Tsis nco qab txog Daim Ntawv Qhia Ntiaj Teb, uas txhua tus tau pom txij thaum yau

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Peb txhua tus tau pom daim duab qhia lub ntiaj teb ib txhiab zaug. Tab sis yuav ua li cas yog tias tus miv no ua si nrog Australia tsis yog miv tiag tiag? Thiab Russia tsis loj npaum li peb txhua tus xav?

Cia peb xav txog nws.

Qhov no yog tus nto moo Flemish cartographer thiab geographer Gerard KrEmer, aka Gerard Mercator hauv Latin version.

Nws yog nws thawj zaug siv qhov kev sib tw cylindrical thaum sau ib daim ntawv qhia kev taw qhia ntawm lub ntiaj teb ntawm 18 nplooj ntawv hauv 1569. Qhov kev kwv yees no tshwm sim li cas? Hauv cov lus yooj yim, tus kws kos duab kos duab tau txiav rau saum npoo ntawm lub ntiaj teb los ntawm sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb thiab muab tso rau hauv daim ntawv no ntawm lub dav hlau. Tom qab ntawd kuv ua tiav painting daim duab ntawm qhov txiav. Yog li ntawd, cov cheeb tsam sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb tau nthuav dav heev, thaum thaj chaw nyob ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab tseem nyob ib puag ncig.

Tej zaum yog tias nws ua nws qhov kev kwv yees digitally ntawm lub ntsiav tshuaj, nws yuav yog qhov tseeb dua? Leej twg paub…

Tam sim no cia peb mus ntxiv. Thiab qhib lub ntiaj teb daim ntawv qhia los ntawm Yandex. Nws yog qhov pom tseeb tias Russia yog qhov loj dua ob zaug thiab WIDER ntawm Africa. Tab sis qhov tseeb, Africa yog GREATER tshaj Russia nyob rau hauv dav, txog li 500 kilometers.

Yog li ntawd … Russia zoo heev, tab sis Africa tseem dav dua … Tib txoj cai siv rau txhua lub teb chaws. Cov duab qhia niaj hnub feem ntau tsis cuam tshuam qhov loj me thiab qhov deb yog tias lawv nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab. Qhov ntawd yog, thaj av uas nyob rau sab qaum teb thiab sab qab teb hemispheres yog qhov tseeb tsawg dua li qhov pom ntawm daim duab qhia hauv Mercator qhov projection, tsim nyob rau ntau pua xyoo dhau los.

Koj nyiam li cas kev sib koom siab thoob ntiaj teb? Ntxiv mus, cov cheeb tsam sab qaum teb yog tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog distorted. Thiab qhov kev hloov pauv no yog qhov loj dua, txuas ntxiv mus rau sab qaum teb thaj chaw nyob.

Lwm qhov piv txwv zoo yog Greenland. Saib seb nws loj npaum li cas. Thaj chaw no tuaj yeem haum ob Australia! Greenland yog qhov pom kev txawm tias me ntsis loj dua Africa!

Tom qab ntawd vim li cas Australia thiab Africa yog cov teb chaws, thiab Greenland suav hais tias yog kob? Los yog, piv txwv li, Is Nrias teb thiab Mongolia, uas yuav luag tib yam loj. Tab sis qhov tseeb, Is Nrias teb yog ntau dua ob npaug ntawm Mongolia. Thiab ntawm no yog qhov Canada zoo li qhov tseeb, piv txwv li, piv rau Brazil. Tab sis yog tias qhov kev kwv yees Mercator tsis cuam tshuam txog qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag, ua li cas rau lwm qhov kev kwv yees? Tej zaum muaj qhov tseeb tshaj plaws ntawm lawv. Tom qab tag nrho, ib tug neeg yuav tsum twv yuav ua li cas hloov cov khoom thiab kev deb ntawm lub ntiaj teb mus rau lub dav hlau yam tsis muaj distortion.

Piv txwv li, Equidistant Map Projection. Nws muaj qhov yooj yim geometry, thaum tswj qhov kev ncua deb ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab thiab tag nrho cov meridians. Tab sis ntawm no, ib yam nkaus, muaj kev ntxhov siab nrog qhov loj thiab txawm tias cov duab.

Thiab qhov no yog Johann Lambert's Equal Area Cylindrical Projection, tsim nyob rau hauv 1772; cov cheeb tsam qaum teb yog unrealistically flattened ntawm no. Cartographic projection los ntawm James Gull thiab Arno Peters, tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Ntau dhau flattened sab qaum teb thiab elongated equator. Miller's 1942 cylindrical projection. Zoo dua, tab sis dua peb pom loj Greenland thiab sab qaum teb zoo dua.

Thiab qhov no yog dab tsi?

Nws zoo li daim ntawv tau jammed thaum daim npav luam tawm ntawm lub tshuab luam ntawv. Qhov no yog qhov Central cylindrical projection zoo li. Tab sis cov no tsis yog txhua qhov kev xaiv. Kuj tseem muaj qhov hu ua pseudocylindrical projections. Piv txwv li, qhov projection ntawm Eckert (show), Guda (show), KavrAisky (show), Wagner (show) - los ntawm txoj kev, tsis yog ib qho kev xaiv phem, tsuas yog Antarctica loj heev piv rau nws qhov loj me thiab kuj yog me ntsis flattened. sab qaum teb. Conical projections tsis cuam tshuam qhov xwm txheej nyob rau sab qab teb hemisphere (qhia), yog li qhov kev xaiv no tsis haum.

Pseudo-conical - ze rau qhov tseeb (qhia), tab sis cov qauv ntawm, piv txwv li, Australia thiab Asmeskas yog qhov txawv heev. Kuj tseem muaj azimuthal cartographic projections. Lawv, ib yam nkaus, nyob ze rau qhov tseeb, tab sis dua, Australia thiab lwm thaj chaw nyob rau ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab tau cuam tshuam hnyav heev. Los ntawm txoj kev, cov no yog daim ntawv qhia siv dav hlau pilots mus txog rau thaum nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th.

Ntawm qhov txaus siab yog polyhedral cartographic projections. Piv txwv li, lub thiaj li hu ua "npauj npaim" ntawm Bernard Cahill Thiab qhov no version ntawm nws "npauj npaim", tsim nyob rau hauv 1915, yog siv nyob rau hauv intercontinental flights, uas qhia qhov deb deb ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm daim ntawv qhia. Ntawm no, cov duab ntawm lub teb chaws thiab lub teb chaws tsis distorted, thiab qhov ntau thiab tsawg, nyob rau hauv txoj cai, ib yam nkaus thiab. Los yog ntawm no yog lwm daim npav zoo sib xws - Steve Waterman tus npauj npaim. Raws li koj tuaj yeem pom, qhov deformation tsis tseem ceeb. Pom zoo, qhov no yog qhov tseeb ntau dua li qhov kev kwv yees Mercator, qhov twg cov cheeb tsam sab qaum teb yog 2-3 npaug ntau dua li lawv tiag tiag.