Lub secrets ntawm Bobruisk fortress

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thaum lub sij hawm tsim kho ntawm Bobruisk-Arena ice palace, cov builders ntsib ib yam dab tsi uas historians thiab archaeologists piav tsis tau.

Thaum cov neeg ua haujlwm pib tshem tawm ib txheej ntawm lub ntiaj teb nyob ze ntawm qhov chaw pov tseg thib 3, uas nyob ib sab ntawm Karbyshev Street, ntawm qhov tob ntawm 5 meters, lub excavator tau npaj txhij los so nws lub thoob rau ntawm lub pob zeb. Raws li txoj cai, txhua txoj haujlwm ntawm qhov chaw keeb kwm yuav tsum tau ua nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm historians.

Mikhail Bondarenko, Thawj Tswj Hwm ntawm Bobruisk City Council of People's Deputies, tuaj txog ntawm "ceg".

"Nws tsis suav nrog qhov no yog qhov chaw tua phom, mus rau hauv-oh-oh-n los ntawm lub fortification," nws hais, nodding ntawm ib tug nyob ze gorz reduite. - Los yog tej zaum ib tug artillery ncej. Kev tshawb fawb yuav, tau kawg, muab cov lus teb tseeb dua rau koj.

Kev tshawb fawb tuaj txog kaum feeb tom qab. Nyob rau hauv tus neeg ntawm Nadezhda Mironova, tus thawj kws tshwj xeeb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm Urban Planning rau lub regeneration ntawm keeb kwm chaw ntawm lub nroog, thiab Alla Ilyutik, ib tug kws tshawb fawb ntawm lub koom haum ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub National Academy ntawm Sciences ntawm lub koom pheej ntawm Bashkortostan. Cov poj niam coj ib co duab kos tawm ntawm lawv lub hnab thiab pib taug kev hauv av.

"Tsis yog, qhov no tsis yog qhov chaw tua phom," Nadezhda Alexandrovna tau tshaj tawm tsab ntawv txiav txim sai sai. “Nws tsis tuaj yeem nyob ntawm no. Thiab yuav tsis muaj artillery barrage. Ntawm no, saib daim duab, peb sawv ntawm no …

Tseeb, raws li lub tswv yim, lub trench tau khawb tom qab lub kwj deg, thiab lub gallery yuav tsum feem ntau nyob rau sab nraud. Yog li ntawd, lub thoob ntawm lub tshuab so dab tsi?

Hauv kev tshawb nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug no, cov qhua ntawm lub peev tau mus rau hauv qab. Tom qab cov neeg ua haujlwm tshem tawm qee cov av ntxiv nrog shovels, qhov kev paub tsis meej tsis ploj mus, tab sis tuaj txog: qhov loj - ib thiab ib nrab metres ntev - nqaj, ua haujlwm ntawm cov limestone zoo, tau tshwm sim rau lub qhov muag ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb.

- Tam sim no nws tseem nyuaj rau xav txog tias nws yog dab tsi, - Alla Vladimirovna shrugged nws lub xub pwg nyom. - Tej zaum thaum lub fortification tau tawg, qee qhov tawg tuaj ntawm no? Nws yuav muaj peev xwm hais ib yam dab tsi tshwj xeeb yog tias cov neeg ua haujlwm qhib qhov chaw no.

Thaum nug yog vim li cas peb lub polygon raug xaiv los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho dua tshiab, Nadezhda Alexandrovna piav qhia:

- Tau kawg, yog tias muab cais, qee qhov kev tiv thaiv zoo li tsis zoo dua, lossis zoo dua. Tab sis qhov chaw sim thib 3 yog qhov nyuaj ntawm cov fortifications uas tau muaj sia nyob tag nrho. Tom qab tag nrho, qhov peb pom tam sim no tsuas yog sab sauv ntawm nws. Cov hauv qab yog faus rau hauv av. Raws li qhov kev txo qis ntawm lub taub hau txuas ntxiv, nyob rau sab ntawm Minsk suburb, peb, los ntawm txoj kev, tseem tsis tau pom nws - niaj hnub no thaj chaw no yog cov tub rog nyob.

Lub rooj vag Minsk tsis pom ib qho twg, txawm hais tias, raws li cov tub rog, lawv yuav tsum tau khaws cia, txij li thaum xyoo pua xya lawv tau littered nrog lignin."

"Lignin (los ntawm Lat. Lignum - ntoo, ntoo) yog ib yam khoom uas characterizes lub stiffened phab ntsa ntawm cov nroj tsuag hlwb. Ib tug complex polymeric compound pom nyob rau hauv lub hlwb ntawm vascular nroj tsuag thiab ib co algae. Cov phab ntsa stiffened cell muaj ib tug ultrastructure uas yuav muab piv nrog rau cov qauv ntawm reinforced pob zeb: cellulose microfibrils sib xws nyob rau hauv lawv cov khoom rau reinforcement, thiab lignin, uas muaj lub siab compressive zog, sib haum mus rau pob zeb."

Bobruisk yog lub nroog ntawm cheeb tsam subordination nyob rau hauv Belarus, lub chaw tswj hwm ntawm lub Bobruisk koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Mogilev cheeb tsam.

Tom qab qhov kev faib thib ob ntawm Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, thaj chaw ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nthuav dav, thiab nws cov ciam teb tau tsiv mus rau sab hnub poob, pom lawv tus kheej hauv kab qub kev tiv thaiv. Catherine II, tau xeeb tub kom ntxiv dag zog rau ciam teb nrog cov fortresses tshiab, tau mloog mus rau qhov chaw zoo ntawm Bobruisk. Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Empress, lub nroog tau txais cov xwm txheej ntawm lub nroog, nrog rau nws tus kheej lub tsho tiv no ntawm caj npab qhia txog lub nkoj lub mast thiab ob tsob ntoo hla. Lub cim heraldic qhia txog kev lag luam tseem ceeb ntawm cov neeg Bobruisk - rafting ntawm mast ntoo rau kev tsim kho ntawm lub nkoj nyob rau hauv lub Dub thiab Baltic Seas. Nyob rau hauv lub xeem xyoo ntawm lub reign ntawm Catherine II, barracks, tsev kho mob thiab ib tug tub rog warehouse tau ua nyob rau hauv Bobruisk.

Kev tsim kho ntawm Bobruisk fortress xws li pib tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 1810 nyob rau hauv Alexander I. Tshiab citadels - Bobruisk thiab Dinaburg - tau raug hu kom kaw qhov sib txawv 1200 mais dav ntawm lub fortifications ntawm Riga thiab Kiev. Raws li lwm txoj hauv kev rau Bobruisk, nws yuav tsum tsim kom muaj lub fortress hauv Rogachev, tab sis Lieutenant Theodor Narbut, tau tshawb xyuas thaj chaw, kos xim rau lub tsev txhab nyiaj siab ntawm Berezina, qhov twg Bobruisk tsev fuabtais ib zaug sawv. Lub tswv yim ntawm Narbut, khaws los ntawm engineer-general Karl Opperman, tau txais kev pom zoo los ntawm Alexander I. Cov thawj tswj xyuas qhov project pinned lawv txoj kev cia siab ntawm qhov tseeb tias cov yeeb ncuab yuav tsis tshua twv coj lub fortress los ntawm cua daj cua dub los ntawm tus dej thiab nrog. lub siab nyem.

Txoj hmoo ntawm Bobruisk tau txiav txim siab: lub nroog muaj hnub nyoog 400 xyoo raug rhuav tshem lub ntsej muag ntawm lub ntiaj teb, rhuav tshem cov tsev nyob thiab cov tsev teev ntuj, khw muag khoom, lub zeb, tsev so thiab lwm yam qauv. Lawv tsuas tshuav lub hauv paus ntawm lub qub tsev teev ntuj Jesuit, tig mus rau hauv ib qho chaw mos mos. Cov neeg peasants tau muab av dawb nyob ib ncig ntawm lub fortress thiab dawb hav zoov rau kev tsim tsev tshiab. Nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm luv luv, los ntawm 1812, ib tug haib system ntawm forts, interconnected los ntawm lub ntiaj teb fortifications, tau loj hlob nyob rau hauv lub toj siab ntawm lub Berezina.

Raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm cov neeg laus, cov qe qe thiab cov plhaub dej tau ntxiv rau lub fortress cib kom muaj zog. Opperman tau ntxiv dag zog rau qhov chaw ruaj khov uas twb muaj lawm nrog qhov sib sib zog nqus, qhov tsis pom ("hma lub qhov ncauj") thiab cov kab hauv av, tso cai rau kev tawm tsam tom qab yeeb ncuab kab.

Lub fortress nyob rau hauv Bobruisk tau nruab nrog qhov tseeb European fortification, uas tso cai rau nws garrison tiv thaiv lub 4 lub hlis siege ntawm Napoleon. Rau peb hnub (6 - 8 Lub Xya Hli) lub citadel muab qhov chaw nkaum rau tus thawj coj Bagration, muab nws cov tub rog nrog cov tub rog tshiab (kwv yees li 1,5 txhiab tus neeg) thiab cov khoom siv. Ua tsaug rau peb hnub so, Bagration tau tswj hwm los sib sau ua ke hauv lub sijhawm nrog 1st Lavxias teb sab tub rog ntawm Barclay de Tolly ze Smolensk, thiab qhov no ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev swb ntawm Napoleon.

Contrary to Bonaparte qhov kev cia siab, nyob rau hauv Bobruisk, nws tsis tau tos los ntawm ib tug medieval lub zos, tab sis ib tug haib fortress, npaj txhij mus ntsib cov yeeb ncuab tag nrho armed. Jan Dombrowski, tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog Napoleonic, tsis tau twv kom cua daj cua dub thiab txaus siab rau qhov thaiv ntawm Bobruisk fortress. Dombrowski tsuas tuaj yeem tso 20 rab phom tiv thaiv 300 phom phom. Thaum lub Kaum Ib Hlis, cov tub rog Lavxias nyob rau hauv cov lus txib ntawm Tormasov liberated Bobruisk, tab sis lub citadel ua tiav nws lub luag haujlwm, tuav rov qab kev tawm tsam ntawm Fabkis cov tub rog.

Lub sijhawm tsis muaj kev hlub tshua tau rhuav tshem Bobruisk fortress - niaj hnub no txog 50 yam khoom muaj sia nyob: ob peb lub forts, redoubt bastions, barracks, fragments ntawm ramparts thiab lub tsev ntawm lub qub Jesuit lub tsev teev ntuj.