Lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet. Yog vim li cas rau Reform Failure

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Yuav ua li cas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub 1920s? Dab tsi ua rau kev thuam hnyav tsis yog los ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse txawv teb chaws, suav nrog cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, tab sis kuj los ntawm Bolshevik-Leninist "tus neeg saib xyuas"?

Vim li cas lub tswv yim ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ua haujlwm tsis lees paub thiab lub tsev kawm ntawv rov qab mus rau qhov qub "pre-revolutionary bourgeois" kev kawm-kev kawm?

Yog vim li cas yog vim li cas lub tsev kawm ntawv tshiab tsis ua tiav cov hauj lwm los ntawm tog: theem ntawm kev qhia ntawv yog tsawg, theem ntawm kev txawj ntse ntawm cov kawm tiav tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau, thiab tseem ceeb tshaj, txoj kev kawm tshiab yog tsis yooj yim rau kev siv. ntawm kev tswj hwm nruj nruj, tsis muaj qhov tsis tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev mob siab rau cov kev coj noj coj ua.

Vim li cas qib kev qhia thiab qib kev paub ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv tau dhau los ua kev puas tsuaj loj?

Ntxiv nrog rau qhov kev hloov pauv tsis kawg uas ua rau muaj kev ntxhov siab thiab tsis meej pem rau txoj kev qhia, qhov no tau txhawb nqa los ntawm qhov tsis muaj nyiaj txiag thiab cov khoom siv.

Pitirim Sorokin nyob rau hauv nws txoj hauj lwm "Lub Xeev tam sim no ntawm Russia" nyob rau hauv 1922 ua ib tug sib sib zog nqus tsom xam ntawm lub xeev ntawm kev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv thawj xyoo ntawm Soviet hwj chim.

"Nyob rau hauv txhua lub tsev muaj "lub club", nyob rau hauv txhua lub tsev pheeb suab muaj "chav nyeem ntawv", nyob rau hauv txhua lub nroog muaj ib lub tsev kawm ntawv, nyob rau hauv txhua lub zos muaj gymnasium, nyob rau hauv txhua lub zos muaj ib tug neeg lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab thoob plaws hauv Russia. muaj ntau pua txhiab tus "tawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv", "preschool" thiab "preschool" cov tsev kawm ntawv, cov tsev nyob, lub tsev, lub tsev, tsev menyuam ntsuag, kindergartens, thiab lwm yam., thiab lwm yam - xws li cov duab uas tau kos rau cov neeg txawv teb chaws. Nws yuav zoo li qhov no."

Nws ntxiv cov ntaub ntawv los ntawm Phau Ntawv Qhia Xyoo Xyoo 1919/20.

Nyob rau hauv Russia, raws li tsab ntawv ceeb toom ntawm Cov Neeg Pabcuam Kev Kawm rau Kev Kawm, nws yog:

177 lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab nrog 161,716 tus tub ntxhais kawm, 3,934 lub tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab nrog 450,195 tus menyuam kawm ntawv, theem 1 tsev kawm ntawv muaj 5,973,988 tus menyuam kawm ntawv; Ntxiv rau, 1,391 lub tsev kawm ua haujlwm nrog 93,186 tus tub ntxhais kawm, 80 tus neeg ua haujlwm thiab tib neeg lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab thiab tsev kawm ntawv nrog 20,483 tus tub ntxhais kawm, ntxiv rau 2070 lub tsev kawm ntawv preschool nrog 104 588 cov menyuam kawm ntawv, 46 319 cov tsev qiv ntawv, chav nyeem ntawv thiab cov koom haum, 28,291 lub tsev kawm ntawv rau kev tshem tawm kev nyeem ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg.

Qhov kev nplua nuj! Yuav luag tag nrho lub tebchaws tau hloov mus ua ib lub tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm qib siab. Pom tau tias, nws tsuas ua raws li nws kawm, muab txhua yam, suav nrog lub hwj chim qhia!

Nyob rau hauv nws lub tswv yim, txhua yam nyob deb ntawm qhov teeb meem: "Kuv puas yuav tsum tau hais tias tag nrho cov no yog cov ntawv tseeb, ib daim ntawv invention, deductively tsis yooj yim sua rau lub teb chaws tshaib plab thiab yeej tsis sib haum mus rau lub ntsiab ntawm qhov teeb meem."

Cov chav kawm "Likbez" 20-30 xyoo ntawm lub xyoo pua XX

Nws hais txog cov pov thawj tias tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv no muaj nyob hauv daim ntawv lossis "Qhov tseeb, nws tau npau taws los npaj cov kev sib tw ua ke raws li lub npe ntawm 'universities' nrog cov neeg hais lus tham txog 'lub sijhawm tam sim no', diluted los ntawm 2-3 tus kws qhia gymnasium. uas qhia cov rudiments ntawm lej lej thiab daim ntawv pov thawj. Lwm lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj qhov zoo sib xws."

Daim duab tiag tiag tuaj yeem pom hauv cov ntaub ntawv raug cai ntawm Moscow cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, muab kev qhia ua rog. Xyoo 1917, 34,963 cov tub ntxhais kawm tau mus kawm hauv tsev kawm qib siab, kev kawm txuj ci, kev ua liaj ua teb thiab kev lag luam qib siab thiab 2,379 kawm tiav los ntawm lawv, xyoo 1919 muaj 66,975 tus tub ntxhais kawm nyob ntawd, ob zaug ntau, thiab 315 kawm tiav, piv txwv li hauv 8 zaug tsawg …

Nws txhais li cas? Qhov no txhais tau hais tias 66,975 cov tub ntxhais kawm yog cov ntawv tseeb. Ob leeg hauv Moscow thiab Petrograd xyoo 1918-1920. lub tsev kawm ntawv theem siab auditoriums tau khoob. Cov txheej txheem ib txwm mloog rau tus xibfwb zoo tib yam yog 5-10 tus neeg es tsis yog 100-200 lub sijhawm ua ntej kev hloov pauv, feem ntau ntawm cov kev kawm tsis tau ua "rau qhov tsis muaj neeg mloog."

Qhov "exalting deception," raws li Sorokin hu ua cov lus dag ntawm Bolsheviks, dhau lawm. Qhov tseeb yog qhov no.

Cov nyiaj tau muab faib los ntawm lub xeev rau kev kawm yog 1/75 ntawm cov peev nyiaj txhua xyoo, thiab qhov kev faib ua feem no tseem zoo li qub thaum thawj xyoo caum ntawm Soviet hwj chim. Tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, thaum Lub Ob Hlis 1922, tsoomfwv tau txiav txim siab kaw txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab hauv tebchaws Russia, tshwj tsis yog rau tsib lub tebchaws. Tsuas yog lub zog cuam tshuam ntawm cov kws tshaj lij tiv thaiv qhov radical "kua dej ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv qib siab" los ntawm qhov chaw. Lunacharsky nyob rau hauv Lub kaum hli ntuj 1922 tau lees paub tias cov neeg kawm tiav los ntawm kev kawm ntawv qib siab tau txo los ntawm 70%, qhov nruab nrab - los ntawm 60%, qhov qis tshaj - los ntawm 70%.

Thiab nyob rau hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv tseem tshuav, kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kawm lub neej tsis npau taws, tab sis tsuas yog "kev nyuaj siab".

Yuav luag txhua lub tsev kawm qib siab tsis tau ua kom sov thaum lub xyoo no. Sorokin nco qab tias: “Peb txhua tus tau qhuab qhia hauv chav tsis muaj cua sov. Txhawm rau ua kom sov, cov neeg tuaj saib me tau raug xaiv. Piv txwv li, tag nrho lub tsev ntawm Petrograd University yog khoob. Tag nrho cov kev kawm thiab kev kawm lub neej poob qis thiab nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais kawm lub tsev so, uas muaj cov chav kawm me me. Nws sov dua, thiab rau cov lus qhuab qhia feem ntau nws tsis nruj."

“Lub tsev tsis tau kho thiab raug puas tsuaj. Tsis tas li ntawd, xyoo 1918-1920. tsis muaj teeb. Cov lus qhuab qhia raug xa hauv qhov tsaus ntuj; cov xib hwb thiab cov neeg mloog tsis pom ib leeg. Nws yog kev zoo siab yog tias qee zaum kuv tau txais ib lub tswm ciab. Xyoo 1921-1922. lub teeb yog. Li no nws yog ib qho yooj yim to taub hais tias tib yam shortcoming yog nyob rau hauv txhua txhua lwm yam: nyob rau hauv cov twj paj nruag, nyob rau hauv ntawv, nyob rau hauv reagents thiab kuaj cov khoom; lawv tsis nco qab xav txog roj. Tab sis tsis muaj qhov tsis txaus ntawm tib neeg lub cev tuag. Lub Cheka txawm muab ib tug kws tshawb fawb "rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev tshawb fawb" xa cov neeg tuag ntawm cov neeg uas nyuam qhuav raug tua. Thawj, ntawm chav kawm, tsis kam. Tsis yog tus kws tshawb fawb zoo tib yam nkaus xwb, tab sis txawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb hauv ntiaj teb xws li Acad. IP Pavlov, cov dev tau tuag ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis, kev sim yuav tsum tau ua los ntawm lub teeb ntawm lub teeb, thiab lwm yam. Hauv ib lo lus, cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab tau raug rhuav tshem thiab tsis tuaj yeem ua haujlwm ib txwm tsis tau txais qhov tsawg kawg nkaus ntawm cov nyiaj. Nws yog qhov tseeb tias txhua yam no ua rau cov chav kawm nyuaj heev thiab tsis muaj txiaj ntsig."

Lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib (I theem)

Thawj cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm ib lub tsev kawm ntawv nyob deb nroog, 20s ntawm lub xyoo pua nees nkaum

Lub tsev kawm ntawv qis tsis muaj nyob los ntawm 70%. Cov tsev kawm ntawv, uas tsis tau kho ntau xyoo, tau tawg. Tsis muaj teeb pom kev zoo, tsis muaj roj. Tsis muaj ntawv, xaum, chalk, phau ntawv thiab phau ntawv.

"Tam sim no, raws li koj paub, yuav luag txhua lub tsev kawm ntawv qis tau raug tshem tawm ntawm cov nyiaj pab los ntawm lub xeev thiab xa mus rau "cov nyiaj hauv zos," uas yog, tsoomfwv, tsis muaj kev txaj muag, tshem tawm tag nrho cov tsev kawm ntawv qis ntawm tag nrho cov nyiaj thiab tso cov pej xeem mus ua haujlwm. Nws muaj nyiaj txiag rau kev ua tub rog, nws muaj nyiaj rau cov nyiaj hli nplua nuj ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, rau kev xiab cov tib neeg, ntawv xov xwm, rau kev saib xyuas zoo ntawm nws cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev nom kev tswv thiab nyiaj txiag rau International. 3 “, tab sis tsis yog rau pej xeem kev kawm! Tsis tas li ntawd. Ntau lub tsev kawm ntawv thaj chaw tam sim no tau kho dua tshiab rau… qhib lub khw muag cawv!”Sorokin sau.

II theem ntawm kev kawm

Yog vim li cas tib yam: tsis muaj nyiaj, kho, roj, kev pab qhia ntawv, cov xib fwb poob rau kev tshaib kev nqhis, ib txhia tuag, ib txhia khiav tawm, tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab tsis muaj tib yam 60-70%. Raws li nyob rau hauv high school, muaj, ntxiv mus, ib tug insignificant cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej ntawm kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab kev txom nyem, cov menyuam yaus hnub nyoog 10-15 xyoo tsis tuaj yeem them taus qhov khoom kim heev ntawm kev kawm: lawv yuav tsum tau txais ib daim mov ci los ntawm kev muag luam yeeb, sawv hauv kab, tau txais roj, mus ncig rau zaub mov, kev xav, thiab lwm yam. niam txiv pab tsis tau lawv cov menyuam; zaum kawg yuav tsum pab tsev neeg.

Muaj ntau pab txhawb rau lub caij nplooj zeeg ntawm kev kawm theem nrab thiab nws cov tswv yim tsis muaj txiaj ntsig hauv Russia xyoo dhau los. "Vim li cas ho kawm," ib tug ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv uas tau tawm ntawm tsev kawm ntawv teb rau Sorokin, "thaum koj, tus xibfwb, tau txais cov khoom noj thiab cov nyiaj hli tsawg dua kuv tau txais" (nws nkag mus rau Stroisvir thiab tau txais cov khoom noj zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov ntsiab lus nyob ntawd).

Lawm, nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ob peb tus uas kawm tiav qib ob hauv tsev kawm ntawv tsis paub ntawv. Nyob rau hauv algebra, teeb meem tsis tau mus ntxiv tshaj quadratic equations; nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, kev txawj ntse raug txo mus rau lub keeb kwm ntawm lub kaum hli ntuj Revolution thiab lub Communist Party; general thiab Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm raug tshem tawm los ntawm cov kev kawm. Thaum cov neeg kawm tiav no nkag mus rau hauv tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lawv tau xaus rau hauv "zero kws qhia ntawv" (rau cov neeg uas tsis tau npaj txhij thiab tsis ntev tau tso tawm), rau qhov seem nws yog qhov tsim nyog los tsim cov chav kawm npaj. Vim li no, cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawv qib siab pab tsis tau tab sis nqis mus.

Xyoo 1921-1922. feem ntau ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv theem nrab raug kaw. Tus so - nrog rau ob peb qhov kev zam - tau pauv mus rau "cov nyiaj hauv zos", uas yog, lawv tau raug tshem tawm ntawm lub xeev cov nyiaj pab.

Kev tsis txaus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm qhia

Ntxiv nrog rau qhov tsis muaj cov khoom siv, lub tsev kawm ntawv Soviet tau ntsib kev tsis txaus ntawm cov neeg ua haujlwm qhia. Qhov no yog lwm qhov laj thawj rau kev paub tsawg ntawm cov menyuam kawm ntawv.

Muaj kev thuam thiab rhuav tshem tag nrho cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kawm pedagogical uas muaj nyob ua ntej lub kiv puag ncig, tsoomfwv tshiab, paub txog qhov tsis muaj cov kws qhia ntawv thiab cov kws qhia ntawv, pib maj nrawm los tsim cov tsev kawm ntawv tshiab.

Nyob rau lub caij nplooj zeeg xyoo 1918, ib daim ntawv tau txais los ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm rau Kev Kawm tau qhia "tag nrho cov uyezd thiab lub xeev cov tsev kawm ntawv ntawm pej xeem kev kawm kom pib npaj cov kev kawm pedagogical nyob qhov twg los tau, siv zog rau lub hom phiaj no tag nrho cov muaj pedagogical rog ntawm cov tsev kawm ntawv qib siab, pedagogical thiab cov xibfwb qhia ntawv, cov xibfwb qhia ntawv. Cov qhab nia rau cov chav kawm yuav qhib yam tsis muaj kev ncua."

Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, "Txoj Cai Lij Choj rau cov kev kawm ib xyoos ib ntus rau kev cob qhia cov kws qhia ntawv rau Lub Tsev Kawm Ntawv Kev Ua Haujlwm Unified" tau tsim.

Lub hom phiaj thiab qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv tshiab tau txiav txim siab. Cov lus qhia dav dav tau muab los ntawm cov xibfwb qhia ntawv ntawm Pawg Neeg Saib Xyuas Kev Kawm rau Kev Kawm, uas xyoo 1918 tau saib xyuas tshwj xeeb rau qhov tseeb tias kev cob qhia tus kws qhia ntawv tshiab tsis txwv rau kev tshawb fawb thiab kev coj noj coj ua thiab kev coj ua hauv tsev kawm. "Nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los npaj tus cwj pwm sib haum xeeb rau lub tsev kawm ntawv ua haujlwm. Tsis muaj chaw rau cov kws qhia dawb hauv lub tsev kawm ua haujlwm. Peb xav tau cov neeg uas muaj kev cob qhia hauv chav kawm lossis ib qho kev tsim kho thoob ntiaj teb kev pom zoo. " Cov kev xav tau no tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus ntawm kev cob qhia cov kws qhia hauv zos.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv 1918-1919, lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev cob qhia kws qhia ntawv tau muab tso, xws li cov chav kawm xaiv ntawm cov xib fwb yav tom ntej, lub revolutionary ideologization ntawm lawv txoj kev kawm thiab upbringing.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov no nyuaj rau kev ua tiav hauv kev muaj tiag. Cov chav kawm raug tsim, pedagogical universities raug tsim, tab sis tsis muaj leej twg qhia nyob rau hauv lawv, uas yog, tsis muaj leej twg los qhia rau yav tom ntej cov xib fwb. Cov neeg ua haujlwm qhia ua ntej kev hloov pauv tau pom tias muaj kev xav tsis zoo thiab, feem ntau, tsis muaj cai qhia. Tom qab ntawd, txawm li cas los xij, los ntawm lawv qhov kev nkag siab, qee tus tau rov qab txoj cai los qhia cov tub ntxhais kawm, tab sis lawv tau qhia txog kev tswj hwm nruj tshaj plaws thiab kev kuaj xyuas tsis tu ncua rau "kev coj ncaj ncees" - "pururges".

Nyob rau hauv 1919, lub epic ntawm "reform" thiab "renewal" ntawm kev kawm ntawv qib siab pib. Raws li nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ib, ntawm no txhua rau lub hlis coj ib tug tshiab kev hloov kho thiab intensified lub cev qhuav dej. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov kev qhia raug txo kom "kev sib txuas lus". Nyob rau hauv tsab cai tshwj xeeb hauv xyoo 1920, nws tau tshaj tawm tias "kev ywj pheej ntawm kev xav txog kev xav" yog kev xav tsis thoob, uas txhua qhov kev qhia yuav tsum tau ua raws li Marxism thiab communism yog qhov tseeb kawg nkaus. Cov xibfwb thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm teb rau qhov no nrog kev tawm tsam. Tom qab ntawd cov tub ceev xwm tau hais txog qhov sib txawv. Cov neeg soj xyuas raug coj los, yuav tsum ua raws li cov lus qhuab qhia, thiab tom qab ntawd nws tau txiav txim siab tshem tawm tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg ntxeev siab thiab cov tub ntxhais kawm.

Xyoo 1922, ntau tus xibfwb raug tshem tawm los ntawm kev qhia thiab hloov mus rau "cov kws tshawb fawb", es tsis yog lawv "xibfwb liab" raug xaiv - cov neeg tsis paub ntawv uas tsis muaj haujlwm lossis kev paub, tab sis cov neeg ntseeg siab. Cov raug xaiv rectors thiab deans raug tshem tawm, thiab es tsis txhob ntawm lawv tib communist raug xaiv los ua rectors thiab cov tswv cuab ntawm presidium, uas tsis muaj dab tsi - nrog rau ob peb qhov kev zam - ua rau science thiab kev kawm lub neej. Lub koom haum tshwj xeeb ntawm cov xibfwb qhia ntawv liab tau teeb tsa los tsim "xibfwb liab" hauv rau rau rau yim lub hlis. Tab sis qhov no tsis txaus. Tom qab ntawd lub hwj chim dhau mus rau cov lag luam wholesale tshem tawm los ntawm Russia thiab mus rau Russia ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tsis pom zoo rau nws. Ntau tshaj 100 tus xibfwb raug xa mus, suav nrog Sorokin.

Cov tub ceev xwm tau coj "kev tu lub tsev kawm ntawv" hnyav heev. Lub tswv yim ntawm kev tawm tsam hauv chav kawm thov kom muaj kev sib ntaus nrog ib tug neeg. Txij li thaum tsis muaj kev tsov rog tiag tiag, peb yuav tsum tawm tsam lub tsev kawm ntawv, thiab qhov kev tawm tsam no "ntawm lub tswv yim pem hauv ntej" tau mus txog qhov kawg. Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb thiab tsuas yog lub hom phiaj ntawm kev kawm qib siab yog kev cob qhia ntawm "cov neeg ntseeg siab ntseeg thiab cov ntseeg ntawm Marx - Lenin - Zinoviev - Trotsky."

Sorokin sau nrog kev iab liam tias: "Hauv ib lo lus, kev swb tiav tau ua tiav, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv tib neeg cov kev kawm. Ib tug yuav tsum xav tias nws yuav coj "ci ntsa iab" txiv hmab txiv ntoo rau Lavxias teb sab kev kawm thiab kev tshawb fawb!"

Keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev xav yeej tsis tau paub xws li ib tug swb. Txhua yam uas yuav luag tsis pom zoo nrog dogma ntawm communism raug tsim txom. Cov ntawv xov xwm, cov ntawv xov xwm, cov phau ntawv tau txais tsuas yog rau cov neeg tawg rog lossis cov teeb meem tsis cuam tshuam txog kev sib raug zoo.

Ib yam zoo sib xws tau tshwm sim hauv tsev kawm theem nrab (qib II) thoob plaws lub tebchaws.

Los ntawm 1921, muaj ib qho tseem ceeb ntxiv ntawm kev qhia corps ntawm Upper Volga xeev nrog cov neeg ua haujlwm tshiab. Hauv xyoo 1920-1921, 6650 tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov tsev kawm theem 1 (49.2%) thiab 879 tus kws qhia ntawv ntawm cov tsev kawm theem 2 (49.5%) tau muaj kev paub ua haujlwm ntawm 1 txog 4 xyoo (Public Education 1920: 20-25).

Feem ntau lawv yog cov kawm tiav ntawm ntau yam kev kawm pedagogical; lawv kuj coj cov kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm ntawv uas tsis muaj kev qhia qhia kev kawm, thiab lwm tus uas tsis tau qhia hauv tsev kawm ua ntej.

Qib kev kawm thiab kev cob qhia cov kws qhia ntawv tshiab tsis txaus siab. Cov kws tshaj lij tsis tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov chaw haujlwm hauv nroog ntawm kev kawm pej xeem. Yog li, txawm tias cov kev sim ideological ntawm thawj xyoo, lub kiv puag ncig tseem tsis tau ua tiav hauv kev hloov pauv cov neeg ua haujlwm qhia.

Raws li tus kws tshawb fawb A. Yu. Rozhkov, ntau dua 40% ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv uas ua haujlwm hauv cov tsev kawm ntawv Soviet nyob rau nruab nrab xyoo 1920 tau pib ua haujlwm txawm tias ua ntej 1917 kiv puag ncig.

Raws li tau sau tseg hauv ib daim ntawv sau cia, npaj rau xyoo 1925 los ntawm OGPU rau Stalin, "hais txog cov kws qhia ntawv … lub cev OGPU undoubtedly tseem muaj ntau thiab nyuaj ua hauj lwm."

"Purges" hauv tsev kawm ntawv

Ib daim ntawv qhia zais cia rau ntau thaj tsam ntawm lub tebchaws hnub tim 7 Lub Yim Hli 1925 tau tshaj tawm kev tshem tawm thiab xaj kom pib tam sim hloov cov kws qhia ntawv hauv tsev kawm ntawv uas tsis ncaj ncees rau tsoomfwv Soviet nrog cov neeg xaiv tsa uas kawm tiav hauv tsev kawm qib siab thiab cov tsev kawm txuj ci, nrog rau cov neeg poob haujlwm. xib fwb. Nws raug txib kom "hloov" cov kws qhia ntawv los ntawm tshwj xeeb "troikas" nyob rau hauv zais cia. Cov lus piav qhia tau muab tso ua ke rau txhua tus kws qhia hauv kev ntseeg siab. Ob peb feeb ntawm cov rooj sib tham ntawm pawg thawj coj saib xyuas "kev pov thawj" ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv hauv Shakhty koog tsev kawm ntawv txij lub Cuaj Hli mus txog Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 1925 tau khaws cia. Raws li qhov tshwm sim, tawm ntawm 61 tus kws qhia ntawv xeem, 46 (75%) raug rho tawm haujlwm, 8 (13%) raug xa mus rau lwm qhov chaw. Cov seem tau pom zoo kom hloov pauv lossis tsis siv hauv txoj haujlwm no.

Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb uas qee tus kws qhia ntawv, lees paub tias tsis muaj kev ntseeg thiab tsis tsim nyog rau kev qhia, raug pom zoo kom hloov tsev kawm ntawv mus rau kuv.

Nov yog cov kev txiav txim siab tshaj plaws ntawm pawg thawj coj no: “D. - Tus qub tub ceev xwm White Guard, neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw, tsis muaj cai xaiv tsa. Tshem tawm"; "3. - Tus ntxhais ntawm tus txiv plig tsis tau tawg kev sib raug zoo nrog cov txiv plig los txog niaj hnub no, qhia txog kev sib raug zoo. Tshem tawm ib tus kws tshawb fawb txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, tso cai rau nws mus kawm tshwj xeeb "; “E. -…txoj kev nom kev tswv tsis ntseeg, ua ib tug qub tswv cuab ntawm pawg neeg soj ntsuam nrog cov neeg dawb … ua xib hwb, ua hauj lwm zoo. Tshem tawm"; “B. - anti-Soviet. Mocks cov me nyuam ntawm proletarian keeb kwm. Nrog qub views ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv. Tshem tawm"; "N. - yog nquag ua phem rau Soviet tsoom fwv thiab cov Communist Party. Los ntawm keeb kwm nobles. Cuam tshuam cov tub ntxhais kawm, ntaus lawv. Ua rau kev tsim txom ntawm cov communist. Tshem tawm"; "G. - txaus siab ua tus kws qhia ntawv, tab sis feem ntau skimps ntawm nws cov dej num. Nws yog ntshaw kom hloov mus rau mine."

Muaj cov xwm txheej zoo sib xws hauv Kostroma thiab hauv lwm lub xeev. Feem ntau, raws li tau sau tseg hauv cov ntawv sau tseg, lawv raug rho tawm haujlwm lossis hloov mus rau lwm thaj chaw lossis txawm tias lub nroog tsis tsim nyog. Yog li tus xibfwb M. A.

Yog li, raws li cov ntaub ntawv dav dav ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv suav pej xeem xyoo 1927, nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov neeg tsis koom nrog ua ntau tus kws qhia ntawv. Xyoo 1929, ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv theem pib ntawm RSFSR, muaj 4.6% ntawm cov neeg tawg rog thiab 8.7% ntawm Komsomol, 28% ntawm cov kws qhia los ntawm cov nom tswv, cov txiv plig thiab cov tub lag luam.

Cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb tau pom tias ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv muaj kev ntshai ntawm tog thiab nws cov cai. Kev liam ntawm kev tawm tsam Soviet tsis yog ib txwm tsis muaj tseeb. Cov kws qhia ntawv nyob rau hauv ib qho teeb meem nyiaj txiag nyuaj heev, thiab cov nyiaj ua haujlwm hauv cheeb tsam tseem nyob hauv cov khoom ntuj. Ntawm qhov tod tes, tog tau ua raws li cov lus qhia ntawm kev ua haujlwm hauv zej zog thiab kev sib sau ua ke. Ntawm qhov tod tes, kev tawm tsam thiab tshem tawm ntawm "kulak ntsiab" txhais tau tias kev tshaib kev nqhis rau cov kws qhia ntawv. Cov kev nco qab ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv ua tim khawv txog qhov no: "Vim qhov kev ncua sij hawm ntawm cov nyiaj ua haujlwm, cov kws qhia ntawv raug yuam kom tig mus rau qhov ua tau zoo ntawm lub zos los yuav zaub mov ntawm credit."

Cov "neeg tua neeg ntawm lub kiv puag ncig", uas tsis tau txais 6-7 lub hlis cov nyiaj npib uas nws tsis muaj peev xwm ua neej nyob, ib nrab tuag, ib feem mus rau cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, ib feem ua neeg thov khawv, feem pua ntawm cov xib fwb … niam ntiav, thiab ib feem ntawm cov muaj hmoo tau tsiv mus rau lwm qhov, ntau qhov chaw muaj txiaj ntsig … Hauv ntau qhov chaw, ntxiv rau, cov neeg ua liaj ua teb tsis kam xa lawv cov menyuam mus kawm ntawv, vim "lawv tsis qhia Vajtswv Txoj Cai nyob ntawd." Qhov no yog qhov tseeb ntawm qhov xwm txheej.

Cia peb rov qab mus rau txoj hauj lwm ntawm P. Sorokin: “Lub xyoo uas txaus ntshai tshaj plaws rau cov xibfwb yog 1918-1920. Tau txais ib qho nyiaj them tsis tseem ceeb, thiab txawm tias tom qab ntawd nrog kev ncua ntawm peb lossis plaub lub hlis, tsis muaj kev noj mov, cov xibfwb tau tuag vim kev tshaib kev nqhis thiab txias. Nws cov neeg tuag tau nce 6 npaug piv nrog rau lub sijhawm ua ntej tsov rog. Cov chav tsis tau cua sov. Tsis muaj qhob cij, tsawg dua lwm yam khoom "tsim nyog rau lub neej". Ib txhia thaum kawg tuag, lwm tus tsis muaj peev xwm ris nws tag nrho - thiab tua tus kheej. Cov kws tshawb fawb paub zoo kawg li no: geologist Inostrantsev, prof. Khvostov thiab lwm tus. Tseem muaj lwm tus raug typhus nqa mus. Ib txhia raug tua.”

Cov huab cua ncaj ncees txawm hnyav dua li cov khoom siv. Muaj ob peb tus xibfwb uas yuav tsis raug ntes tsawg kawg ib zaug, thiab txawm tsawg dua uas yuav tsis tau tshawb nrhiav, thov, tshem tawm ntawm chav tsev, thiab lwm yam, ob peb zaug, hnyav cav los ntawm nkoj, nqa dej khov, saib ntawm lub rooj vag, Nws yog to taub hais tias rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov neeg laus, tag nrho cov no yog lub txim tuag qeeb. Vim cov xwm txheej zoo li no, cov kws tshawb fawb thiab cov kws tshaj lij tau pib tuag sai heev uas cov rooj sib tham hauv tsev kawm qib siab tau hloov mus ua "kev ua koob tsheej nco txog". Hauv txhua lub rooj sib tham, tau tshaj tawm 5–6 lub npe ntawm cov uas tau dhau mus mus ib txhis. Thaum lub sij hawm no, Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm Journal yuav luag tag nrho muaj obituaries.

Nyob rau hauv lub "Tagantsevsky rooj plaub" - ib tug ntawm cov thawj mob tom qab lub kiv puag ncig 1917, thaum cov neeg sawv cev ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab muaj tswv yim txawj ntse, feem ntau yog los ntawm Petrograd, raug rau loj tua - ntau tshaj 30 tus kws tshawb fawb raug tua, suav nrog cov duab zoo li tus kws tshaj lij. ntawm Lavxias teb sab txoj cai lij choj, xibfwb NI …Lazarevsky thiab ib tug ntawm cov loj tshaj plaws Lavxias teb sab paj huam Lev Gumilyov. Kev tshawb nrhiav tsis tu ncua thiab raug ntes tau koom nrog kev tshem tawm cov xibfwb loj, uas tam sim ntawd cuam tshuam txog 100 tus kws tshawb fawb thiab cov xibfwb nyob txawv tebchaws. Cov tub ceev xwm "tau saib xyuas cov kws tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb."

Sorokin cov lus hais txog "kua ntawm kev nyeem ntawv" tab tom nkag siab.

Cov tub ntxhais hluas, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob deb nroog Russia, yuav tsum tau loj hlob tsis paub ntawv. Yog hais tias qhov no tsis tshwm sim, ces tsis yog vim hais tias ntawm qhov zoo ntawm cov tub ceev xwm, tab sis vim hais tias ntawm lub awakening craving kev txawj ntse ntawm cov neeg. Nws yuam cov neeg ua liaj ua teb ntawm lawv tus kheej kom pab daws teeb meem ntau npaum li lawv tuaj yeem ua tau: nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw lawv tus kheej tau caw ib tug xibfwb, kws qhia ntawv rau lub zos, muab nws tsev, zaub mov thiab menyuam yaus rau kev cob qhia, nyob rau lwm qhov chaw xws li kws qhia ntawv. ua ib tug pov thawj, ib tug sexton thiab tsuas yog ib tug txawj nyeem ntawv cov phooj ywg. Cov kev siv zog ntawm cov pej xeem no tiv thaiv kev tshem tawm tag nrho ntawm kev nyeem ntawv. Yog tias tsis yog rau lawv, cov tub ceev xwm yuav ua tiav txoj haujlwm no ci ntsa iab.

"Cov no yog cov txiaj ntsig hauv cheeb tsam no," suav nrog Sorokin. - Thiab ntawm no yog ua tiav kev lag luam. Muaj ntau lub suab nrov thiab tshaj tawm, cov txiaj ntsig tau zoo ib yam li lwm qhov chaw. Destroyers ntawm pej xeem kev kawm ntawv thiab tsev kawm ntawv - qhov no yog lub hom phiaj tus yam ntxwv ntawm cov tub ceev xwm nyob rau hauv no hais txog."