Birch tawv tsiaj ntawv

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Hauv xyoo 1951, pom meej, hauv kev them nyiaj rau kev ua tsov rog yeej - lawv pom cov ntawv qub qub qub qub, tsis yog cov uas twb pom thiab rhuav tshem thaum lub kiv puag ncig. Cov kws tshawb fawb tsis yog neeg Lavxias tsis tau twv kom rhuav tshem cov ntawv pov thawj tshiab lossis muab zais rau hauv cia. Qhov no tau muab cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias muaj zog trump card.

Txawm hais tias lub caij ntuj sov sov ntawm 2014 thiab cov lus ceeb toom uas tuaj ntawm Ukraine, cov neeg ua haujlwm kho ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm "Thawj Tswj Hwm" tsis nco lub sijhawm nthuav dav txog keeb kwm Lavxias qub thiab keeb kwm ntawm cov lus Lavxias.

Lub Xya hli ntuj 26 yog 63 xyoo txij li thaum nrhiav tau ntawm ancient Lavxias teb sab birch bark ntawv - ib tug zoo monument ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus keeb kwm. Nyob rau hauv kev twb kev txuas nrog rau hnub no, peb xam phaj tus naas ej linguist, soj ntsuam ntawm lub ancient sij hawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, Andrei Alexandrovich Tyunyaev.

Andrey Alexandrovich, peb puas paub tias koj tau luam tawm lwm phau ntawv? Qhia peb txog nws

- Nws hu ua "Phau Ntawv ntawm Ra: Keeb Kwm ntawm Cov Ntawv, Tus lej thiab Cov Cim." Ib qho me me ntawm cov ntawv nyeem tau muab rau hauv lub vev xaib www.organizmica.com, thiab phau ntawv no tuaj yeem yuav los ntawm lub tsev tshaj tawm "White Alvy". Nws yog devoted, raws li lub npe implies, rau txoj kev kawm ntawm cov lus nug ntawm cov tsos ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv, cov zauv thiab cov cim. Kuv tau ua haujlwm rau phau ntawv no txij li xyoo 2005. Kev nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim thaum ub tsis yog ib txoj haujlwm yooj yim. Thiab kom muab lawv txhais lus raug yog ib txoj hauj lwm nyuaj dua.

Ces tus kws tshawb fawb yuav nkag siab li cas tias nws nyob ntawm txoj kev yog?

- Koj tsuas tuaj yeem nkag siab los ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Cia kuv muab piv txwv rau koj. Nyob rau hauv Phau Ntawv Ra, kuv pom tau hais tias kuv tau ua tiav qhov tseeb deciphering ntawm ancient lub ntsiab lus thaum tag nrho cov duab ntawm ancient semantics tau qhia tag nrho. Thiab daim duab no tau muab tso rau hauv phau ntawv.

Daim duab no yog dab tsi?

- Nws yog qhov yooj yim heev thiab yog li ntawd, nrog qhov tshwm sim siab, yog. Tag nrho cov ntawv yog tsim los ntawm acrostic, uas piav qhia txog keeb kwm yav dhau los astral txog keeb kwm ntawm lub ntiaj teb thiab tib neeg.

Yog li koj phau ntawv yuav tsum kov phau Vajlugkub?

- Yog lawm! Nws kuj cuam tshuam. Phau Ntawv Ra qhia tau hais tias phau Vajlugkub tsuas yog ib tug tsiaj ntawv lossis cov tsiaj ntawv xwb, cov lus uas tau tsim los ntawm cov kws sau ntawv txawj ntse.

Thiab qhov no txhais tau tias yuav tsum muaj analogues hauv Russia thiab lwm lub tebchaws?

- Muaj tseeb tiag! Thiab lawv yog. Kuv coj lawv mus rau hauv phau ntawv. Nyob rau hauv Russia nws yog ib tug fairy taleas hu ua lub ABC, rau cov Scandinavians nws yog ib tug fairy taleas hu ua Futhark, ntawm cov Turks nws yog ib tug fairy taleas hu ua Altai-Buchai thiab lwm yam, thiab ntawm cov Semites nws yog ib tug fairy taleas hu ua phau Vajlugkub. Muaj cov dab neeg zoo sib xws ntawm cov neeg Iyiv thaum ub thiab ntau haiv neeg.

Kuv xav li cas peb tuaj yeem kawm lus Lavxias ntawm ancient sij hawm yog tias peb tsis muaj phau ntawv?

- Muaj phau ntawv, tsuas yog koj yuav tsum mus rau pawg ntseeg rau lawv. Tau kawg, nyob rau hauv peb lub sij hawm cov pov thawj yuav tsis muab cov ntawv Lavxias teb sab, tab sis tsis ntev, tej zaum, lub teb chaws cov thawj coj yuav to taub hais tias cov kab lis kev cai ntawm cov neeg Lavxias teb sab tsis tau txiav tawm los ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv, thiab ces peb yuav tau txais cov phau ntawv no.

Vim li cas koj thiaj paub tseeb tias lawv muaj nyob?

- Vim lawv yog. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kws sau ntawv medieval thiab cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Thiab, ntxiv rau, qhov no ua raws li qhov tseeb ntawm kev tshawb pom ntawm birch bark ntawv. Tom qab tag nrho, cov ntawv qhia tias tag nrho cov neeg Lavxias teb sab tau nyeem nyob rau hauv thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th. Qhov no yog thaum, piv txwv li, Fabkis tsis paub ob rab diav rawg, los yog diav, los yog chav ua noj, los yog sau ntawv, los yog nyeem ntawv - qhov no yog li cas tus poj huab tais ntawm Fabkis, Anna Yaroslavna, piav lawv nyob rau hauv nws tsab ntawv.

Nws hloov tawm tias cov neeg tsis txaus siab tsis nco qab luam tawm cov ntawv ntawm birch bark?

- Nws hloov tawm li ntawd. Thawj zaug, cov lem raug rhuav tshem. Kuv tab tom tham txog lub sijhawm ntawm lub kiv puag ncig, thaum cov menyuam yaus ntawm txoj kev ua si ncaws pob nrog cov tsiaj ntawv tawv ntoo los ntawm cov tsev khaws puav pheej puas. Ces txhua yam raug puas tsuaj. Thiab nyob rau hauv 1951, thaum nyob rau hauv Stalin muaj ib tug ntse thiab tsis tshua muaj nce nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov Lavxias teb sab - thaj nyob rau hauv kev them nyiaj rau kev ua tsov ua rog yeej - ces tshiab birch bark ntawv tau pom, uas tsis yog-Lavxias cov kws tshawb fawb tsis twv kom puas los yog nkaum nyob rau hauv cia. Tam sim no nws hloov tawm tias cov kws tshawb fawb Lavxias tau txais xws li daim npav muaj zog.

Tam sim no qhia peb txog tsab xov xwm tshaj tawm hauv Thawj Tswj Hwm Lub Tsev Qiv Ntawv thiab qhov twg koj tau hais?

- Yog, qhov no yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev rau kuv thiab feem ntau rau kev kawm lus Lavxias ntawm Lavxias teb sab lus, uas, nrog rau lub hauv paus ntawm kuv txoj hauj lwm, Thawj Tswj Hwm Library. B. N. Yeltsin tau luam tawm ib phau ntawv txhais lus "Thawj birch bark manuscript twb pom nyob rau hauv Veliky Novgorod" (txuas mus rau hauv tsab xov xwm - Ntawm cov npe me me ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv yog kuv daim ntawv qhia "Birch bark ntawv raws li ib daim ntawv", uas kuv tau rov qab rau hauv 2009. tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub thib rau-Lavxias teb sab Scientific Conference "Cov kev tshawb fawb Archival thiab qhov chaw kawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab keeb kwm: teeb meem ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam nyob rau hauv lub tam sim no theem." Lub rooj sib tham tau muaj nyob rau lub rau hli ntuj 16 - 17 nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab Archive ntawm Social thiab nom tswv keeb kwm, nyob rau hauv Moscow..

Maria Vetrova

Birch bark ntawv ua ib daim ntawv

A. A. Tyunyaev, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Academy ntawm Fundamental Sciences, Academician ntawm Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Natural Sciences

Txij li thaum lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th, cov kws tshawb fawb tau pib tau txais cov ntaub ntawv tshiab - birch bark ntawv. Thawj cov tsiaj ntawv bark tau pom nyob rau hauv 1951 thaum lub sij hawm archaeological excavations nyob rau hauv Novgorod. Kwv yees li 1000 tsab ntawv twb tau pom lawm. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau pom nyob rau hauv Novgorod, uas tso cai rau peb los mus txiav txim lub ancient Lavxias teb sab lub zos raws li ib tug zoo chaw rau kev nthuav dav ntawm hom ntawv no. Tag nrho cov ntim ntawm phau ntawv txhais lus ntawm birch bark ntawv yog ntau tshaj 3200 lexical units, uas ua rau nws muaj peev xwm mus nqa tawm kev sib piv cov kev tshawb fawb ntawm cov lus ntawm birch bark tsiaj ntawv nrog rau tej yam lus uas tseem tshuav nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm tib lub sij hawm.

1. Lavxias teb sab birch bark tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th

Novgorod yog thawj zaug hais nyob rau hauv Novgorod I Chronicle nyob rau hauv 859, thiab los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 10th. tau los ua qhov chaw thib ob tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm Kievan Rus.

Lub geography ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb pom tau hais tias nyob rau hauv ib ncig ntawm Russia muaj 11 lub zos nyob rau hauv uas birch bark ntawv tau pom: Novgorod, Staraya Russa, Torzhok, Pskov, Smolensk, Vitebsk, Mstislavl, Tver, Moscow, Staraya Ryazan, Zvenigorod Galitsky. [8].

Ntawm no yog ib daim ntawv teev cov charters yos rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 11th. Novgorod - No. 89 {1075-1100}, No. 90 {1050-1075}, No. 123 {1050-1075}, No. 181 {1050-1075}, No. 245 {1075-1100}, No. No., No. 590 {1075-1100}, No. 591 {1025-1050}, No. 593 {1050-1075}, No. 613 {1050-1075}, No. 733 {1075-1100}, { No. 1050-1075}, No. 789 {1075-1100}, No. 903 {1075 -1100}, No. 905 {1075-1100}, No. 906 {1075-1100}, No. 908 {1075,1. No. 909 {1075-1100}, No. 910 {1075-1100}, No. 911 {1075-1100}, No. 912 {1050-1075}, No. 913 {1050-1075}, { No. 5014 -1075}, No. 915 {1050-1075}, No. 915-I {1025-1050}. Staraya Russa - Art. P. 13 {1075-1100}.

Los ntawm cov npe saum toj no, peb pom tias cov ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th tau pom tsuas yog hauv ob lub nroog - hauv Novgorod thiab hauv Staraya Russa. Nyob rau hauv tag nrho - 31 daim ntawv pov thawj. Hnub ntxov tshaj plaws yog 1025. Qhov tseeb yog 1100.

Daim duab 1. Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntawv ntawm birch bark ntawv.

Nws tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov ntawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv uas 95 feem pua ntawm cov ntawv birch bark muaj cov ntsiab lus nyiaj txiag. Yog li, nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv № 245 nws hais tias: "Kuv daim ntaub yog rau koj: liab, zoo heev - 7 arshins, [xws li thiab zoo li - heev, xws li thiab zoo li - ntau heev]". Thiab nyob rau hauv tsab ntawv No. 246 nws hais tias: “Los ntawm Zhirovit mus rau Stoyan. Tau cuaj xyoo uas koj qiv kuv thiab tsis xa nyiaj rau kuv. Yog hais tias koj tsis xa kuv plaub thiab ib nrab ib nrab hryvnias, ces kuv yuav mus txeeb cov khoom los ntawm ib tug nom tswv pej xeem Novgorod rau koj ua txhaum. Xa peb zoo."

Cov npe ntawm cov neeg pom nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th yog pagan (uas yog, Lavxias teb sab), tsis yog ntseeg. Txawm hais tias nws paub tias thaum ua kev cai raus dej tib neeg tau muab cov npe Christian. Yuav luag tsis muaj ntawv pom nrog cov ntawv teev kev ntseeg (saib daim duab 1), tsis hais nrog cov ntseeg lossis nrog cov neeg pagan.

Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, cov pej xeem ntawm Novgorod koom tsis tau tsuas yog nrog cov neeg nyob hauv lub nroog, tab sis kuj nrog cov neeg nyob deb dhau nws ciam teb - nyob rau hauv lub zos, nyob rau hauv lwm lub nroog. Cov neeg nyob hauv cov zos nyob deb tshaj plaws kuj tau sau cov ntawv xaj hauv tsev thiab cov ntawv yooj yim ntawm cov tawv ntoo birch [1].

Daim duab 1. Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntawv birch bark pom nyob rau hauv Novgorod:

nyob rau hauv tag nrho - nyob rau hauv liab, uas lub tsev teev ntuj ntawv - nyob rau hauv xiav. Kab rov tav axis yog xyoo.

Vertical - tus naj npawb ntawm daim ntawv pov thawj pom.

Cov kab sib txawv ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Novgorod yog cim dub.

Daim duab 1 qhia tau hais tias kev sau ntawv ntawm birch bark ntawv rau cov neeg Lavxias, cov neeg nyob hauv Novgorod, tau ua ib yam, tsawg kawg txij li xyoo 1025. Lub tsev teev ntuj ntawv, ntawm qhov tod tes, yog tsawg.

Cov lus zoo tshaj plaws thiab tus kws tshawb fawb ntawm Novgorod cov ntawv, kws tshaj lij, tus yeej ntawm Lub Xeev Txiaj Ntsig ntawm Lavxias Federation A. A. Zaliznyak thov tias "" [6]. Twb yog thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th tag nrho cov neeg Lavxias tau sau thiab nyeem dawb - "" [7]. Cov me nyuam muaj rau xyoo sau - "" [6]. Yuav luag txhua tus poj niam Lavxias sau - "" [6]. Kev nyeem ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia yog eloquently qhia los ntawm qhov tseeb tias "" [6].

* * *

Nws suav hais tias yog "" [11]. Txawm li cas los xij, nyob rau hauv "Tales ntawm Bygone Xyoo", ib tug monument ntawm lub xyoo pua 12th, tsis muaj ntaub ntawv hais txog kev cai raus dej ntawm Novgorod. Novgorod Varvarin Monastery yog thawj zaug hais nyob rau hauv keeb kwm nyob ib ncig ntawm 1138. Yog li ntawd, cov Novgorodians thiab cov neeg nyob hauv cov zos nyob ib puag ncig tau sau 100 xyoo ua ntej kev cai raus dej ntawm lub nroog no, thiab cov Novgorodians tsis tau txais lawv cov ntawv sau los ntawm cov ntseeg.

2. Tsab ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia ua ntej lub xyoo pua 11th

Qhov xwm txheej nrog lub neej ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv Russia tseem tsis tau kawm, tab sis muaj ntau qhov tseeb ua tim khawv nyob rau hauv kev pom zoo ntawm lub hav zoov ntawm ib tug tsim kev sau ntawv ntawm cov Russians ua ntej kev cai raus dej ntawm Russia. Cov lus tseeb no tsis raug lees paub los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb niaj hnub no. Siv cov ntawv no, cov neeg Lavxias tau sau, nyeem, suav, thiab divined.

Yog li ntawd, nyob rau hauv lub treatise "Nyob rau hauv cov ntawv sau" Slav Brave, uas nyob rau hauv lub lig 9th - thaum ntxov 10 centuries, sau: "". V. I. Buganov, linguist L. P. Zhukovskaya thiab kws tshaj lij B. A. Rybakov [5]. Cov ntaub ntawv hais txog lub pre-Christian Lavxias teb sab tsab ntawv muaj nyob rau hauv lub encyclopedia: "" [11].

3. Kev loj hlob ntawm kev sau ntawv nyob rau hauv lub 9th - 11th centuries

Kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub ntseeg tias tsab ntawv Cyrillic tau tsim nyob rau xyoo 855 - 863. cov kwv tij Cyril thiab Methodius. "Cyrillic - Byzantine uncial (txoj cai) cov tsiaj ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th, ntxiv nrog ob peb tsab ntawv hais txog lub suab ntawm Slavic hais lus", thaum "feem ntau ntawm cov ntxiv yog variants los yog hloov ntawm cov ntawv ntawm tib Byzantine charter … " [15].

Meanwhile, I. I. Sreznevsky tau sib cav tias cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas nws muaj nyob rau hauv cov ntawv qub tshaj plaws ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, thiab txawm ntau li ntawd, Cyrillic charter, uas feem ntau yog hais txog lub xyoo pua 9, tsis tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev hloov kho ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Greek.. Vim cov Greeks thaum lub sij hawm Cyril thiab Methodius tsis siv lub charter (uncials), tab sis hais lus. Los ntawm qhov nws ua raws li hais tias "Cyril coj cov tsiaj ntawv Greek ntawm lub sijhawm ua ntej ua qauv, los yog cov tsiaj ntawv Cyrillic paub ntawm Slavic av ntev ua ntej kev saws me nyuam ntawm cov ntseeg" [12]. Cyril qhov kev thov rov hais dua rau daim ntawv sau, uas tau ntev dhau los lawm hauv tebchaws Greece, defies cov lus piav qhia, tshwj tsis yog Cyril tsim "Cyrillic" [13, 14].

Lub neej ntawm Cyril ua tim khawv rau qhov kev pom zoo ntawm qhov kawg version. Tuaj txog hauv Chersonesos, Cyril “pom ntawm no Txoj Moo Zoo thiab Phau Ntawv Nkauj, sau ua lus Lavxias, thiab pom ib tus neeg hais lus, thiab nrog nws tham, thiab nkag siab lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov lus no, thiab muab piv nrog nws cov lus, txawv cov ntawv vowels thiab consonants, thiab, ua ib tug thov Vajtswv, sai sai no pib nyeem thiab nthuav (lawv), thiab muaj coob tus xav tsis thoob rau nws, qhuas Vajtswv”[16, pp. 56 – 57].

Los ntawm cov lus qhia no, peb nkag siab tias:

1. Txoj Moo Zoo thiab Psalter ua ntej Cyril tau sau ua lus Lavxias;
2. Kirill tsis hais lus Lavxias;
3. Ib tug txiv neej qhia Kirill nyeem thiab sau ua lus Lavxias.

Raws li koj paub, los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 6th, cov Slavs, kev txhawb nqa los ntawm Avar Kaganate thiab Bulgarian Kaganate, pib nce foothold ntawm Balkan Peninsula, "uas nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 7th. Yuav luag tag nrho cov neeg nyob hauv Slavic pab pawg, uas tsim lawv cov thawj coj ntawm no - lub npe Slavinia (hauv Peloponnese, Macedonia), lub koom haum ntawm Xya Slavic pawg neeg, lub xeev Slavic-Bulgarian; ib feem ntawm cov Slavs nyob hauv Byzantine Empire nyob rau hauv Asia Minor”[11, p. "Lub Great Migration of Nations"].

Yog li, los ntawm lub xyoo pua 9th, tib pab pawg neeg Slavic nyob hauv Byzantium thiab Macedonia. Lawv cov lus yog ib feem ntawm ib lub zej zog hais lus hu ua "satom", uas suav nrog Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian, Romanian, Albanian thiab niaj hnub Greek. Cov lus no tau tsim ntau qhov zoo sib xws hauv phonetics, morphology thiab syntax. Cov lus suav nrog hauv lub koom haum kev paub lus muaj qhov tseem ceeb sib xws hauv cov lus thiab kab lus [17]. Cov lus zoo li no tsis xav tau kev txhais lus sib luag.

Txawm li cas los xij, rau qee qhov laj thawj, Cyril xav tau kev txhais lus, ntxiv rau, los ntawm Lavxias, uas nws tau pom, lossis los ntawm Greek rau hauv qee yam "Solunian dialect ntawm Macedonian lus" nthuav tawm ua "Slavic lus".

Peb pom cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no hauv qab no. Nyob rau hauv tim Nkij teb chaws, ntxiv rau ib txwm thiab keeb kwm Greek (Slavic) dialects, muaj lwm yam lus ywj siab - Alexandrian - tsim "nyob rau hauv lub hwj chim ntawm Egyptian thiab Jewish ntsiab." Nws yog nyob rau ntawm nws hais tias "Vajtswv Txojlus raug muab txhais, thiab ntau lub koom txoos sau ntawv" [18].

4. Kev tshuaj xyuas qhov xwm txheej

Tsab ntawv Lavxias muaj nyob ua ntej Cyril. Raws li ib feem ntawm tib lub zej zog lus (satom), Lavxias thiab Greek tau zoo sib xws thiab tsis xav tau kev txhais lus.

Cov ntseeg Vajtswv tau tsim nyob rau xyoo pua 2nd. hauv Rome. Phau Vaj Lug Kub Npaiv Npaum tau sau ua Roman (Latin). Nyob rau hauv 395 lub Roman faj tim teb chaws poob los ntawm kev ntxeem tau ntawm nomadic pab pawg neeg (Bulgarians, Avars, thiab lwm yam). Nyob rau hauv Byzantine Empire thaum lub sij hawm 6th - 8th centuries. Greek tau dhau los ua hom lus ntawm lub xeev, thiab cov phau ntawv Christian tau muab txhais ua nws.

Yog li, vim lub thiaj li hu. Ntawm "cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw zoo", cov pej xeem ntawm thaj av Northern Dub Hiav Txwv thiab Balkans pib muaj ob pawg neeg tsis sib xws:

1. autochthonous Europeoid Christian haiv neeg (Greeks, Romans, Rus, thiab lwm yam);
2. Neeg txawv teb chaws Mongoloid Türkic-hais lus haiv neeg (Bulgarians, Avars thiab lwm yam xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm Khazar, Türkic thiab lwm yam kaganates uas professed Judaism).

Vim yog cov lus\u200b\u200b koom nrog cov tsev neeg hom lus sib txawv, cov teeb meem tshwm sim hauv kev sib txuas lus ntawm cov neeg txawv teb chaws thiab autochthons, uas yuav tsum tau txhais cov ntawv. Nws yog rau cov Turkic-hais lus Slavs uas Cyril tsim lub Koom Txoos Slavonic tsab ntawv txawv ntawm Greek, Roman, thiab Lavxias teb sab, "… qee cov ntawv uas tau muab los ntawm Hebrew square alphabet" [15]. Cov ntawv qiv tsis pom nyob rau hauv cov ntawv birch bark ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th, tab sis muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov ntawv. Nws yog cov ntawv no uas, raws li kev hloov kho hauv tebchaws Russia, tau raug cais tawm ntawm cov tsiaj ntawv Lavxias.

Nyob rau hauv no hais txog, txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub Koom Txoos German (Latin) nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo rau Cyril yog to taub - nws cov phau ntawv raug txwv. Lawv tsis tau sau ua lus Greek, tsis yog hauv Latin lossis hauv Lavxias, lawv tau txhais los ntawm Cyril rau hauv Turkic lus ntawm cov neeg tsiv teb tsaws chaw Slavs. "" [15].

Russia tsis yog ib tug barbaric Slavic xeev, tab sis yog ib tug tag nrho-fledged civilized tswv cuab ntawm European zej zog, muaj nws tus kheej tsab ntawv - birch bark ntawv yog to taub yam tsis muaj kev txhais lus. Thiab lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov ntawv yuav tsum tau txhais ua lus Lavxias.

5. Cov lus xaus

1. Nws yog tsis yooj yim sua kom muab ib tug sib npaug zos kos npe rau ntawm Lavxias teb sab tsab ntawv ntawm birch bark tsab ntawv ntawm lub xyoo pua 11th thiab lub tsev teev ntuj Slavonic cov ntawv ntawm tib lub sij hawm, txij li thaum ob tug txheej txheem sau ntawv no yog rau txawv haiv neeg ntawm cov neeg: tsab ntawv ntawm birch bark ntawv tau tsim. los ntawm cov neeg Lavxias, thiab lub Koom Txoos Slavonic cov ntawv tau tsim los ntawm cov neeg Slavic ntawm thaj chaw Byzantine.
2. Cov kws tshawb fawb ntawm Novgorod thiab lwm lub nroog uas tau pom cov ntawv ntawm birch bark yuav tsum ua tib zoo kawm txog qhov teeb meem cuam tshuam nrog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev qhia ntawv Lavxias hauv cov nroog thiab cov zos uas nyob ib sab.