Dub, Dawb thiab Chervonnaya: vim li cas Russia tau muab faib ua xim

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Peb txhua tus paub txog lub npe "Rus", tab sis tsis yog txhua tus paub tias nws tau faib los ntawm cov xim. Nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm lub ancient Lavxias teb sab xeev muaj ntau li peb "xim" Rus: Dawb, Dub thiab Chervonnaya.

Dawb Russia

Belaya Rus (Russia Alba) ze ntawm Lake Ilmen (Lacus Irmen). Fragment of the Carta Marina map, 1539. Commons.wikimedia.org / Olaf Magnus

Nyob nruab nrab ntawm 1255 thiab 1260 ib qho kev qhia tsis qhia npe ntawm thaj chaw tau muab tso ua ke hauv Ireland, uas Alba Ruscia ("White Russia") tau hais thawj zaug. Cov kws tshawb fawb feem ntau nkag siab tias nws yog tus tswv ntawm Veliky Novgorod. Daim ntawv pov thawj no tau lees paub tias yog thawj lub npe xim uas tau thov rau Russia.

Tom qab ntawd, European thaj chaw hais txog Dawb Russia ntau dua, thiab qhov tseem ceeb - txog rau xyoo pua 17th lawv hu ua North-Eastern Russia li ntawd. Txawm li cas los, twb nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 16th, lub npe Belaya Rus tau maj mam pauv mus rau sab hnub poob Lavxias teb sab (kwv yees ntawm niaj hnub Belarus) av.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm cov npe ntawm thaj chaw tsis yog xwm txheej: dawb muaj ntau lub ntsiab lus. Qee cov kws tshawb fawb tau xav tias nws hais txog kev ywj pheej (hauv Persian keeb kwm, Lavxias teb sab tsars tau hu ua "White Princes" lossis "Ak-Padishakhs"), lwm tus pom hauv nws qhov peculiarities ntawm cov neeg hauv zos (cov plaub hau daj, cov khaub ncaws dawb), thiab tseem lwm tus - kev khaws cia ntawm txoj kev ntseeg Orthodox.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Karamzin ntseeg hais tias lub npe Belaya Rus txhais tau tias "zoo" los yog "thaum ub".

Kev nthuav dav ntawm phau ntawv luam tawm thiab cov tsos nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws Europe ntawm ntau thaj chaw treatises tau nce mus rau ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm localizations ntawm Dawb Russia, lub ntsiab ntawm uas yog Moscow Russia thiab cov av ntawm lub Upper Dnieper thiab Ponemania nyob rau hauv lub Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania. Hauv Muscovy nws tus kheej, lo lus Belaya Rus tsis tshua siv. Nws yog thawj zaug siv nyob rau hauv lub Tsib Hlis 1654: tom qab ntawd, thaum pib ntawm Russia-Polish tsov rog ntawm 1654-1667, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, nyob rau hauv ib tug deed ntawm khoom plig rau boyar Buturlin, hu nws tus kheej "Sovereign, Tsar thiab Grand Duke ntawm tag nrho cov Great. thiab Me thiab Dawb Russia, Autocrat ". Qhov no tau ua tiav nyob rau hauv kev sib txuas nrog rau kev npaj rau lub annexation ntawm lub Belarusian thiab Me Lavxias teb sab av. Txij thaum ntawd los, rau North-Eastern Russia, lub npe "dawb" yog nyob txhua qhov chaw hloov los ntawm "Great", thiab thaj chaw ntawm niaj hnub Belarus tau txais lub npe nom.

Dub Russia

Linguists tau pom tias dawb, dub thiab liab yog peb xim tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov lus ntawm cov neeg hauv ntiaj teb. Cov lus xaiv rau lawv tshwm sim ntxov dua lwm tus. Raws li kev tawm tsam dawb, dub feem ntau yog siv.

Yog li ntawd, yog hais tias tus geographer hu ua Moscow Russia "dawb", ces cov av ntawm lub Grand Duchy ntawm Lithuania raug hu ua "Black Russia" - ib yam li cov kev tawm tsam.

Hauv kev nkag siab nqaim, Dub Russia tau hu ua thaj chaw nyob rau sab saud ntawm Neman (hauv Belarus niaj hnub). Cov cheeb tsam no tseem nyob tsis tswm rau ib lub sij hawm ntev, thiab cov neeg ntseeg geography hu ua nws Dub Russia, uas yog, pagan.

Samogitia (ib lub tebchaws nyob nruab nrab ntawm qhov qis qis ntawm Nemunas thiab Vindava) thiab lwm thaj chaw ntawm Carta Marina, 1539. Commons.wikimedia.org / UrusHyby

Chervonnaya Rus

Chervonny txhais tau tias "liab". Lub npe Chervonnaya Rus tau raug xa mus rau thaj chaw ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Ukraine sab hnub poob thiab sab qab teb sab hnub tuaj ntawm Poland, uas tau tsim los ntawm Lavxias Voivodeship tom qab.

Nws keeb kwm tsis meej. Qhov no tej zaum yog vim lub nroog Cherven, uas, raws li zaj dab neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo, Vladimir Krasnoe Solnyshko tawm tsam tau zoo. Tom qab ntawd lub nroog Cherven - Lutsk, Kholm, Przemysl thiab lwm tus, mus rau lub tebchaws, tab sis lub npe "Chervonnaya Rus" tau khaws cia thiab tau hais nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv tom qab, pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 15th. Txawm hais tias nws yog ib lo lus nug ntawm kev ncaj ncees, los yog seb lub nroog nplua nuj thiab muaj zog hu ua "liab", uas yog, zoo nkauj, nws tsis paub meej.

Leej twg dhau ntawm Russia?

Ntxiv rau Rus, muaj tsawg kawg yog ib lub npe ntxiv rau hauv daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Central thiab Eastern Europe, uas kuj muaj "dawb, dub thiab liab npe". Peb tab tom tham txog Croats. Cov Croats Liab yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm Croats niaj hnub no, ib pawg neeg South Slavic uas tau nyob hauv Balkans txij thaum Nrab Hnub nyoog. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, White Croats, paub txog tib Zaj Dab Neeg ntawm Bygone Xyoo thiab kev kho mob ntawm Byzantine huab tais Constantine Porphyrogenitus "Ntawm kev tswj hwm ntawm lub teb chaws Ottoman", yog ib pawg neeg East Slavic. Lawv qhov chaw nyob tau nyob rau yav qab teb slopes ntawm Carpathians thiab yog ib feem ntawm Chervonnaya Rus. Cov Dub Croats suav hais tias yog qhov tsis meej tshaj plaws. Lawv nyob rau sab qaum teb ntawm Bohemia thiab koom nrog ceg ntawm Western Slavs. Qhov tseeb, tsuas yog lawv pawg sab hnub tuaj hu ua Black Croats. Ua ke nrog cov neeg sab hnub poob, lawv tsim ib pawg neeg loj ntawm Czech Croats.

Thaum kawg, muaj lwm pab pawg neeg nrog cov cim xim uas tau tso nws cov cim ntawm haiv neeg keeb kwm ntawm Tebchaws Europe - cov neeg Serbs dawb. Lub cheeb tsam ntawm lawv qhov chaw nyob yog nyob rau sab qaum teb Bohemia thiab lawv suav hais tias yog cov poj koob yawm txwv ntawm niaj hnub Lusatian Serbs - cov neeg nyob hauv lub teb chaws Yelemees thiab Poland.

Cardinal cov ntsiab lus thiab lawv cov xim cim

Ntawm qee cov lus Askiv, muaj kev xav tias ntawm cov Slavs (tshwj xeeb, Croats thiab Serbs), cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb muaj lawv tus kheej xim: dawb - sab hnub poob, dub - sab qaum teb, liab (liab) - sab qab teb. Raws li peb pom saum toj no, qhov no yog qhov tseeb txhawb los ntawm cov peev txheej. Txawm li cas los xij, muaj kev xav tias nyob rau hauv cov lus oriental lub tswv yim ntawm cov xim thiab cov ntsiab lus cardinal coincides yuav luag tag.

Ivan Bilibin

Nws tsis tuaj yeem hais tias leej twg yog nyob ntawm no, thiab los ntawm hom lus twg qhov kev sib piv ntawm cov ntsiab lus cardinal nrog qee cov xim tuaj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws zoo li peb tab tom tham txog qhov xwm txheej: tib tus linguists tau ua pov thawj tias hauv tib neeg cov lus, cov lus dawb, dub, liab thiab xiav tshwm sim ntxov dua li lwm tus.

Lub trinity faib ntawm Russia mus rau hauv Dawb, Dub thiab Chervonnaya yog npaj los qhia cov ethnos thiab cheeb tsam (tsawg dua kev ntseeg). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, lwm qhov laj thawj rau qhov tsis meej pem yog tias muaj kev faib tawm ntawm geopolitical binary. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 15th - 18th, thaj chaw ntawm Rus tau muab faib los ntawm ob lub xeev - Muscovy Rus thiab Lub Tebchaws, uas ua rau cov neeg keeb kwm tsis meej pem heev. Kev sib txuas ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm Dawb Russia thiab Great Russia / Great Russia yog qhov ruaj khov, tsuas yog thaj av Lithuanian hu ua Dub Russia, thiab lub sij hawm Little Russia / Me Russia cuam tshuam nrog ob lub Dub Russia thiab Red Russia.