Yuav ua li cas Korolev nyiag lub foob pob hluav taws los ntawm Germans: cov kws tshaj lij rooj zaum tawm tsam tus kws tshawb fawb

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Qee lub sij hawm hauv Is Taws Nem muaj cov kev xav tias kev tshawb nrhiav chaw hauv Soviet tsuas yog siv tshuab nyiag los ntawm cov neeg German. Zoo li, tom qab tsov rog, USSR tau coj ntau V-2 ballistic missiles los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, twist nws me ntsis, rub nws thiab cia cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm peb Reich nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm R-7 foob pob ua ntxaij raug launched rau hauv qhov chaw. Tab sis puas muaj tseeb los tsis?

Otto von Korolev: koj puas xav tau ntau tus thwjtim?

Yog hais tias peb tham txog qhov kev pab cuam nyob rau hauv lub Soviet Union, tsis muaj ntau tshaj li kaum tawm tswv yim, yeej yuav muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb uas tam sim ntawd nteg tawm lub ntsiab trump card: "Korolev nyiag nws foob pob ua ntxaij los ntawm cov Germans, uas yog ib yam dab tsi yuav tsum txaus siab rau. tag nrho cov credit yog rau German designers thiab engineers."

Thiab yog li nws zoo li: thaum hmo ntuj Sergei Pavlovich Korolev, tau kov yeej ob peb cordons ntawm Peenemünde tus neeg saib xyuas, nyiag lub foob pob hluav taws V-2 los ntawm lub tso pa tawm

Tom qab ntawd nws thauj nws mus rau tom qab ntawm lub tsheb thauj khoom thiab rushes mus rau hmo ntuj thiab kev thaiv kev mus rau Soviet Union. Alas, txawm tias Max Otto von Stirlitz tsis tuaj yeem tiv nrog txoj haujlwm no.

Case No…

Raws li kev foob, Sergei Korolev tsis yog tus tsim thiab tsim cov foob pob hluav taws. Nws tsuas yog ib tug compiler uas tau ua tiav cov kev paub ntawm German cov kws tshaj lij. Ntxiv mus, R-7 foob pob hluav taws tsuas yog hloov V-2, sib sau ua ke hauv ib pob ntawm tsib daim.

V-2 thiab R-7 thaum pib

Kev tshawb nrhiav. Part 1. Lub teb chaws Yelemees

Kev sib ntaus sib tua rau Berlin tsuas yog ib hnub ua ntej nag hmo, tab sis ob peb tus kws tshaj lij tau mus rau lub teb chaws Yelemees, uas ua tib zoo saib seb dab tsi thiab qhov twg yuav qiv rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm Soviet science thiab yav tom ntej astronautics. Nyob rau hauv cov xyoo, nyob rau hauv cov teeb meem ntawm tsim missiles, cov Germans ua ntej ntawm tus so. Yog li ntawd, cov neeg Amelikas thiab cov kws tshaj lij Soviet tau sim kawm ntau yam kev paub ntau li ntau tau. Nws yuav los ua ke.

“Lub Tsib Hlis 9, txhua pab tub rog tau ua kev zoo siab rau lawv txoj kev yeej. Tsov rog yeej. Tam sim no peb yuav tsum yeej lub ntiaj teb no, - Boris Chertok, Soviet designer.

Cov neeg Amelikas muaj hmoo. Nyob rau lub caij nplooj ntoo hlav xyoo 1945, paub tias Thib Peb Reich tab tom los txog qhov kawg, Werner von Braun (tus tsim qauv) tau sib sau ua ke pab pawg txhim kho thiab tau txiav txim siab rau leej twg yuav tsum tso siab rau. Lawv xaiv cov neeg Amelikas. Alas, keeb kwm tsis zam lub subjunctive mus ob peb vas.

Cov tub rog Asmeskas tshuaj xyuas V-2

Lwm qhov yog qhov phem dua. Tom qab kev faib ntawm thaj chaw ntawm lub luag haujlwm, ntau lub koom haum tshawb fawb thiab cov chaw tsim khoom tuaj yeem pom lawv tus kheej ntawm "American" thaj chaw thiab ua tsis tau rau kev kawm.

Paub tias tsawg kawg ib yam dab tsi yuav tsum tau ua, Soviet thawj coj tau mus rau qhov kev ntsuas loj

Sergei Korolev thiab Valentin Glushko raug tso tawm ntawm NKVD lub tsev loj cuj tshwj xeeb (sharashka) thiab xa mus rau Berlin.

Raws li lub hauv paus ntawm "tseem tshuav" German cov kws tshaj lij uas tau hla mus rau Lavxias sab, lub koom haum tshawb fawb "Nordhausen" tau nrawm tsim los kawm thiab tua cov foob pob hluav taws German. Nws suav nrog peb lub tuam txhab foob pob hluav taws, lub chaw xam phaj raws li Rabe Institute thiab lub rooj ntev zaum rau kev sim tshuab. Sergey Korolev los ua tus thawj engineer, thiab Valentin Glushko los ua tus thawj coj ntawm lub cav tshawb fawb department. Txhua yam khoom plig tau piav qhia, suav thiab xa mus rau Soviet Union. Tib yam tshwm sim nrog cov ntaub ntawv thiab kos duab.

Ib pab tub rog tshwj xeeb hauv tebchaws Yelemes: thawj zaug ntawm sab laug - S. P. Korolev

Yog lawm, peb yuav tsum lees paub: ob qho tib si Soviet thiab Asmeskas astronautics pib nrog kev tsim khoom plig (tom qab hloov kho) V-2 foob pob hluav taws. Nws tsis tuaj yeem yog lwm yam, thaum lub sijhawm ntawd cov neeg German tau nyob deb ua ntej ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb hauv kev txhim kho thiab tsim cov foob pob hluav taws thiab tiv thaiv dav hlau. V-2s twb hla Karman Kab thiab tau nce mus rau qhov chaw sab nrauv.

Yog li ntawd yog dab tsi? Kev tshawb nrhiav dhau lawm, puas yog "tus kws tshaj lij"? Puas yog kaw qhov rooj plaub thiab txuas mus rau qhov kev txiav txim?

Kev tshawb nrhiav. Part 2. Soviet Union

Cia peb sim xyuas seb lub luag haujlwm zoo npaum li cas cov Germans ua si hauv thawj qhov chaw hauv Soviet yeej. Thiab nws puas muaj tseeb tias kev khav theeb - P-7 - tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li qhov hloov kho me ntsis German V-2?

Cia peb piv cov foob pob hluav taws.

V-2

Ib kauj ruam, 14 meters nyob rau hauv qhov siab, 12,500 kg ntawm launch luj. Nws tuaj yeem pov mus txog 1000 kilograms ntawm qhov deb ntawm 320 mais. Roj - ib tug aqueous tov ntawm ethyl cawv (75 feem pua, los ntawm txoj kev), ib lub cav. Lub davhlau tau tswj tau siv graphite rudders ntsia hauv lub dav hlau ntawm cov pa roj reactive. Thrust 270 kilonewtons.

V-2

Thaum lub sijhawm ntawd, ob txoj haujlwm tau tawm tsam rau kev khaws cia ntawm graphite hauv lub tebchaws Yelemes: tsim V-2 missiles thiab Wasserfall anti-aircraft missiles, nrog rau Uranium Project, German program rau kev tsim riam phom nuclear. Ballistic thiab anti-aircraft missiles tau txais graphite, uas ua rau qeeb ua haujlwm nrog lub foob pob atomic. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kws tshaj lij pom zoo tias txawm tias muaj kev daws teeb meem sib txawv, cov Germans yuav luag tsis muaj txoj hauv kev ua tiav txoj haujlwm nuclear raws sijhawm.

P-7

Ob kauj ruam, 33 meters siab, 265,000 kilograms ntawm qhov hnyav tshaj tawm. Nws tuaj yeem pov ntau tshaj 3700 kilograms ntawm qhov deb ntawm 8000 mais. Cov roj yog kerosene, tsib txheej ntawm RD-107 thiab RD-108 xyaw nyob rau hauv thawj theem thiab ib tug RD-108 cav nyob rau hauv lub thib ob (32 combustion chamber ua hauj lwm ib txhij nyob rau hauv thawj theem). Hauv qhov no, kev tswj hwm tau ua los ntawm cov kauj ruam tshwj xeeb. Qhov no yog qhov sib txawv kiag li, ntau theem ntawm kev siv tshuab. Qhov pib thrust ntawm lub cav yog ntau tshaj 4000 kilonewtons.

Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua hais tias R-7 yog hloov dua siab tshiab German ballistic missile

Cov no yog cov khoom sib txawv kiag li. Yog lawm, Korolev tau kawm German kev paub zoo heev, tab sis Asmeskas sab tau ua tib zoo ua tib zoo, thiab ua ke nrog Werner von Braun nws tus kheej.

Txawm li cas los xij, thawj ob theem ntawm qhov chaw sib tw tseem nyob nrog cov Russians. Thawj satellite thiab thawj tus txiv neej nyob rau hauv qhov chaw yog cov cim qhia tau zoo ntawm R-7 foob pob hluav taws thiab Soyuz uas loj hlob ntawm nws.

P-7

Tau kawg, lub koom haum Nordhausen ntawm thawj theem tau pab tau zoo heev rau Soviet cosmonautics. Xav txog ib lub tsheb ciav hlau tshwj xeeb, nrog kev pab los ntawm cov kws tshaj lij Soviet ua haujlwm ntawm Tyura-tam (chaw nres tsheb ntawm Orenburg-Tashkent kab, uas tau txais kev txhim kho tseem ceeb nrog kev pib ntawm kev tsim Baikonur qhov chaw sim) thawj ob peb xyoos. Tab sis nws yuav tsum tsis txhob overestimated ib qho, vim hais tias Lavxias teb sab engineering thiab tsim tswv yim sai sai mus tom ntej.

Nws yog qhov tsis ncaj ncees lawm los xav tias txawm tias tam sim no cov kws tshawb fawb tau xa mus rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws tsim rau caum xyoo dhau los. Nruab nrab ntawm cov niaj hnub Soyuz tso tsheb thiab cov creation ntawm Korolev, muaj ib tug abyss ntawm kev txhim kho thiab tshiab technologies. Nyob twj ywm, tej zaum, tsuas yog cov tswv yim thiab daim ntawv embedded nyob rau hauv lub foob pob ua ntxaij: yooj yim thiab endlessly striving rau lub zoo tagnrho, yuav luag zoo li npau suav txog lub hnub qub.

Yog li xav tias R-7 tsuas yog hloov dua siab tshiab German ballistic missile tsuas yog ruam xwb. "Lwm yam li tus kws kos duab," hais tias ib qho kev qhia nto moo. Ntawd yog, coj qhov zoo tshaj plaws thiab tsim ib yam tshiab, tam sim no tsis pom.

Qhov no yog raws nraim li Sergei Korolev ua.