas feem ntau tig nws tawm ntawm kev xav paub nws tus kheej?

• Dab tsi ua rau lub tsev kawm ntawv nrog tus menyuam muaj peev xwm nyob hauv tib neeg - ib yam li dawb, ib yam li nws txawv? Yuav ua li cas los daws qhov kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm tib neeg lub tsev kawm ntawv qhia rau cov menyuam yaus siv qhov piv txwv ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv tsev kawm ntawv? Lub tsev kawm ntawv puas muaj peev xwm nkag siab lwm tus, lees txais txawm tias txhua qhov sib txawv, ua siab ntev nrog lawv thiab sib tham nrog lawv? Lossis nws puas paub ib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus: Tawm ntawm chav kawm?

• Tus me nyuam xav li cas los txhim kho lawv lub neej? Nws nkag siab ntau npaum li cas tias lub neej yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm nws txoj kev siv zog? Nws puas npaj txhij los daws tej teeb meem, nws muaj siab tawv npaum li cas? Nws puas to taub lub neej li kev ua haujlwm, kev muaj tswv yim, yog kev daws teeb meem hauv lub neej? Los yog nws tau qhia tias txoj kev ua neej yog ncaj ncees, thiab kev nyuaj siab yog txawv txav, puas yog ib tug neeg txhaum?

Yog tias lub tsev kawm ntawv tuaj yeem teb yam tsawg kawg ib nrab ntawm cov lus nug no tau zoo, ces nrog ib puas feem pua qhov tseeb nws tuaj yeem hais tias: nws tsa cov tib neeg.. Tsuas yog … cov tsev kawm ntawv no nyob qhov twg … Tab sis tsis yog tag nrho …

Teeb meem kev noj qab haus huv

Raws li lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab ntawm Ministry of Education ntawm Lavxias Federation, kwv yees li 70% ntawm cov menyuam yaus nkag mus hauv tsev kawm kev noj qab haus huv, thiab tsuas yog 10% ntawm cov kawm tiav. Thiab feem ntau ntawm tag nrho cov kab mob muaj nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm theem siab. Cov rooj tog tsis zoo spoils posture, cov zaub mov qhuav spoils lub plab, tsis muaj teeb pom kev zoo.. Raws li cov ntaub ntawv ua ntej, yuav luag txhua tus menyuam thib plaub pom tsis zoo. Cov kws kho mob ntaus nqi rau qhov teeb pom kev tsis zoo hauv chav kawm, thiab kev mob siab rau TV thiab khoos phis tawj. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau tus menyuam yaus muaj teeb meem nrog lub cev musculoskeletal thiab plab hnyuv. Pediatricians hais tias lub ntsiab ua rau me nyuam yaus gastritis thiab colitis yog cov zaub mov tsis zoo hauv tsev kawm ntawv. Yog li, cov kws kho mob tau xaus lus tias feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob tshwm sim hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas muaj tseeb thaum lawv kawm.

Nov yog tsib yam mob uas tshwm sim hauv tsev kawm ntawv feem ntau:

• kab mob ntawm txoj hlab pa, • myopia, • Cov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog kev zom zaub mov, • kab mob ntawm lub cev musculoskeletal, • kab mob ntawm cov hlab ntsha.

Cov kab mob musculoskeletal - los ntawm lub cev tsis zoo, uas cov menyuam kawm ntawv hloov pauv ntau dua li qhov tseem ceeb. Thiab cov rooj tog hauv peb cov tsev kawm ntawv tsis yog ib txwm nyiam.

"Feem ntau cov niam txiv yuav tsis tso cai rau tus menyuam muaj hnub nyoog yim xyoo siv tus neeg laus puav thaum ua si kab civliv lossis lub tsheb kauj vab laus, tab sis lawv tsis txhawj xeeb thaum lawv cov menyuam zaum tsis muaj kev txhawb nqa rau lub sijhawm ntev nrog lub caj dab thiab lub dab teg, "said Professor Peter Buckle ntawm Lub Tsev Haujlwm Robens Center for Health Economics.

Raws li rau "ua pa", ces, alas, tuberculosis tseem ciaj sia. Nyob rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv, vim muaj coob tus me nyuam nyob rau hauv ib chav tsev, ib tug tej yam, feem ntau unfavorable, huab cua-thermal ib puag ncig tsim thaum nruab hnub. Tawm? Tsis tu ncua ventilate thiab ventilate, uas tsis tas yuav ua.

Qhov muag yog qhov ua rau lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis tu ncua. Raws li kev txheeb cais, txhua tus menyuam thib tsib los ntawm qib 11 tsis yog txhua yam nrog nws qhov muag pom. Txhua yam cuam tshuam qhov no - tus naj npawb thiab qhov loj ntawm qhov rais hauv chav kawm, spectrum thiab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm cov teeb fluorescent, xim ntawm phab ntsa (lawv yuav tsum yog matte, pastel xim), xim ntawm cov ntaub (ib txwm lub teeb).

Ib zaj dab neeg nthuav nrog "calvary", uas yog, daim kab dam. Nws yuav tsum yog ntsuab lossis xim av, tab sis tsis txhob dub. Lub qhov muag ua ntej ntawm txhua yam tsis zoo vim qhov kev nyeem ntawv tas li thaum lub sij hawm zaj lus qhia: nyob rau hauv cov phau ntawv thiab cov phau ntawv ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv, cov ntawv sau tau sau ua xim dub thiab dawb, thiab ntawm daim ntawv dub - dawb thiab dub. Yog li qhov zoo tshaj plaws yog feem ntau newfangled dawb boards, uas lawv sau nrog ib tug marker.

Peb muaj dab tsi? Thauj khoom ntawm lub qhov muag + teeb pom kev tsis zoo + zaum ntev + tsis khoom noj hauv tsev + kev ua kom sov thiab kub - nws hloov tawm tias tsev kawm ntawv yog qhov teeb meem tshaj plaws hauv menyuam yaus lub neej! (Peb tseem tsis tau hais txog cov kev txawj ntse, kev ntsuam xyuas kev nyuaj siab, kev tawm tsam nrog cov kws qhia ntawv thiab sawv hauv lub caij ntuj no thaum 8 teev sawv ntxov.)

Yog li cia peb hais tias peb pom zoo tias tsev kawm ntawv tsis zoo. Cov kev xaiv yog dab tsi? Thiab muaj ntau ntau txoj kev xaiv, los ntawm qhov me me mus rau feem ntau cardinal:

• Hloov ntawm tus menyuam mus rau kev kawm sab nraud;

• Hloov cov menyuam mus rau lwm hom tsev kawm ntawv (lyceum, tsev kawm qib siab, lwm tsev kawm ntawv);

• Kev hloov pauv ntawm tus menyuam mus rau tsev kawm ntawv yam tsis tas yuav xeem dhau thiab tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj, lossis, yooj yim, ua neej nyob nrog niam txiv.

Ib qho externship yog txheej txheem rau kev xeem dhau rau cov chav kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab kev kawm tiav rau cov neeg uas tsis tau kawm hauv lawv (cov tub ntxhais kawm sab nraud). Qhov ntawd yog, tus menyuam tuaj kawm ntawv tsuas yog xeem dhau. Nws ua haujlwm li cas thiab nrog leej twg - tsis muaj leej twg yuav tsum saib xyuas. Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws yog tias koj tseem yuav tsum xeem dhau qhov kev xeem raws li tib lub tsev kawm ntawv cov ntaub ntawv kawm. Ntawm qhov no, kuv tsuas yog ntxiv tias yog tias koj txiav txim siab mus kawm sab nraud, tom qab ntawd, raws li txoj cai lij choj Lavxias, ib lub tsev kawm ntawv kev kawm dav dav uas muaj kev lees paub hauv lub xeev yuav tsum tau muab lub sijhawm los coj lub tsev kawm ntawv txoj haujlwm raws li cov tub ntxhais kawm sab nraud.

Lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv

Cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv uas paub qhov txawv ntawm cov qauv yog:

• Cov tub ntxhais kawm raug hwm ntawm no, tsis yog lub kaw lus.

• Cov menyuam kawm ntawv muaj lub cib fim xaiv txoj kev thiab kev nthuav qhia cov ntaub ntawv hauv zaj lus qhia.

• Cov ntaub ntawv hloov pauv hloov tau nyob ntawm seb leej twg nyob hauv chav kawm.

• Cov tub ntxhais kawm thiab cov kws qhia ntawv muaj lub luag haujlwm rau cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev qhia, tsis yog lub hauv paus.

• Nyob rau hauv pab pawg uas lawv ua hauj lwm nrog, cov xib fwb raug leeway.

• Cov txheej txheem qhia kev kawm tsis raug txwv. Cov tswv yim tshiab tau txais tos.

• Kev ntsuam xyuas tas li raug hloov thiab hloov kho kom haum rau qib kev txawj thiab kev paub.

• Kev hloov cov kev qhia tsis tu ncua yog tus qauv thoob plaws hauv keeb kwm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv.

• Nws muaj peev xwm hais tias tag nrho cov no muaj teeb meem.

Hmoov tsis zoo, hauv qhov chaw tom qab-Soviet, txawm tias lub tswv yim ntawm "lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv" zoo li thuam rau peb cov kws qhia ntawv, thiab cov piv txwv ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv no suav tau ntawm ib sab:

• Lub tsev kawm ntawv Montessori, yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj ntawv tso cai uas ua rau cov menyuam kawm ntawv raws li "cov neeg kawm ntawv ywj pheej", txawm li cas los xij tseem ceeb yog ib qho kev kawm qib kindergarten, vim nws tsuas yog siv rau cov menyuam yaus txog rau 6 xyoo xwb, yog li peb tuaj yeem tham txog cov ntsiab cai siv hauv Montessori - pedagogy, tab sis tsis hais txog tsev kawm ntawv lub neej …

• Txoj kev kawm Waldorf, kuj yog ib lub tsev kawm ntawv "Asmeskas", yog qhov loj tshaj plaws thiab loj hlob sai tshaj plaws uas tsis yog kev ntseeg nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb, nrog rau 800 lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv ntau dua 30 lub teb chaws. Nyob rau theem pib, kev saib xyuas me ntsis yog them rau cov kev kawm. Thawj chav kawm muab rau lawv tsawg kawg nkaus. Kev nyeem ntawv tsis raug qhia kom txog rau qib 2, txawm hais tias cov menyuam yaus raug qhia rau cov ntawv (hauv qib 1 thiab 2). Hauv tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab (qib 1-8), cov tub ntxhais kawm muaj tus kws qhia ntawv (primary) uas qhia, saib xyuas thiab saib xyuas cov menyuam yaus thiab nyob nrog chav kawm (zoo tagnrho) rau tag nrho yim xyoo ntawm tsev kawm ntawv. Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias xws li cov phau ntawv no tsis muaj nyob rau hauv Waldorf cov tsev kawm ntawv: tag nrho cov me nyuam muaj ib tug workbook, uas yuav ua tau lawv phau ntawv ua hauj lwm. Yog li ntawd, lawv sau lawv tus kheej phau ntawv kawm, qhov twg lawv qhia txog lawv qhov kev paub thiab lawv tau kawm. Cov qib laus siv phau ntawv kawm los txhawb lawv cov haujlwm tseem ceeb. Hmoov tsis zoo, cov tsev kawm Waldorf tuaj yeem pom tsuas yog hauv ob peb lub nroog loj (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev) …

• Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv ntawm Academician Shchetinin yog lub zej zog tiag tiag hauv cov ntsiab lus zoo tshaj plaws ntawm lub tswv yim no. Nws txawv ntawm lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv uas nws nyob hauv hav zoov, thiab qhov tseeb, yog lub xeev me me. Ntawm no koj tseem yuav tsis pom cov chav kawm ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog, cov phau ntawv thiab cov lus qhia … Lub tsev kawm ntawv yog tsim los ntawm tsib lub hauv paus: kev coj ncaj ncees thiab kev loj hlob ntawm sab ntsuj plig ntawm txhua tus; siv zog rau kev paub; kev ua haujlwm, (ntau dua, kev hlub rau kev ua haujlwm hauv ib qho twg, piv txwv li, tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv tau tsim los ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm lawv tus kheej); kev xav ntawm kev zoo nkauj, kev lees paub ntawm kev zoo nkauj hauv txhua yam; thiab, thaum kawg, lub zog lub cev muaj zog ntawm txhua tus.

• Lub tsev kawm ntawv-chaw ua si tsim los ntawm Miloslav Balobanov (Yekaterinburg) tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi los ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv Lavxias. Muaj peb txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv Chaw Ua Si: tsis kam lees los ntawm kev kawm yuam kev, los ntawm tib lub hnub nyoog hauv kev kawm, thiab yuav luag tag nrho los ntawm qib. Qhov zoo tshaj plaws, tsis xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj lossis qib kawm. Raws li Miloslav Balaban, cov ntaub ntawv kev kawm zoo tshaj plaws rau menyuam yaus yuav yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog txhua tus kws qhia ntawv cov lus hais txog nws txoj kev vam meej. Precisely txog kev vam meej! Txiav txim los ntawm lawv, coj lawv mus ua haujlwm thiab mus kawm ntawv qib siab. Cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tiaj ua si tsis tau muab faib ua cov chav kawm, thiab txhua tus ntawm lawv tus kheej txheeb xyuas qhov cuam tshuam rau txhua lub studio: nws yog tus tswv cuab mus tas li (tus tswv cuab ntawm "pab pawg"), lossis tus neeg siv khoom, lossis tus qhua (qhua).

Tsis tas li ntawd, txhua tus kws qhia ntawv (lub taub hau ntawm lub studio) muaj cov neeg kawm tiav "loj hlob los ntawm nws" - cov tub ntxhais kawm uas nquag pab tus kws qhia ntawv hauv kev ua haujlwm nrog lwm tus tswvcuab lossis cov neeg siv khoom. Txhua tus menyuam kawm ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv tiaj ua si tuaj yeem hloov pauv txhua lub sijhawm hauv nws qhov kev sib raug zoo nrog lub studio - los ntawm tus qhua los ua tus neeg siv khoom, tom qab ntawd tus tswvcuab mus tas li, tom qab ntawd tus kws tshaj lij (tom kawg, ntawm chav kawm, los ntawm kev pom zoo nrog tus xibfwb); nws muaj peev xwm hloov tau cov xwm txheej nyob rau hauv qhov opposite direction.

Txawm hais tias muaj ntau yam zoo ntawm lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv, ib tus tsis tuaj yeem tsis pom tias cov hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm tsis zoo ua ke nrog cov cai ntawm kev kawm loj. Yog li ntawd, ntev npaum li qhov System tam sim no muaj, lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv tsis zoo li yuav muaj peev xwm ciaj sia nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm kev koom tes tsis muaj txiaj ntsig koom ua ke cov neeg ua lag luam koom nrog kev ua haujlwm ntawm tus kheej (Tshooj 48). ntawm Txoj Cai Kev Kawm Ntawv). Cov haujlwm no tsis muaj ntawv tso cai thiab tsis raug rau ntau txoj cai lij choj tswj kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv. Uas, hauv paus ntsiab lus, tsis tuaj yeem ntshai cov niam txiv ntau dhau, txij li tam sim no tsis muaj lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv teeb meem hauv xeev cov ntaub ntawv kawm …

Yuav luag txhua leej txhua tus nkag siab tias kev kawm hauv tsev kawm tsis tau lees paub kev kawm tiav, uas daim diploma (ntawm kev kawm qib siab) tsis tau lees paub txoj haujlwm siab thiab nyiaj hli loj, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj rau kev qhia tus menyuam kom nrhiav tau cov ntaub ntawv thaum nws xav tau, thiab tsis txhob cia nws nyob rau hauv nws lub taub hau nyob rau hauv loj ntim. Thiab ntau tus tau npaj txhij rau qhov lawv tus menyuam tsis raug kev tsim txom castration, thiab ntxiv rau, lawv kuj tau kawm kom muaj kev ywj pheej, xa nws mus rau lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv … Tab sis …

Tsev kawm ntawv

Tab sis qee cov niam txiv mus ntxiv thiab, dhau los ua neeg phem nyob rau hauv lub qhov muag ntawm txoj kev kawm, tag nrho coj lawv cov menyuam tawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv, uas yog, hloov lawv mus rau tsev kawm ntawv … ntshai ntawm daim ntawv-bureaucratic obstacles thiab npau taws ntxias ntawm lwm tus, tsis yog. hais txog cov kwv tij…Xwb, koj nyob li cas hauv peb lub ntiaj teb no tsis muaj tsev kawm ntawv, txawj txawj ntse, kawm txawj sib txuas lus, tau txoj hauj lwm muaj koob meej, ua hauj lwm, khwv tau nyiaj zoo, muab rau lawv cov laus… thiab lwm yam thiab lwm yam.

Peb yuav tsis nco qab tias nyob rau hauv tsarist lub sij hawm, kev kawm ntawv hauv tsev yog ubiquitous, peb yuav tsis nco qab hais tias nyob rau hauv lub Soviet lub sij hawm, heev paub tus cwj pwm kawm nyob rau hauv tsev. Peb tsuas yog xav txog dab tsi tus txiv neej nruab nrab yog coj los ntawm thaum xa nws tus menyuam uas nws hlub mus kawm ntawv? Lub hauv paus ntawm txhua yam yog kev txhawj xeeb rau yav tom ntej. Ntshai ua ntej nws. Lub neej yav tom ntej nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv tsev yog heev tsis meej thiab tsis haum tus qauv: tsev kawm ntawv - lub koom haum - ua hauj lwm - nyiaj laus, qhov twg txhua yam mus raws li ib zaug tsim scheme.

Tab sis koj puas paub tseeb tias tus me nyuam zoo siab nrog "tus qauv tsim" no?

Sim ua qhov kev sim no: nqa ib daim ntawv thiab sau 100 ntawm koj cov phooj ywg ntawm nws. Tom qab ntawd hu rau lawv thiab nrhiav seb lawv tau txais kev kawm dab tsi, leej twg nyob hauv lawv qhov tshwj xeeb, thiab tom qab ntawd nrhiav seb lawv tau ua haujlwm ntev npaum li cas hauv qhov tshwj xeeb no. cuaj caum tsib tus neeg yuav teb tias tsis yog ib hnub … Plaub ntxiv yuav hais tias daim ntawv pov thawj muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau lawv kom nkag siab tias lawv tau ua yuam kev li cas hauv kev xaiv txoj haujlwm thiab tsev kawm ntawv … Qhov ntawd yog, 99 ntawm ib puas tus neeg lees paub. tias lawv nkim 5-6 xyoo lub neej. Thiab, tau txais ib txoj hauj lwm txawv kiag li ntawm lawv cov kev kawm tiav qib siab, hauv ob lossis peb lub hlis ntawm kev xyaum, lawv tau kawm txhua yam uas lawv tuaj yeem raug ntaus rau hauv lawv lub taub hau ntawm lub koom haum rau tsib xyoos (zoo, ntxiv rau txoj kev xav ntawm Marxism-Leninism. thiab keeb kwm ntawm CPSU, tau kawg) …

Lo lus nug yog: vim li cas kawm tiav tsev kawm ntawv?

Teb: kom tau daim ntawv pov thawj!

Lo lus nug: vim li cas thiaj tau txais daim ntawv hla tebchaws?

Teb: mus kawm hauv university?

Lo lus nug: vim li cas ho mus kawm hauv university?

Teb: kom tau daim diploma!

Thiab, thaum kawg, lo lus nug: vim li cas peb thiaj xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj yog tias tsis muaj leej twg ua haujlwm hauv lawv qhov tshwj xeeb?

Kuv pom zoo, txog rau tam sim no, yog tias koj tsis muaj daim ntawv pov thawj, koj tsuas tuaj yeem tsis tau ib txoj haujlwm, tsuas yog tus neeg saib xyuas, tus neeg ua haujlwm of elevator thiab loader. Muaj ob txoj kev xaiv: los ua tus neeg nqa khoom, lossis … tus neeg ua lag luam (uas, raws li kev xav yuam kev ntawm feem coob, tsis yog muab rau txhua tus). Hauv kev lag luam, daim diploma kuj tsis xav tau. Ntse txaus … Niaj hnub no, ua Vajtswv tsaug, ntau lub cib fim rau cov tsis kawm tiav tau nthuav dav: cov tuam txhab lag luam feem ntau tsis xav tau daim ntawv pov thawj ntawm kev kawm, tab sis ib daim ntawv qhia thiab cov ntaub ntawv, uas yog, cov npe ntawm koj qhov kev ua tiav. Thiab yog tias koj tus kheej tau kawm ib yam dab tsi thiab ua tiav ib yam dab tsi, ces qhov no tsuas yog ib qho ntxiv.

Thiab dab tsi, qhia rau kuv, koj tuaj yeem kawm yog tias tsis yog qhov uas tus menyuam nyiam, nws raug yuam kom kawm cov khoom siv thiab cov benzene rings rau rau mus rau yim teev tom tsev kawm ntawv, thiab tom qab ntawd ua nws qhov homework?

… Qhia rau kuv, yuav siv sijhawm ntev npaum li cas rau koj los qhia ib tus neeg ntawm txoj kev txhua yam uas koj ua ntawm koj txoj haujlwm? Nco ntsoov, kuv tsis tau nug pes tsawg xyoo! Vim kuv paub tseeb tias qhov teeb meem yuav nyob rau ob peb lub hlis.

Tam sim no cia peb rov qab mus rau lo lus nug dua: koj puas paub tseeb tias tus me nyuam txaus siab rau qhov txheej txheem no? Nws puas xav siv sijhawm 15 xyoo rau qee yam uas tsis muaj txiaj ntsig rau nws, kawm qhov nws nyiam tam sim no, txhawm rau ua tus kws tshaj lij hauv qhov no hauv ib xyoos lossis peb xyoos?

Thiab thaum kawg, cia kuv hais tus ua lag luam Yuri Moroz:

“Yog li ntawd, sau cia. Cov hauv paus hniav ntawm ib qho kev sib npaug ntawm plaub yog b squared ntxiv rau rho tawm qhov kev ntxub ntxaug thiab muab faib los ntawm 4a. Nws tseem ceeb heev! faib 4a!

Yog tias koj tus tub lossis tus ntxhais los tsev los ntawm tsev kawm ntawv thiab nug, txiv los yog niam, yuav ua li cas los daws qhov sib npaug ntawm plaub, thiab koj tsis nco qab, puas tsis tau txhais hais tias koj tus menyuam tsis tas yuav kawm cov ncauj lus no hauv tsev kawm tam sim no? Koj tseem yuav tau kawm. Nws tsis muaj teeb meem tom qab nws yuav hnov qab txhua yam thiab tsis siv nws hauv nws lub neej, tab sis nws yuav tsum tau kawm …

… Tos, tos, kuv paub koj xav qhia rau kuv. Qhov lawv hais, lej yog xav tau kom tswj tau computers, ntawm no! Koj puas paub tseeb?! Koj puas tau mus xyuas lub computer club ntev? Los mloog cov yawg hais ntawd thaum muaj hnub nyoog kaum, los yog tseem hluas. Thiab lawv siv li cas. Kuv paub tseeb tias cov tub hluas no paub ntau cov ntsiab lus uas tus kws qhia computer science hauv tsev kawm tsis tau hnov txog. Thiab raws li kev siv tiag tiag ntawm qhov kev paub no, tus kws qhia tau poob qab mus ib txhis. Koj puas yuav sib cav? Thiab leej twg paub zoo dua yuav ua li cas rau koj tus VCR, koj puas tau kawm tiav qib siab, lossis koj tus tub tsis tiav high school?"