Cov kws tshaj lij hauv Egyptian Technology

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2024-01-07 16:26

Peb coj los rau cov neeg nyeem ntawm Kramola portal "kev tsim kho, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb" ntawm kev tsim kho thev naus laus zis hauv tebchaws Egypt, luam tawm hauv phau ntawv xov xwm tshawb fawb ntawm cov neeg tsim khoom. Cov cim qhia ua rau kev txiav txim siab tias cov blocks ntawm Cheops pyramid tau tsim los ntawm kev ua rau hauv ib qho formwork.

Kev tsim kho hauv Ancient EGYPT

Kev tsim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab traceological

Tam sim no, muaj ntau yam versions ntawm yuav ua li cas lub pyramids tau tsim nyob rau hauv Ancient Egypt. Muaj ntau ntau versions uas nws tsis tuaj yeem nthuav qhia tag nrho cov kev xaiv rau cov neeg nyeem. Peb yuav hais tsuas yog qee qhov versions:

1. Cov pyramids tau tsim los ntawm ntau txhiab tus qhev uas rub cov blocks raws ramps mus rau sab saum toj, hollowed pob zeb nrog cov cuab yeej tooj liab (classic version), siv nqa (Herodotus's version).

2. "Cov Atlanteans … tuaj yeem, nrog kev pab los ntawm lawv lub zog ntawm lub hlwb, tig mus rau lub nthwv dej ntawm lub pob zeb, tiv thaiv lub zog ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, uas ua rau lawv txav mus rau lub ntiajteb txawj nqus loj. Cov pyramids tau tsim, kev tsim kho uas belongs rau Atlanteans ntawm Plato cov kob. Lub hnub nyoog ntawm cov pyramids yog, raws li cov phau ntawv qub, 75-80 txhiab xyoo, thiab tsis yog 4000 xyoo, raws li nws ntseeg" (version ntawm ER Muldashev) [4].

3. Cov pyramids tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws …

4. Cov pyramids tau tsim los ntawm kev vam meej ntawm tib neeg 2, 5-4 m siab …

lwm.

Tag nrho cov no tuaj yeem txuas ntxiv mus tsis kawg. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 21st, nws raug nquahu kom xav txog qhov teeb meem los ntawm kev pom kev tshawb fawb thiab txav mus rau kev kawm ntsiag to ntawm cov chaw tsim kho txhawm rau tsim cov thev naus laus zis los tiv thaiv lawv qhov kev puas tsuaj ntxiv.

Ib tug kws tshaj lij ntawm TsNEAT lub tsev kawm ntawv hauv Samara, Russia, nrog rau kev paub tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim kho kev txiav txim thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb nrhiav kev tshawb fawb, kev paub dhau los ua tus kws tshaj lij txij li xyoo 1993, thaum lub Plaub Hlis 2010, kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev kawm ntawm cov tsev hauv Egypt tau ua tiav. Cov khoom siv tau los saib thiab tsis xav tau kev tso cai tshwj xeeb raug tshawb xyuas.

Kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm Cheops pyramid

Daim duab 1. Plan ntawm lub pyramid complex nyob rau hauv Giza (Cairo) [1].

Kev ntsuam xyuas sab nraud ntawm Cheops pyramid tau qhia tias cov pob zeb thaiv ntawm sab nrauv ib puag ncig muaj kev puas tsuaj loj ntawm cov pob zeb calcareous (saib daim duab 3). Kev puas tsuaj loj heev tau ua tiav tag nrho cov txheej txheej ntawm cov blocks thiab tsis tso cai rau nthuav tawm cov cim ntawm cov cuab yeej thiab cov txheej txheem ntau lawm.

Rice. 2. Pyramid ntawm Khafre thiab Sphinx.

Rice. 3. Kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pob zeb sab nrauv ntawm Cheops pyramid.

Daim duab 3 qhia txog kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov pob zeb sab nrauv ntawm Cheops pyramid, tus yam ntxwv ntawm limestone - pob zeb sedimentary. Kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov pob zeb tawg tau pom tias lawv muaj cov qauv monolithic yam tsis muaj cov qauv ntawm cov pob zeb hauv av (saib daim duab 4).

Rice. 4. Chiped pob zeb blocks.

Ntawm cov pob zeb uas kuaj xyuas, ib feem tau pom nrog qhov pom ntawm "txheej txheem" ntawm qhov chaw sab nrauv (saib daim duab 5).

Rice. 5. Pom tau "txheej" nyob rau sab nrauv ntawm pob zeb blocks.

Kev txheeb xyuas qhov chaw ntawm cov kab mob uas tsim cov tsos ntawm "txheej txheem" nyob rau sab nrauv, cov kws tshaj lij tuaj rau qhov xaus tias lawv tau tsim los ntawm kev yaig nyob rau hauv qhov chaw uas tsis tau them los ntawm cov pob zeb ua ntej los yog nyob rau ntawm cov pob qij txha. Ntawd yog, kev yaig ntau dua tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv cov chaw no thiab qhov no tsis yog qhov qhia tias muaj cov txheej txheem hauv pob zeb.

Tsis tas li ntawd, tus kws tshaj lij tau tshawb nrhiav cov blocks tsis ntev los no tau pom thiab tsis raug kev yaig txhawm rau txhawm rau nrhiav cov kab ntawm cov cuab yeej tsim khoom thiab cov cuab yeej hauv kev tsim cov pob zeb. Cov blocks no tau pom thiab tshuaj xyuas (saib daim duab.6, 7).

Rice. 6. Daim duab ntawm lub pob zeb thaiv ntawm Cheops pyramid khaws cia hauv nws daim ntawv qub nyob rau hauv kab thib ob lossis thib peb ntawm cov blocks los ntawm sab nraud ntawm Cheops pyramid.

Rice. 7. Ib yam li hauv daim duab 6, tab sis nrog cov cim ntawm cov cim.

Daim duab 6, 7 qhia cov pob zeb nrog cov cim ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab cov cuab yeej. Daim duab 7 qhia cov cim ntawm cov yam ntxwv, qhov twg:

1. Cov kab liab ntev ntev qhia txog txoj kev zoo li qub uas tshwm sim raws li txoj kab ncaj nraim tsa ntug kwv yees li 1 hli tuab (flare).
2. Cov kab liab luv luv qhia cov cim zoo li qub nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm irregular dents.
3. Cov kab luv luv ntsuab qhia qhov sib txawv ntawm cov blocks nrog lub thickness tsis ntau tshaj 1 hli.

Vim tias tsis muaj kev tso cai raug cai rau kev tshawb nrhiav kev puas tsuaj, kev tshem tawm ib feem ntawm gasket - tus kws tshaj lij tsis tau coj tus qauv ntawm lub gasket.

Kev tshuaj xyuas thiab kev tshawb fawb tau ua tiav cov cim qhia hauv daim ntawv ntawm:

- cov kab mob zoo li qub los ntawm cov khoom sib sau ua ke nrog qhov tsis sib xws thiab cov kab ntsug tsis ntau tshaj 1 hli;

- pom lub gasket ntawm cov blocks;

- tsis muaj cov cim dynamic los ntawm chisels, rauj thiab cov cuab yeej zoo sib xws;

- pob zeb blocks ntawm cov pob zeb sedimentary muaj cov qauv monolithic tsis muaj txheej.

Cov cim qhia tau tso cai rau peb los ua qhov kev txiav txim siab zoo uas cov blocks ntawm Cheops pyramid tau ua los ntawm kev ua rau hauv ib qho formwork. Cov formwork tuaj yeem yog, piv txwv li, tsiaj tawv nqaij sewn ua ke los yog cov ntawv hlau nrog ib qho chaw tsis sib xws lossis lwm yam khoom siv ruaj khov rau hauv tus ncej thiab tso cai rau cov qhab nia no tso rau ntawm qhov chaw pom qhov pom.

Kev soj ntsuam txuas ntxiv ntawm Cheops pyramid, pom ib txoj kab zoo li qub nyob rau hauv daim ntawv kos npe (saib daim duab 8).

Rice. 8. Cov kab zoo li qub nyob rau qhov kawg ntawm Cheops pyramid thaiv.

Thaum ntsuas, qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov ntu hauv qhov kos npe, qhov sib txawv qhov tob thiab qhov sib txawv ntawm cov ntu uas tsim cov cim tau pom. Qhov no tso cai rau peb txiav txim siab tias qhov kos npe yog tej zaum tsim los ntawm nias ib lub cuab yeej nrog ib tug ncaj daim duab peb sab ntug rau hauv cov khoom nyob rau hauv ob peb kauj ruam.

Lub xub ntiag ntawm qhov kos npe no thiab cov cim qhia ntawm nws cov khoom siv dua ib zaug paub meej tias txoj kev ua cov pob zeb ntawm Cheops pyramid - lub casting ntawm blocks hauv formwork. Cov cim kuaj pom tau tsim kom txog thaum cov kev daws teeb meem tiav.

Kev tsom xam thiab kev xaus

Kev tshawb fawb thiab kev soj ntsuam ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tau txais thaum lub sij hawm kev ntsuam xyuas thiab kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv, nws muaj peev xwm yuav xaus lus tias yuav luag tag nrho cov load-bearing ntsiab lus ntawm cov qauv ntawm ancient Egypt yog ua los ntawm sedimentary pob zeb (los ntawm gypsum - "alabaster"). Cov khoom no yog av thiab nchuav rau hauv formwork ua ib feem ntawm kev daws … Qhov no yog tus kws tshaj lij categorical xaus. Ntawm no nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los hais txog daim ntawv ntawm kev tshem tawm. Cov lus xaus yog "kawg", tsis yog "tej zaum".

Kev siv feem ntau yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm qhov tseeb tias nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov hauv tebchaws Iziv, muaj qhov kub thiab txias heev thiab tsis muaj nag lossis daus. Qee lub sij hawm nws tsis los nag ntau xyoo. Nws zoo li tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev siv los ua kom lub cev qhuav dej ntawm gypsum, thiab cov khoom siv lub cev qhuav dej thaum tshav kub hauv tshav ntuj. Hais txog kev siv cov additives, ces, tej zaum, lawv yog, vim hais tias rau kev tsim kho, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum tau ua kom lub sij hawm solidification ntawm cov khoom. Ib qho ntawm cov thev naus laus zis no - qhov sib ntxiv ntawm cov mis nyuj whey rau cov tshuaj gypsum tsub kom lub sijhawm teeb tsa, thiab nws muaj peev xwm hais tias qee yam zoo sib xws tau siv hauv Egypt.

Nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt, dag granite los ntawm ntuj pob zeb chips tau dav siv. Artificial granite yog siv tsis tau tsuas yog rau casting tag nrho cov txheej txheem, tab sis kuj raws li ib tug hniav, tiv thaiv txheej rau ntau yam structural thiab zoo nkauj ntsiab ntawm lub tsev cam khwb cia los ntawm sedimentary pob zeb, raws li zoo raws li rau decorating interiors li coatings.

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho, gypsum plasters thiab xuab zeb-raws li mortars tau dav siv. Ntxiv rau qhov saum toj no, kev ua pob zeb kuj tau siv.

Tej zaum, qhov kev xaiv ntawm qhov no los yog cov cuab yeej siv hauv kev tsim kho thiab tsim cov duab puab nyob ntawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov neeg siv khoom thiab nws cov peev txheej khoom siv. Cov architects siv tag nrho cov ntau yam ntawm technologies thiab ua tiav cov kev xav tau los ntawm cov neeg siv khoom. Tag nrho cov no ua tim khawv rau kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv tes ua nyob rau hauv ancient Egypt.

Cov kev tshawb fawb tau tsim cov thev naus laus zis tsim kho siv hauv Ancient Egypt. Siv cov txiaj ntsig kev tshawb fawb, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los kho cov thev naus laus zis uas siv rau kev txuag ntawm architectural monuments. Cov monuments tau muaj sia nyob rau niaj hnub no vim qhov tseeb tias lawv tau npog nrog cov xuab zeb ntev ntev thiab tsis raug rau huab cua nag lossis daus hauv huab cua huab cua hauv Egypt. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 20th, ntau cov khoom pov thawj tau raug coj tawm ntawm tim lyiv teb chaws thiab muab rho tawm los ntawm cov xuab zeb hauv Egypt nws tus kheej. Cov xwm txheej rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov monuments tau hloov pauv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los tshuaj xyuas nrog txhua lub luag haujlwm kom txaus ntawm cov kev ntsuas coj los rau lawv khaws cia.

Thaum pib ntawm tsab xov xwm, muaj cov versions ntawm leej twg tsim lub pyramids thiab yuav ua li cas. Cov kev tshawb fawb tau ua tsis tau qhia txog cov thev naus laus zis tsis zoo thiab yog li nws yuav tsum xav tias cov pyramids tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg Iyiv zoo tib yam - tus tswv ntawm lawv cov khoom siv tes ua.

Cov lus piav qhia rau tsab xov xwm: Tom qab tshuaj xyuas cov pyramids, tus kws tshaj lij tau mus xyuas Egyptian Tsev khaws puav pheej hauv Cairo thiab pom ib tus kws tshawb fawb Egyptian hais lus Lavxias. Cov lus xaus ntawm cov kws paub txog kev tsim kho Lavxias tau nthuav tawm rau nws. Tus kws tshawb fawb archaeologist tau lees paub tag nrho cov lus xaus thiab tau thov kom ua ib qho kev soj ntsuam ntxiv ntawm lub tsev khaws puav pheej, qhov chaw uas tus kws tshaj lij tau ntxiv rau lwm yam khoom uas lees tias tus kws tshaj lij qhov xaus.

Tus kws tshawb fawb keeb kwm tau nug cov lus nug: "Vim li cas koj tsis luam tawm ib yam dab tsi? Vim li cas koj thiaj dag cov neeg?"

Teb: - "Qhov no tsis yog peb. Txhua yam hauv tebchaws Iziv yog nyob hauv Tebchaws Meskas thiab Discovery channel. Lawv sau lawv tus kheej. Peb txwv tsis pub tshaj tawm. Kwv tij Mubarek thiab Asmeskas ua ke nyiag txhua yam thiab dag txhua yam."

Cov kws tshaj lij: - "Kuv tsis quav ntsej txog Tebchaws Meskas thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb! Kuv yuav tshaj tawm txhua yam hauv Russia." "Los ntawm txoj kev! Lub mummy ntawm ib tug ntxhais nyob rau hauv lub thib ob pem teb nyob rau hauv lub iav sarcophagus, qhov no kuj yog peb tus kws sau paj lug Pushkin piav nyob rau hauv ib tug fairy taleas los ntawm nws tus nais maum. Cov zajlus yog …"

Archaeologist: - "Nws ua tsis tau!"

Cov kws tshaj lij: - "Thiab no papyrus nyob rau ntawm phab ntsa, qhov twg yog los ntawm? Ntawm no yog cov ntawv Lavxias - daim ntawv cog lus tripartite tau sau thiab peb tus ntoo khaub lig nrog lub voj voog hauv daim ntawv kos npe!"

Archaeologist: - "Tshaj tawm txhua yam! Lwm 70% tsis tau raug khawb hauv tebchaws Iziv thiab peb tab tom sim khaws cia. Peb yuav txheeb xyuas nws tom qab."

Tshaj tawm los ntawm:

Kev tsim kho hauv Ancient Egypt. Kev tsim kho thiab kev tshawb fawb thiab traceological / Architecture thiab kev tsim kho ntawm Russia, Tsib Hlis 2010, pp. 18-26, ISSN 0235-7259.

Phau ntawv journal muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv teev cov Higher Attestation Commission.