Plasticine technology ntawm polygonal masonry hauv Peru

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Lub Kramola portal muab koj qhov kev pom ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm plasticine thev naus laus zis rau kev tsim cov polygonal megaliths hauv Peru. Cov lus xaus yog raws li kev tshawb fawb ntawm lub koom haum Tectonics thiab Geophysics ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences; mineralogical cov ntaub ntawv thiab physicochemical tej yam kev mob rau cov creation ntawm xws li polygonal masonry yog muab.

Ib qho cuab yeej zoo sib xws tau piav qhia meej hauv tsab xov xwm voluminous Dolmens ntawm Caucasus. Kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis, tshwj xeeb, nws muab cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav: thaum disassembling dolmens rau kev thauj mus los, nrog kev sib dhos tom ntej ntawm qhov chaw tshiab, cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub tsis tuaj yeem rov ua qhov zoo tshaj plaws ntawm cov xuab zeb loj loj

Cov lus nug mob no tau plaguing ntau tshaj ib tiam ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau ntev. Cyclopean cov tsev xav tsis thoob nrog lawv cov nplai txawm tias thawj tus neeg sib tw, uas tau taw rau thaj av tam sim no tsis paub rau cov neeg European. Lub virtuoso ua cov ntsiab lus ntawm phab ntsa, qhov tseeb tshaj plaws kev hloov kho ntawm mating seams, qhov loj ntawm ntau tuj blocks lawv tus kheej, ua rau peb qhuas cov txuj ci ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom thaum ub los txog niaj hnub no.

Hauv ntau xyoo, ntau yam, cov kws tshawb fawb ywj pheej tau tsim cov khoom siv los ntawm cov blocks ntawm phab ntsa ntawm lub fortress. Nws yog grey limestone uas tsim cov pob zeb nyob ib puag ncig. Cov pob txha fauna uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov limestones tso cai rau lawv suav hais tias sib npaug rau Ayavakas limestones ntawm Lake Titicaca, teej tug mus rau Apto-Albu Cretaceous.

Cov blocks uas ua rau cov masonry ntawm phab ntsa tsis zoo li txiav down tag nrho (raws li ntau tus kws tshawb fawb xav kom paub tseeb), los yog carved los ntawm ib co high-tech cuab yeej. Nrog rau cov cuab yeej ua haujlwm niaj hnub nws kuj yog qhov nyuaj heev, thiab feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem ua tiav, kom ua tiav cov khub niam txiv thaum ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv nyuaj, thiab txawm tias muaj ntau npaum li cas.

Peb tuaj yeem hais li cas txog cov neeg thaum ub, uas, nrog rau qib qis ntawm kev txhim kho thev naus laus zis, yuav tsum tau ua qhov tsis txaus ntseeg tiag tiag? Tseeb tiag, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tshaj tawm, cov blocks raug liam tias tau tsim tawm hauv cov chaw tsim khoom nyob ze, thiab tom qab ntawd rub tawm, thaum raug ua tiav los ntawm ntau sab kom haum thiab ntsaws rau hauv cov phooj ywg nrog kev teeb tsa tom qab rau hauv lub pob zeb ntawm phab ntsa. Ntxiv mus, muab qhov hnyav ntawm cov blocks lawv tus kheej, xws li ib tug version ua tag nrho zoo li ib tug fairy taleas. Tag nrho cov kev ua no yog ntaus nqi rau cov neeg Quechua (Incas), uas nws lub teb chaws Ottoman loj hlob nyob rau sab qab teb Asmeskas hauv 11-16 centuries. AD, qhov kawg ntawm uas tau muab tso los ntawm cov conquistadors.

Hauv qhov no, nws tsim nyog qhia meej tias Incas tau txais txiaj ntsig thiab siv cov khoom lag luam ntawm kev paub txog kev vam meej yav dhau los uas muaj nyob hauv thaj chaw raug rau lawv. Ntau qhov kev tshawb fawb archaeological ntawm cov cheeb tsam no qhia txog qhov muaj ntau haiv neeg qub, uas yog cov tsis muaj kev sib cav ua ntej thiab cov tsim ntawm "hauv paus" ntawm lub hauv paus ntawm Inca faj tim teb chaws loj hlob. Thiab nws nyob deb ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov vaj tsev loj tshaj plaws ntawm Sacsayhuaman yog cov haujlwm ntawm Incas, uas tuaj yeem siv cov tsev npaj tau yooj yim, ua tiav yam tsis tau muab lawv txhais tes txiav thiab rub cov blocks hnyav, tsis hais txog lawv cov txheej txheem.

Cov Incas, los yog lawv cov thawj, tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb high-tech, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov uas yuav muaj peev xwm mus nqa tawm tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm tej hauj lwm ntawm kev tsim kho ntawm grandiose lug. Tsis muaj kev tshawb fawb archaeological paub tseeb tias muaj cov cuab yeej tsim nyog thiab cov cuab yeej siv uas tuaj yeem ua pov thawj qhov kev xav. Qee qhov "txoj kev tawm" ntawm qhov xwm txheej no tab tom sim muab cov neeg saib xyuas uas lees paub qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau neeg txawv teb chaws. Lawv hais tias - lawv ya mus rau hauv, tsim thiab ya mus, los yog ploj mus / tuag tawm yam tsis muaj ib txoj kab, tawm hauv qab tsis muaj kev paub txog cov thev naus laus zis siv hauv kev tsim cov phab ntsa. Yuav hais li cas txog qhov no? Tshwj xeeb, koj tuaj yeem teb cov lus nug no tsuas yog tsis suav tag nrho lwm qhov ua tau. Thiab tsuav yog tsis suav nrog, ib tug yuav tsum cia siab rau qhov tseeb thiab suab logic.

Cov pob zeb limestone ntawm cov blocks yog tuab heev uas qee cov prospectors pom zoo rau andesite, uas, ntawm chav kawm, yog nyob rau hauv tsis muaj txoj kev ncaj ncees thiab, raws li, qhia tsis meej pem thiab tsis meej pem, ua hauj lwm raws li ib tug qhov chaw ntawm misinterpretations nyob rau hauv cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntxiv. Cov kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no ntawm Sacsayhuaman fortress los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias (ITIG FEB RAS) ua ke nrog (Geo & Asociados SRL), uas tau ua GPR scan ntawm thaj chaw txhawm rau txheeb xyuas cov laj thawj rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm phab ntsa fortress uas tau ua los ntawm Peruvian. Ministry of Culture, txaus qhia qhov xwm txheej hais txog qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov khoom thaiv. Hauv qab no yog ib qho excerpt los ntawm official tsab ntawv ceeb toom (ITIG FEB RAS) ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm X-ray fluorescence tsom xam ntawm cov qauv coj ncaj qha los ntawm qhov chaw tshawb fawb:

Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg, tsis tuaj yeem hais lus ntawm ib qho andesite, txij li cov ntsiab lus ntawm silica nws tus kheej nyob rau hauv nws yuav tsum tau pom nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 52-65%, txawm hais tias nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau sau tseg tam sim ntawd qhov ntom ntom ntom ntom. limestone nws tus kheej uas tsim cov blocks. Nws tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias qhov tsis muaj cov organic seem hauv cov qauv ntawm cov khoom siv los ntawm cov blocks, nrog rau cov muaj nyob hauv cov qauv coj los ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm kev rho tawm - "quarry".

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv ib feem tom ntej no, sawv cev los ntawm ib tug nyias seem ntawm ib tug qauv coj los ntawm ib tug thaiv, tsis pom pom tseeb organic seem. Nws yog cov qauv zoo-crystalline uas pom meej meej.

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog heev muaj peev xwm mus xav tias ib tug purely chemogenic keeb kwm ntawm no limestone, uas, raws li paub, yog tsim los ntawm nag lossis daus los ntawm cov kev daws teeb meem thiab feem ntau yuav tsum tau hais tias oolitic, pseudo-oolitic, pelitomorphic thiab nplua-grained. ntau yam.

Tab sis tsis txhob maj. Nrog rau kev kawm ntawm ib qho nyias nyias ntawm cov qauv coj los ntawm ib qho thaiv, ib qho kev kawm zoo sib xws ntawm ntu nyias ntawm cov qauv coj los ntawm cov chaw txua txiag zeb yav tom ntej tau pom meej meej qhov sib txawv ntawm cov organic seem:

Muaj qhov zoo sib xws hauv cov tshuaj. Kev sib xyaw ntawm ob qho tib si kuaj nrog ib theem sib txawv ntawm qhov muaj / tsis muaj cov organic seem.

Thawj qhov kev txiav txim siab nruab nrab:

- lub limestone ntawm cov blocks thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho underwed ib co kev cuam tshuam, qhov tshwm sim ntawm uas yog ploj mus / dissolution ntawm organic seem nyob rau hauv txoj kev ntawm lub block cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub chaw txua txiag zeb mus rau qhov chaw ntawm nteg rau hauv lub phab ntsa. Ib qho tshwj xeeb "magic" kev hloov pauv, uas, nyob rau hauv tag nrho, yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tag nrho cov muaj tseeb, tau tshwm sim.

Cia peb ua tib zoo xav - peb muaj dab tsi hauv Tshuag? Qhov tseeb, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov qauv kawm tau taw qhia rau kev sib piv ncaj qha nrog marly limestones … Marly limestones yog cov pob zeb sedimentary ntawm av nplaum-carbonate muaj pes tsawg leeg, thiab CaCO3 muaj nyob rau hauv qhov loj ntawm 25-75%. Qhov seem yog feem pua ntawm av nplaum, impurities thiab nplua xuab zeb. Hauv peb qhov xwm txheej, cov xuab zeb zoo thiab av nplaum muaj nyob rau hauv qhov tsis tseem ceeb. Qhov no tau lees paub los ntawm qhov kev sim nrog qhov decomposition ntawm ib daim qauv nrog acetic acid, thaum ib tug heev negligible tus nqi ntawm impurities ntog tawm nyob rau hauv insoluble residue. Yog li ntawd, silicon dioxide, es tsis txhob nplua xuab zeb (uas tsis yaj nyob rau hauv acetic acid), yog sawv cev los ntawm amorphous silicic acid thiab amorphous silica, uas yog ib zaug muaj nyob rau hauv thawj cov tshuaj nrog rau precipitated calcium carbonate thiab lwm yam khoom.

Raws li koj paub, marls yog cov khoom siv tseem ceeb rau kev tsim cov cement. Lub thiaj li hu ua "natural marls" yog siv nyob rau hauv kev tsim cov cements nyob rau hauv lawv cov ntshiab daim ntawv - tsis muaj kev qhia txog cov ntxhia additives thiab additives, txij li thaum lawv twb muaj tag nrho cov tsim nyog zog thiab cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv zoo tib yam marls nyob rau hauv lub insoluble residue, cov ntsiab lus ntawm silica (SiO2) ntau tshaj li sesquioxides los ntawm tsis ntau tshaj 4 zaug. Rau marls nrog silicate modulus (SiO2: R2O3 piv) ntau dua 4 thiab tsim los ntawm cov qauv opal, lo lus "siliceous" yog siv. Opal cov qauv hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv tau nthuav tawm hauv daim ntawv ntawm amorphous silicic acid - silicon dioxide hydrate (SiO2 * nH2O).

Silicon dioxide hydrate tsim xws li pob zeb li flasks (lub npe qub Lavxias teb sab yog siliceous marl). Opoka yog lub pob zeb khov thiab muaj suab nrov thaum muaj kev cuam tshuam. Cov yam ntxwv no sib raug zoo nrog kev sim ntawm kev cuam tshuam rau cov blocks ntawm Sacsayhuaman fortress. Thaum tapping nrog ib lub pob zeb, cov blocks nplhaib nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev peculiar.

Ib qho excerpt los ntawm cov lus tawm tswv yim ntawm ib qho ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm ISIDA qhov project, uas tau koom nrog kev ntoj ke mus ua kev tshawb fawb georadar ntawm qhov ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Sacsayhuaman fortress hauv Peru, qhia meej meej txog qhov no:

“… Nws yog qhov xav tsis thoob uas pom tias qee qhov me me ntawm limestone, thaum tapping, emit suab nrov nrov. Lub suab yog inned (muaj lub suab nyeem tau zoo, piv txwv li sau ntawv), nco txog cov hlau ntaus. Nws yog qhov ua tau tias ntau qhov blocks suab zoo li no yog tias lawv muab tso rau hauv ib qho chaw (tso tseg, piv txwv li). Txawm tias qhov kev xav tau los hais tias Sacsayhuaman blocks yuav ua rau lub suab seev zoo thiab txawv txawv heev. (I. Alekseev)

Txawm li cas los xij, lub hwj yog lub pob zeb uas muaj feem ntau ntawm silicon dioxide nrog me me ntawm ntau yam impurities (xws li CaO). Nws yuav tsis yog tag nrho los siv cov kev faib ntawm cov dej haus rau limestones thiab cov khoom ntawm cov blocks ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Sacsayhuaman fortress, txij li thaum lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov feem pua ntawm cov pob zeb txiav txim siab, raws li cov qauv kev soj ntsuam, tsuas yog calcium oxide (CaO).

Kev suav ntawm silicate modulus (SiO2: R2O3):

- Raws li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv ntawm "quarry", muab tus nqi sib npaug ntawm 7, 9 units, qhia txog kev koom tes ntawm cov qauv kawm hauv pawg "siliceous" limestones;

- rau cov khoom ntawm cov blocks, feem, yog tus nqi ntawm 7, 26 units.

Lub pob zeb nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab, sawv cev los ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov blocks ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Sacsayhuaman fortress, tuaj yeem yog "silica limestone" (raws li kev faib tawm ntawm GI Teodorovich), thiab "microsparit" (raws li kev faib tawm ntawm R.. Hmoob).

Lub pob zeb los ntawm qhov hu ua "quarry" tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv ntawm "organogenic microorganisms" tov nrog "pellmicrite" (raws li kev faib tawm ntawm R. Folk).

Rov qab mus rau marls, peb nco ntsoov tias ntxiv rau cov khoom siv raw rau kev tsim cov cements, marls kuj tseem siv tau kom tau txais hydraulic txiv qaub. Hydraulic txiv qaub yog tau los ntawm firing marly limestones ntawm qhov kub thiab txias ntawm 900 ° -1100 ° C, tsis nqa cov muaj pes tsawg leeg rau sintering (piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau zus tau tej cov cements, tsis muaj clinker). Thaum tua hluav taws, carbon dioxide (CO2) raug tshem tawm los ua ib qho sib xyaw ntawm silicates: 2CaO * SiO2, aluminates:

CaO * Al2O3, ferrates: 2CaO * Fe2O3, uas, qhov tseeb, pab txhawb rau qhov tshwj xeeb stability ntawm hydraulic txiv qaub nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw ntub dej tom qab hardening thiab petrification hauv huab cua. Hydraulic txiv qaub yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm qhov tseeb tias nws tig mus rau pob zeb ob qho tib si hauv huab cua thiab hauv dej, txawv ntawm cov huab cua zoo tib yam hauv cov yas tsawg thiab muaj zog ntau dua.

Nws yog siv rau hauv qhov chaw raug dej thiab ya raws. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm calcareous thiab clayey qhov chaw, ua ke nrog oxides, cuam tshuam rau cov khoom tshwj xeeb ntawm xws li ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg. Qhov kev sib raug zoo no yog qhia los ntawm hydraulic module. Kev suav ntawm hydraulic modulus, raws li cov ntaub ntawv tau los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv los ntawm

Sacsayhuamana, sawv cev los ntawm cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no:

m = % CaO: % SiO2 + % Al2O3 + % Fe2O3 + % TiO2 + % MnO + % MgO + % K2O

- raws li cov qauv coj los ntawm cov masonry, tus nqi ntawm cov modulus: m = 4, 2;

-ntawm cov qauv coj los ntawm qhov hu ua "quarry": m = 4, 35.

Txhawm rau txiav txim siab cov khoom thiab kev faib tawm ntawm hydraulic txiv qaub, cov nram qab no tus nqi modulus tau txais yuav:

- 1, 7-4, 5 (rau cov limes hydraulic heev);

- 4, 5-9 (rau tsis muaj zog hydraulic limes).

Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, peb muaj tus nqi modulus = 4, 2 (rau cov khoom ntawm cov phab ntsa blocks) thiab 4, 35 (rau cov khoom siv los ntawm "quarry"). Cov txiaj ntsig tau tuaj yeem ua tus yam ntxwv xws li "nruab nrab-hydraulic" txiv qaub nrog kev tsis ncaj ncees rau lub zog-hydraulic.

Rau cov kua qaub siab hydraulic, cov khoom siv hydraulic thiab kev nce ceev hauv lub zog yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog hais. Qhov siab dua tus nqi ntawm hydraulic module, qhov ceev thiab ntau dua tag nrho cov hydraulic txiv qaub yog slaked tawm. Raws li, qhov qis dua tus nqi ntawm cov modulus - cov tshuaj tiv thaiv tsis tshua muaj suab nrov thiab tau txhais rau cov txiv qaub tsis muaj zog hydraulic.

Nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv, tus nqi modulus yog nruab nrab, uas txhais tau hais tias ib tug tag nrho tus nqi ntawm ob qho tib si quenching thiab hardening, uas yog heev tsim nyog rau nqa tawm ib tug complex ntawm kev tsim ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv kev tsim kho ntawm cov phab ntsa ntawm lub Sacsayhuaman fortress yam tsis tas yuav tsum muaj siab. -Technology tshawb fawb thiab cov cuab yeej.

Thaum quicklime (kua kub-kho limestone) yog ua ke nrog dej (H2O), nws yog quenched - lub anhydrous minerals ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov sib tov yog hloov dua siab tshiab rau hauv hydroaluminates, hydrosilicates, hydroferrates, thiab cov huab hwm coj nws tus kheej mus rau hauv txiv qaub khob noom cookie. Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv slaking ntawm ob qho tib si huab cua thiab hydraulic txiv qaub pib nrog kev tso tawm ntawm tshav kub (exothermic). Lub resulting slaked txiv qaub Ca (OH) 2, reacting nrog cov CO2 ntawm huab cua ((Ca (OH) 2 + Co2 = CaCO3 + H2O)) thiab muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm pab pawg (SiO2 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3) * nH2O, thaum solidification thiab crystallization hloov mus rau hauv ib tug heev ruaj thiab waterproof huab hwm coj.

Thaum slaking ob qho tib si hydraulic thiab huab cua txiv qaub, nyob ntawm lub sij hawm slaking, qhov muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm cov dej thiab ntau lwm yam, ib feem ntawm "unslaked" CaO nplej tseem nyob hauv cov txiv qaub khob noom. Cov nplej no tuaj yeem tua tau tom qab lub sijhawm ntev nrog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv sluggish, tom qab lub loj tau petrified, tsim microvoids thiab kab noj hniav, los yog cais inclusions. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog raug rau cov txheej txheem zoo li no yog cov txheej txheem nyob ze ntawm cov pob zeb, cuam tshuam nrog kev cuam tshuam ntawm sab nraud ib puag ncig, tshwj xeeb - cov nyhuv dej los yog noo noo uas muaj ntau yam alkalis thiab acids.

Piv txwv li, xws li formations, tshwm sim los ntawm unquenched nplej ntawm calcium oxide, tuaj yeem pom ntawm cov blocks ntawm phab ntsa ntawm Sacsayhuamana fortress nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm dawb dots-suav nrog:

Empirically, thaum sib tov ceev nrog cov nplua nplua silicon dioxide nyob rau hauv cov feem pua, ua raws li los ntawm quenching thiab tsim cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm lub resulting mov paj, tom qab solidification ntawm cov qauv, pronounced lub zog thiab noo noo kuj tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau cov txiv qaub zoo tib yam (tsis muaj ntxiv ntawm finely dispersed silicon. dioxide).

Cov sau tseg noo noo kuj cuam tshuam rau qhov tsis muaj adhesion ntawm cov qauv uas twb khov lawm nrog ib qho kev npaj tshiab, nteg ze rau daim ntawv gapless seam. Tom qab ntawd, thaum solidification, cov qauv yog yooj yim sib cais, kiag li tsis qhia solidity nyob rau hauv conjugation. Thaum cov qauv ua kom ruaj khov, lawv qhov chaw ua kom pom kev ci ntsa iab, zoo ib yam li polishing, uas feem ntau yuav yog vim muaj cov amorphous silicic acid nyob rau hauv cov tshuaj, uas tsim ib zaj duab xis silicate ua ke nrog CaCO3.

Second intermediate xaus:

- Sacsayhuaman phab ntsa blocks yog ua los ntawm hydraulic txiv qaub khob noom tau los ntawm thermal ua ntawm Peruvian limestones. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws tsim nyog sau cia cov cuab yeej ntawm cov txiv qaub (ob qho tib si hydraulic thiab huab cua) - ib qho kev nce hauv qhov loj ntawm quicklime nyob rau hauv ntim thaum quenched nrog dej - o. Nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg, nws tuaj yeem tau txais qhov ntim nce ntawm 2-3 zaug.

Muaj peev xwm ua tau thermal ua ntawm limestones

Qhov kub xav tau rau calcining limestone ntawm 900 ° -1100 ° C tuaj yeem tau txais ntau txoj hauv kev:

- thaum lava raug tshem tawm ntawm lub plab hnyuv ntawm lub ntiaj teb (qhov no txhais tau tias ze ze ntawm limestone strata ncaj qha nrog lava);

- nyob rau ntawm qhov tawg ntawm lub roob hluav taws heev, thaum cov zaub mov raug hlawv thiab ejected nyob rau hauv lub siab ntawm gases rau hauv cov huab cua nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tshauv thiab volcanic foob pob;

- nrog ncaj qha tsim nyog tib neeg kev cuam tshuam nrog kev siv lub hom phiaj thermal exposure (technological mus kom ze).

Cov kev tshawb fawb los ntawm volcanologists qhia tau hais tias qhov kub ntawm lava nchuav mus rau lub ntiaj teb saum npoo ntawm qhov sib txawv ntawm 500 ° -1300 ° C. Nyob rau hauv peb cov ntaub ntawv (rau firing limestone), lavas nrog ib tug tshuaj kub ntawm 800 ° -900 ° C yog txaus siab. Cov lavas no suav nrog, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho, silicon lavas. Cov ntsiab lus SiO2 hauv cov lavas li ntawm 50-60%. Nrog rau qhov nce hauv feem pua ntawm silicon oxide, lava ua viscous thiab, raws li, kis mus rau qhov tsawg dua ntawm qhov chaw, ua kom sov zoo li pob zeb strata uas nyob ib sab ntawm nws, ntawm qhov deb me ntsis ntawm qhov chaw tawm, ncaj qha mus cuag thiab hloov nrog. txheej txheej nrog nrog limestone deposits.

Tib "lub zwm txwv ntawm Inca", uas tau muab tso rau hauv ib qho ntawm "kwj" ntawm Rodadero pob zeb, tuaj yeem sawv cev los ntawm silicified limestone nrog cov feem pua ntawm silica thiab alumina cov ntsiab lus, los yog lub hwj, lub crystallization ntawm uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv ib tug ntau yam. sib txawv kiag li, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog kom meej meej sib txawv ntawm lub ntsiab pob zeb ib txheej npog Rodadero lub "kwj". Yog li ntawd, qhov kev xav no yuav tsum muaj kev txheeb xyuas cais thiab kawm ntxaws txog kev tsim nws tus kheej.

Cov tsim tsim nyob rau hauv ze ze rau cov khoom nyob rau hauv kev kawm thiab, raws li tag nrho cov tsis, yog heev haum rau lub luag hauj lwm ntawm ib tug "thermoelement" uas ib zaug rhuab lub limestone strata mus rau qhov yuav tsum tau kub. Qhov no heev tsim yog tsim los ntawm ib tug txawv txawv pob zeb, ripped qhib thiab tawg nyob rau hauv sib txawv cov lus qhia los ntawm qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj, limestone strata, preheating lawv mus rau high kub.

Raws li qee cov lus ceeb toom, lub pob zeb no yog sawv cev los ntawm porphyry augite-diorite (uas, raws li koj paub, yog nyob ntawm silicon dioxide (SiO2 - 55-65%)), uas yog ib feem ntawm plagioclase (CaAl2Si2O8, lossis NaAlSi3O8). Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb, pom meej, yuav tsum tau ua rau ntawm plagioclase ntawm anorthite series CaAl2Si2O8.

Cov dej khov "kwj" ntawm Rodadero tsis txwv rau qhov chaw txhaj tshuaj nkaus xwb, tab sis txuas ntxiv ntawm cov strata thiab hauv qab limestone massifs ntawm thaj chaw. Txoj kev tshawb no tsis tau ua tiav thiab xav tau kev tshawb fawb ntxiv thiab kev tshuaj xyuas, txawm li cas los xij, tag nrho cov cim qhia ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov kub thiab txias (txog 1000 ° C) yog qhov tseeb.

Raws li, cov limestone rhuab thiab hlawv nyob rau hauv no txoj kev (lub resulting quicklime hydraulic txiv qaub), thaum nws reacts nrog los nag, geyser, reservoir, los yog dej nyob rau hauv ib tug txawv lub xeev ntawm aggregation (chaw), tam sim ntawd hloov mus rau hauv txiv qaub mov paj (extinguished). Crystallization thiab petrification tshwm sim raws li qhov kev sib tham yav dhau los.

Nws yuav tsum tau muab sau tseg tias nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, nws yog cov tshuaj tiv thaiv nrog dej uas hloov cov ntaub ntawv raw khoom mus rau hauv ib tug finely dispersed pawg (tsis muaj kev sib tsoo ua ntej rau hauv hmoov). Raws li, thaum lub sij hawm thermal ua raws li los ntawm quenching, kev puas tsuaj ntawm tag nrho cov organogenic inclusions tshwm sim, ua tib yam "magic transformation" los ntawm recrystallization los ntawm organogenic limestone rau nplua-crystalline ib.

Nrog rau txoj hauv kev zoo, txiv qaub khob noom tuaj yeem khaws cia rau ntau xyoo yam tsis tso cai rau huab cua qhuav. Ib qho piv txwv ntawm cov txiv qaub tawv tawv yog cov npe nrov hu ua "plasticine pob zeb", uas feem ntau ua tiav, lossis txheej txheej, "daim tawv nqaij" tau raug tshem tawm - uas mus zoo nrog qhov kev xav tias tag nrho cov khoom loj. lub "pob zeb" yog rhuab tag nrho, thaum nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw tau raug cuam tshuam rau thermal nyhuv zoo dua li cov tub ntxhais. Feem ntau yuav, qhov no yog vim li cas rau cov tsos ntawm xws li ib tug tej cim - los ntawm kev xaiv ntawm yas khob noom cookie mus rau qhov tob ntawm unheated khaubncaws sab nraud povtseg uas tseem nyob twj ywm thiab tsis tau siv mus txog rau thaum kawg, petrified thiab khaws cia ib feem ntawm qhov cuam tshuam rau niaj hnub no.

Lwm qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev tau txais cov txiv qaub ua khob noom cookie tuaj yeem yog volcanic tshauv, qhov loj me ntawm cov khoom siv thiab cov ntxhia hauv cov ntxhia sib txawv, nyob ntawm cov pob zeb uas ua rau lub geological horizons ntawm thaj tsam ntawm volcanic kev ua si. Thiab qhov zoo dua cov khoom ntawm xws li tshauv, cov yas ntau lub khob noom cookie yuav tig tawm, thiab crystallization thiab petrification yuav xaus nrog nce nqi. Nws tau pom tias cov hmoov tshauv tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov loj ntawm 0.01 microns. Nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov zoo dispersion ntawm kev sib tsoo hais ntawm niaj hnub cements tsuas yog 15-20 microns.

Qhov zoo dispersion ntawm volcanic tshauv hais, thaum ua ke nrog noo noo, tsim ib tug ntxhia mov paj, uas, nyob ntawm seb muaj pes tsawg leeg thiab tej yam kev mob, xws li kis tau rau hauv av thiab sib tov nrog lub tom kawg, tsim ib tug fertile cover, los yog, thaum solidification, cov ntaub ntawv pob zeb. -zoo li qhov chaw thiab qhov loj ntawm ntau yam duab thaum accumulating nyob rau hauv crevices thiab lowlands. Nyob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm xws li formations, ntau yam kab mob feem ntau nyob twj ywm, qhia rau cov kws tshawb fawb txog ntau yam ntaub ntawv thaum lub sij hawm ntawm solidification thiab crystallization ntawm cov muaj pes tsawg leeg.

Tab sis cov version nrog volcanic tshauv nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tsis piav nyob rau hauv txhua txoj kev muaj deposits ntawm organic seem nyob rau hauv lub limestones ntawm thiaj li hu ua "quarry".

Lawm, ib tug yuav tsum tsis txhob txo tus tib neeg qhov tseem ceeb (nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm thermal nyhuv ntawm limestone). Nrog rau kev sib tw tua hluav taws, koj tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov kub ntawm 600 ° -700 ° C, lossis txawm tias tag nrho 1000 ° C.

Nco ntsoov tias qhov kub ntawm cov ntoo yog li 1100 ° C, thee - txog 1500 ° C. Nyob rau hauv rooj plaub no, rau kev tua thiab tuav ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tsim tshwj xeeb "qhov cub", uas tsis yog ib qho teeb meem tshwj xeeb rau cov neeg thaum ub thiab niaj hnub no. Lawm, cov kev tshawb fawb ntxaws ntxiv yuav qhia tau tias yog dab tsi tshwm sim los ntawm thermal cuam tshuam rau kev tshawb fawb limestones - tib neeg lossis tej yam ntuj tso, tab sis qhov tseeb tseem nyob - recrystallization los ntawm organogenic siliceous limestone rau hauv nplua-crystalline siliceous limestone, uas peb tuaj yeem soj ntsuam hauv cov phab ntsa. ntawm Sacsayhuaman fortress, nyob rau hauv tej yam kev mob zoo tib yam lub sij hawm - raws nraim li cas yog tsis yooj yim sua. Rau cov txheej txheem recrystallization, ntev raug rau qhov kub ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 1000 ° C yog yuav tsum tau, ua raws li los ntawm kev sib tov lub resulting quicklime analogue ntawm hydraulic txiv qaub nrog dej thiab tsim ib tug slaked txiv qaub mov paj. Ua tib zoo mloog cov lus qhia saum toj no thiab tag nrho cov saum toj no, cov yas "plasticine" ntawm cov blocks tsis ua rau muaj kev poob siab. Cov cuab yeej ntawm kev tso cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo nyoos nrog hydraulic txiv qaub ntim rau hauv cov blocks loj yog tag nrho rau cov neeg ntawm lub ntiaj teb thaum ub. Ntxiv mus, nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, yuav tsum tau siv high-tech cov cuab yeej thiab cov cuab yeej zoo heev ploj mus, raws li zoo raws li phau ntawv backbreaking ua hauj lwm ntawm gouging thiab dragging lub tsev cov ntaub ntawv mus rau qhov chaw tsim kho nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm tsis-lifting blocks.