Lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo 1812

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nws hloov tawm tias kev sib ntaus sib tua 200 xyoo dhau los tsuas yog ua tau hauv cov ris dawb thiab khau dawb. Nws yog tsov rog hnyav …

Yog li ntawd, yog tias koj xav paub dab tsi tshwm sim tiag tiag, koj yuav tsum tau cuam tshuam koj tus kheej los ntawm cov yeeb yam ua yeeb yam thiab cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm fakir, thiab saib nws ua dab tsi tiag tiag ua ntej, tib lub sijhawm, thiab tom qab ua yeeb yam, saib los ntawm lwm tus. sab, saib ib sab ntawm nws, thiab lwm yam.. P.

Tsis txhob saib ib tug neeg daim duab ntawm keeb kwm, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev tshawb fawb qhov tseeb ntawm koj tus kheej thiab nrhiav tau tus tiag tiag los ntawm lawv, ib yam dab tsi zoo li no:

Nws yog qhov nthuav tias ib txhij nrog kev ua tsov ua rog uas pib thaum Lub Rau Hli 22, 1812 hauv Ntawm Russia, hauv North AsmeskasThaum Lub Rau Hli 18, 1812, tsis muaj kev ua tsov rog tsis txaus ntseeg tau pib, uas yuav muaj kev tshawb nrhiav cais (nws, zoo li yog los ntawm kev sib tsoo, xaus rau tib lub xyoo).

Kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo 1812 hauv Russia zoo li tau piav qhia zoo, txawm tias muaj kev cuam tshuam ntau dhau, thiab txhua qhov kev saib xyuas ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsom mus rau zom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov ntaub ntawv memoir txog kev sib ntaus sib tua. Cov nom tswv, tsim muaj keeb kwm zoo ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo 1812 hauv Russia zoo nkaus li du tsuas yog thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias kev paub tsuas yog txwv rau ob ntu tshaj tawm: "Kev Sib Tw ntawm Borodino" thiab "qhov hluav taws kub ntawm Moscow".

Yog tias peb tsis pom zoo los ntawm qhov pom zoo, piv txwv li, los ntawm kev xav tias tsis muaj cov ntawv sau tseg, cov lus pov thawj lossis peb tsis tso siab rau lawv, rau "dag ua tim khawv" thiab tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb, ces nws tau tshwm sim. daim duab tsis xav txog kiag li.

Raws li qhov tshwm sim ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1812 nyob rau hauv Russia, cov tub rog ntawm Alexander-1, nyob rau hauv alliance nrog Napoleon-1, conquered lub cheeb tsam ntawm lub Moscow-Smolensk Upland, los yog figuratively hais lus, "Petersburg swb Muscovy".

Nws twb tau raug txheeb xyuas tias ntau tus muaj thawj cov lus teb ntawm kev tsis lees paub: "tus sau yog delusional." Pib los soj ntsuam qhov kev xav txog kev pov hwm cuav hauv keeb kwm keeb kwm ntawm lub hom phiaj ntawm kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1812 hauv Russia, kuv tus kheej tsis ntseeg nws, tab sis qhov kev pom zoo tau nchuav tawm, zoo li yog los ntawm cornucopia, kuv tsis muaj sijhawm los piav qhia lawv.. Txhua yam maj mam txhim kho mus rau hauv daim duab zoo kawg nkaus, uas tau sau tseg rau ntawm nplooj ntawv ntsuas no. Txuas mus rau cov lus piav qhia ntxaws ntxaws ntawm qhov kev tshawb xyuas qhov tseeb yuav tshwm sim raws li cov kab lus sib raug tau sau.

Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov neeg uas tau tawg los nyeem mnogabukaf, los ntawm kev thov nrov, kev piav qhia tau ua rau ntawm tus ntiv tes yam tsis muaj pinging (Kuv qhia cov neeg pib tshiab tsis txhob maj mus tam sim ua raws li lwm qhov txuas, tab sis ua ntej nyeem cov duab dav dav hauv qab no, txwv tsis pub. koj pheej hmoo tau tsis meej pem hauv hiav txwv ntawm cov ntaub ntawv). Thiab cov neeg uas muaj kev txawj ntse hauv keeb kwm tuaj yeem sim teb kom meej rau lawv tus kheej cov lus nug yooj yim tshaj plaws:

- vim li cas Napoleon-1 mus kov yeej Smolensk thiab Moscow, thiab tsis yog lub peev - Petersburg?

- yog vim li cas lub peev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws los ua "ntawm ntug ntawm lub ntiaj teb" Petersburg (loj liab dot), thiab tsis cim nyob rau hauv ntsuab, Kiev, Smolensk, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Nizhny Novgorod, Kazan, uas yog ntau haum rau. lub peev xwm ntawm lub nroog (los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis)?

Lub nroog Seaport yog cim liab. Sab laug mus rau sab xis Riga, Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, hauv qab - Kherson thiab Rostov-on-Don

Cov keeb kwm tiag tiag ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws dhau los ua qhov tseeb heev, muaj laj thawj thiab yooj yim to taub yog tias saib los ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm qhov pom, los ntawm Baltic.

1. Peb pib nrog qhov tseeb paub zoo: lub peev ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws yog St. Petersburg, lub dynasty kav yog Romanovs.

2. Cov Romanovs yog lub zos pseudonym ntawm Holstein-Gottorp ceg ntawm Oldenburg dynasty, uas kav lub hiav txwv Baltic.

3. St. Petersburg tau xaiv los ntawm Oldenburgs aka "Romanovs" raws li lub peev, raws li qhov yooj yim tshaj plaws springboard rau nkag los ntawm lub Baltic Hiav txwv mus rau hauv lub Volga phiab cais los ntawm tag nrho cov seas nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav nthuav lub sphere ntawm lawv kev lag luam influences (kom paub meej ntxiv. saib part 1 ntawm kev txhawb siab St. Petersburg stupid + part 2 ntawm lub hauv paus St. Petersburg indispensable).

4. Lub ntsiab vector ntawm kev kov yeej thiab kev loj hlob ntawm thaj chaw ntawm Russia los ntawm Romanovs yog qhia los ntawm St. Petersburg (Lub Baltic Hiav Txwv) sab hauv ntawm lub teb chaws, mus rau lub Volga phiab raws waterways, ib txwm, nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav tso tawm cov kev pab cuam los ntawm muaj.. Qhov no ntawm keeb kwm ntawm lub sij hawm conquests ntawm Romanovs yog disguised raws li ntau yam "sab hauv" txheej xwm los tsim lub illusion ntawm ib tug mus sij hawm ntev tswv cuab (yav tas los Performance index nplooj "E-2 tsov rog yog pom").

5. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, ntxiv vectors ntawm Romanov 'ua yeeb yam tau coj mus rau hauv lub Volga phiab los ntawm Dub thiab Azov hiav txwv. Ib feem ntawm keeb kwm no tau paub zoo tias yog kev ua tsov rog tsis tu ncua ntawm Romanovs nrog Qaib Cov Txwv.

Tam sim no cia saib qhov xwm txheej ua ntej tsov rog xyoo 1812. Thaum lub sijhawm Catherine II, kev siv zog tseem ceeb twb tau ua rau nkag mus rau hauv Volga phiab (saib nplooj ntawv "Lub E-2 Wars Noticeable"). Thiab tseem, txij li thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, St. Petersburg tau categorically cais los ntawm Moscow-Smolensk Upland, tsis muaj ib tug ib txwm ncaj qha dej txoj kev (tsuas yog lub unsuccessfully ua Vyshnevolotsk system, ua cas ua hauj lwm kom nqis mus rau St.. Nyob rau hauv cov hnub, ntawm chav kawm, tsis muaj dav hlau, tsis muaj railways, tsis muaj txoj kev loj, tsuas yog cov dej raws cov dej ntws thiab cov av luv luv - "dras" ntawm cov dej txoj kev. Thiab yog tias tsis muaj kev sib txuas lus ib txwm ua raws li cov khoom lag luam, cov tub rog, thiab lwm yam tuaj yeem txav mus los, ces tsis muaj kev thauj mus los, tsis muaj qhov yuav tsis muaj lub xeev. Couriers nrog decrees tuaj yeem mus rau ntawd, tab sis tsis muaj nyiaj txiag thiab lub zog tiv thaiv, cov cai no tsis muaj nqis.

Tsis ntev ua ntej tsov rog ntawm 1812, St. Petersburg muaj yuav luag tag nrho cov tib txoj kev dej nrog overland seem ntawm "portages" raws li Novgorod tub lag luam ua ntev ua ntej lub sawv ntawm St.

Yog li ntawd, lub Moscow-Smolensk Upland, nyob rau hauv lub Upper nce mus txog ntawm lub Volga thiab Dnieper bass, nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm yog yuav luag tag nrho tshaj li ncav cuag ntawm St.

Tsis muaj dej ncaj qha - qhov no yog lub hom phiaj, lub sijhawm tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab txog dab tsi tshwm sim, ib hom "alibi ntawm qhov tsis sib xws" rau St. Petersburg - nws tsis muaj dab tsi ua rau Moscow thiab Smolensk.

Skeptics tuaj yeem ua tib zoo tshuaj xyuas daim duab qhia chaw ntawm Tebchaws Europe los ntawm thawj tsab ntawm Britannica encyclopedia ntawm 1771 thiab xyuas kom meej tias Russia (Russia) tsis yog Moscow Tartary (Muscovite Tartarie) txhua, uas kuv hu rau brevity tsuas yog Muscovy lossis Lub Hwj Chim Qub, Nyob rau sab xis cov ntsiab lus nthuav dav los ntawm daim ntawv qhia no tau qhia nyob rau ntawm ib feem ntawm Shokalsky daim ntawv qhia los ntawm Brockhaus phau ntawv txhais lus, cov kab liab qhia txog cov dej ntws ntawm Baltic dej phwj (daim duab qhia chaw yog clickable):

Hauv lwm lo lus, kuv tsis tas yuav tsim qee qhov tseeb tshiab, Kuv tsuas yog piav qhia vim li cas cov cheeb tsam no tau siv los ua cov xeev sib txawv, thiab yuav ua li cas St. Lub tebchaws Russia, uas yog, nthuav lub npe Russia mus rau thaj av uas tau kov yeej. Tsis muaj dab tsi ua phem rau hauv qhov no (zoo, tej zaum rau cov neeg uas xav tias lawv tus kheej yog cov xeeb leej xeeb ntxwv ntawm cov thawj coj ntawm Tartary, ntawm qhov tsis sib xws, qhov tshwm sim yog lub xeev muaj zog heev, yog li kuv tus kheej tsis muaj kev tsis txaus siab txog cov neeg kov yeej.

Kuv rov hais dua ib zaug ntxiv: kom nkag siab tag nrho Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev uas yuav tau nyeem cov keeb kwm ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws: part 1 St. Petersburg yog ruam + part 2 St. Petersburg yog irreplaceable (vim li cas St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv no qhov chaw thiab yog vim li cas nws thiaj li los ua lub peev).

Lub nroog tseem ceeb tswj cov chaw thauj khoom ntawm Moscow-Smolensk Upland thaum lub sijhawm ntawd yog "lub nroog tseem ceeb" Smolensknyob rau hauv lub Upper nce mus txog ntawm lub Dnieper, qhov twg ib tug saw ntawm portages pib, txuas tus dej txoj kev "los ntawm lub Varangians mus rau lub Greeks" thiab "los ntawm lub Varangians mus rau Persians" nyob rau hauv lub kev sib tshuam ntawm kev lag luam txoj kev los ntawm lub Dnieper, West Dvinsky, Volkhov, Volzhsky thiab Oka dej phwj.

Ib tug yooj yim tub rog conquest ntawm lub nroog ntawm lub Moscow-Smolensk Uplands tsis suav nrog lawv nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam ntawm economic kev txaus siab yog tsis muaj nuj nqis, thiab yog li ntawd kev npaj rau kev ua tsov ua rog pib nyob rau hauv lub lem ntawm lub 18-19 centuries nrog rau cov loj-scale kev tsim kho ntawm cov dej ncaj qha los ntawm. Petersburg mus rau lub Volga: lub Mariinsky, Tikhvin thiab reconstruction ntawm lub Vyshnevolotsk dej systems. Kev tsim kho ntawm Berezinsky dej system ua kom muaj kev ntes ntawm ob qho tib si kev khiav tsheb ntawm Smolensk thiab lub nroog nws tus kheej. Lawm, kev ua tsov ua rog pib tsuas yog thaum muaj npe pab tub rog invasion routes, uas peb yuav tsum tau ntseeg.

Kev taw qhia ntawm kev txav ntawm Oldenburgs hauv Baltic yog cim liab. Xiav - lub ntsiab dej ntws ntawm cov European ib feem ntawm Russia. Ntsuab - ncaj waterways tsim tom qab kev tsim kho ntawm cov dej systems los ntawm lub St. Petersburg Oldenburgs ("Romanovs") (los ntawm sab laug mus rau sab xis, ntawm qab mus rau sab saum toj): Berezinskaya, Vyshnevolotskaya, Tikhvinskaya, Mariinskaya:

Ib txhij nrog kev tsim kho ntawm cov dej ncaj qha, lwm yam kev npaj loj thiab ua tiav tau ua tiav rau kev ua tub rog thiab kev npaj tom qab tsov rog ntawm thaj chaw nyob:

V 1803 Lub luag haujlwm ntawm kev npaj lub tswv yim ntawm kev ua tsov rog yav tom ntej tau npaj ua ntej: kev tsim keeb kwm tshiab ntawm thaj chaw kov yeej tau raug tso rau N. Karamzin, uas los ntawm tus kheej txoj cai tau raug xaiv los ua "Lavxias keeb kwm" (tsis muaj ib txoj haujlwm zoo li no. ua ntej lossis tom qab Karamzin). Tsis tas li ntawd nyob rau hauv 1803, tau txiav txim siab los tsim ib tug monument rau cov yeej (Martos).

1804Lub Rau Hli - kev taw qhia txog kev censorship ua ntej, nws tau txwv tsis pub luam tawm, faib thiab muag ib yam dab tsi yam tsis tau txiav txim siab thiab pom zoo los ntawm cov tub ceev xwm censorship. vi

1804-1807 biennium - Nees Guards arena tab tom tsim nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg rau txhua lub caij thiab tag nrho cov huab cua kev cob qhia ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb vi

V 1805 Nyob rau hauv thawj approximation, lub Berezinskaya dej system twb tiav, txuas lub Western Dvina nrog lub tributary ntawm lub Dnieper los ntawm lub Berezina River nyob rau hauv lub Vitebsk cheeb tsam. Ib txoj kev dej tsis tu ncua tshwm sim "Los ntawm Varangians mus rau Greeks" Los ntawm lub hiav txwv Baltic mus txog Zapadnaya Dvina (Daugava), ces raws li cov xauv ntawm lub Berezina system nyob rau hauv lub Berezina dej mus rau lub Dnieper thiab ntxiv downstream mus rau lub Dub hiav txwv.

1805 - kev koom ua ke ntawm artillery - "Arakcheevskaya" system vi

1807 xyoo - Alexander thiab Napoleon hauv Tilsit kos npe rau kev thaj yeeb nyab xeeb thiab tsis pub leejtwg paub txog kev tawm tsam thiab tiv thaiv kev sib koom tes. Lub nto moo saum toj kawg nkaus kev sib tham zais cia ntawm ob tus huab tais nruj me ntsis hauv kev ntiag tug ntawm lub nkoj nyob nruab nrab ntawm Nemunas.

1808 - Lwm lub rooj sib tham ntawm Alexander thiab Napoleon tau tshwm sim hauv Erfurt, qhov chaw sib tham zais cia tau kos npe.

1809 - Tub Vaj Ntxwv George ntawm Oldenburg, uas tuaj txog ntawm Askiv, ua tus thawj coj "Kev Tshaj Tawm ntawm kev sib txuas lus dej", uas ua ke nrog nws tsiv tawm ntawm St. Petersburg kom ze li sai tau mus rau Muscovy - mus rau Tveruas Alexander hu ua "peb peb lub peev". Rau kev pabcuam hauv kev ntoj ke mus kawm, "corps of engineers" tau tsim nyob rau hauv kev cai lij choj. Ib tug tshwj xeeb "Tsev Neeg Tub Ceev Xwm" raug xa mus rau streamline thiab saib xyuas shipping. Nyob rau ntawm tus dej Tvertsa, kev tsim kho ntawm txoj kev khiav rau kev txav ntawm lub nkoj thauj khoom tau ua tiav, thiab qhov tob ntawm Ladoga Canal pib, Vyshnevolotsk system tau coj los ua haujlwm hauv ob qho tib si. Karamzin Ib ntus hauv Tver nws nyeem rau Tub Vaj Ntxwv George ntawm Oldenburg "History of the Russian State" nws tau tsim.

1809 nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov hais txog Lub koom haum ntawm Railway Corps Engineers … Nws thawj qhov kev kawm tiav tau tshwm sim hauv 1812. Ib pab pawg neeg kawm tiav tau yeem tawm mus rau chav sib ntaus sib tua, thiab 12 tus neeg tau mus pov tseg ntawm tus thawj coj ntawm pab tub rog. Yog li, twb yog thaum pib ntawm 1812 kev sib tw, engineers corps ntawm kev sib txuas lus, qhov tseeb, tub rog engineering troops tau tsim, qhov kev xav tau ntawm qee qhov laj thawj tsis nyob ntawd. (ntau ntxiv txog kev ua tub rog engineering hauv kev ua tsov rog xyoo 1812)

V 1809-1812 biennium Nyob rau hauv St. Petersburg, 5 albums tau luam tawm rau cov qauv kev tsim kho: "Ib phau ntawm facades, Nws Imperial Majesty feem ntau pom zoo rau cov tsev ntiav nyob rau hauv lub nroog ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws." Tag nrho tsib albums muaj txog 200 qhov chaw nyob, kev lag luam, kev lag luam, kev lag luam thiab lwm lub tsev thiab ntau tshaj 70 txoj haujlwm ntawm laj kab thiab rooj vag. Tsuas yog ib lub hauv paus ntsiab lus tau ua raws li nruj me ntsis: txhawm rau khaws qhov tsis hloov pauv kev sib koom ua ke ntawm txhua lub tsev suav nrog hauv cov nkauj. vi

Nrog 1810 xyoo, sawv cev ntawm Alexander-1 Arakcheev, thev naus laus zis ntawm kev teeb tsa kev ua tub rog, uas yuav tsum tau nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej thaum lub sij hawm colonization ntawm lub occupied av - cov tub rog nyob twj ywm nyob rau hauv lub occupied thaj chaw, uas daws tau ob peb txoj hauj lwm nyob rau hauv ib lub sij hawm: tsis muaj yuav tsum tau daws cov teeb meem ntawm lawv export thiab xa mus tom ntej, cov tub rog. tsawg kawg yog tus kheej txaus, tswj kev txiav txim, lub ntuj poob ntawm cov txiv neej thaum tsov rog yog replenished thiab lwm yam. " Tub rog kev thaj yeeb - cov txheej txheem ntawm kev npaj pab tub rog nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv 1810-1857, combining ua tub rog kev pab cuam nrog tsim cov neeg ua haujlwm, feem ntau ua liaj ua teb … "vi

kuj nyob rau hauv 1810 xyoo, ib qho kev ywj pheej tsoom fwv department tau tsim - lub Main Directorate ntawm sab ntsuj plig Affairs ntawm ntau yam (txawv teb chaws) confessions nrog rau cov cai los tsim los yog liquidate pawg ntseeg, tsa lub taub hau ntawm monastic txiav txim, pom zoo lub taub hau ntawm confessions, thiab hais txog. vi

1810 xyoo - Mariinsky dej system pib ua haujlwm. Los ntawm 1810 mus rau 1812, ib tug ntxiv reconstruction ntawm lub Berezinsky dej system tau ua nyob rau hauv lub coj ntawm lub nto moo engineer Devolant.

Nrog 1810-1812 Nws Los ntawm kev txiav txim ntawm Alexander-1, ob lub xeev tshiab-ntawm-lub-kos duab fortresses tau ua nyob rau hauv zoo kawg li ceev - Dinaburg ntawm lub Western Dvina thiab Bobruisk ntawm lub Berezina, lub fortress uas twb muaj lawm ntawm lub qhov ncauj ntawm lub Dvina - Dinamyunde yog modernized, tag nrho cov fortresses ntawm Western Dvina-Dnieper waterway yog zoo armed, ntxiv nrog mos mos thiab khoom noj khoom haus.

Rau kev sib piv, sab laug, lub fortress ntawm Berlin nyob rau hauv lub 18-19th centuries thiab sab xis, lub Bobruisk fortress ntawm 1812 tau ua raws li cov lus tseeb ntawm fortification science, nrog ib tug tawg kab ntawm phab ntsa, bastions, redoubts, thiab lwm yam rau kev siv hluav taws xob hla thiab ntau-tiered artillery tua hluav taws:

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, lub fortifications ntawm Smolensk, Moscow, lub Volokolamsk monastery thiab lwm yam nyob rau hauv Muscovy tseem nyob ntawm lub sij hawm ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai thiab Boris Godunov, uas yog, lawv tsis yog Ameslikas tsim los rau loj heev siv artillery los ntawm ob attackers thiab tiv thaiv.. Lawm, Alexander-1 tsis tau mus rau modernize cov outdated yeeb ncuab fortress … Saib "Kev ua liaj ua teb ua liaj ua teb" 200 xyoo tsis muaj qoob loo "los yog Boris Godunov los liam rau txhua yam?"

Ncaj nraim fortress phab ntsa ntawm Smolensk thiab Vyazma:

Saib ntxiv txog qhov "zoo thiab phem" fortresses ntawm 1812 thiab "Moscow-Paris: leej twg kov yeej leej twg?"

1811 nroog - tsim Ministry of Police, ntawm lub hwj chim ntawm "censorship control" - kev saib xyuas tshaj censorship committee thiab cov ntaub ntawv uas twb tso tawm rau luam tawm thiab faib, i.e. censorship tau dhau los ua ob.

Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog los ntawm qhov kev tshwm sim uas keeb kwm ntawm Ministry of Internal Affairs ntawm Russia pib (nyob rau hauv 2011, lub 200th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm Ministry of Internal Affairs ntawm Russia tau ua kev zoo siab). Txhawm rau kom tsis txhob muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb, nws yuav tsum tau qhia meej tias Ministry of Internal Affairs, tsim tib lub sijhawm, koom nrog lub tuam txhab nyiaj txiag, lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam, kev ua liaj ua teb, kev lag luam sab hauv, chaw xa ntawv, kev tsim kho. thiab kev saib xyuas cov vaj tse pej xeem (public). Thaum tsov rog xyoo 1812 thiab kev ua phem tom ntej ntawm 1813-1814, Ministry of Internal Affairs tau teeb tsa cov khaub ncaws thiab khoom siv rau cov tub rog, thiab Ministry of Police tau tso siab rau cov haujlwm ntawm kev muab cov tub rog nrog zaub mov (!?), Nrhiav thiab tsim ib pab tub rog.

1811 xyoo - Txhawm rau rov qab txiav txim siab tom qab kev ua tsov ua rog hauv thaj chaw loj heev, Alexander-1, thawj zaug hauv keeb kwm ntiaj teb, tsim lub koom haum tshwj xeeb "Corps ntawm Inner Guard" nrog rau cov dej num ntawm escorting neeg raug kaw thiab raug ntes cov neeg, liquidating loj riots, thiab thawj zaug nyob rau hauv keeb kwm, kev siv riam phom tiv thaiv cov pej xeem raug cai. Cov tub rog no, yog ib feem ntawm cov tub rog, tib lub sijhawm ua raws li kev txiav txim ntawm Minister of Police. Functionally, "Corps of Internal Guard" sib raug rau cov tub rog niaj hnub Internal ntawm Ministry of Internal Affairs.

1811 xyoo - Tikhvin dej system tau muab tso rau hauv kev ua haujlwm.

TO 1812 Kev tsim kho tshiab ntawm Berezinskaya dej system tau ua tiav, thiab txij li lub sijhawm ntawd txhua txoj hauv kev tau npaj txhij rau cov tub rog ntxeem tau.

Qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws default daim duab: hiav txwv thiab dej hiav txwv fleet Hauv kev ua tsov ua rog xyoo 1812, hais txog kev ua uas muaj cov ntaub ntawv tsis txaus ntseeg, txawm hais tias kev txav mus los ntawm cov tub rog thiab cov khoom siv tau zoo ntawm cov saw ntawm cov fortresses ntawm Western Dvina - Berezinskaya system - Dnieper waterway tsuas yog muab los ntawm kev thauj dej: Ib qho loj loj. dej ntxeem tau nkoj tau pom nyob rau hauv tsov rog xyoo 1812.

Qhia txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm lub nkoj hauv kev ua tsov ua rog, Thawj Tus Tswv ntawm Askiv Admiralty Sir John Fisher suav hais tias cov tub rog hauv av tsis muaj dab tsi ntau tshaj li lub plhaub, ib rab phom phom tua ntawm cov yeeb ncuab los ntawm lub nkoj. Nyob rau hauv sib piv, lub prevailing stereotype ntawm depicting tsov rog ntawm 1812 nyob rau hauv Russia depicts tsuas av battles, cavalry, tsheb loj thiab infantry. Nws hloov tawm ib yam dab tsi zoo li no: txij li thaum Leo Tolstoy tsis tau sau txog lub nkoj, yog li ntawd lub nkoj tsis muaj nyob rau hauv 1812 … Ib tug tau txais lub tswv yim hais tias qhov hais txog ntawm lub fleet thiab tej kev thauj dej yog txwv tsis pub los ntawm censorship.

1812, Tsib Hlis - Kutuzov tau kos npe rau kev sib haum xeeb nrog Qaib Cov Txwv, cov tub rog yav qab teb tau dim, tam sim no txhua yam yog npaj txhij rau kev ntxeem tau ntawm Muscovy, cov tub rog pib tsiv mus rau Smolensk.

1812, Lub Rau Hli - Napoleon cov tub rog tuaj txog ntawm Neman, Alexander yog cia siab tias nws nyob hauv Vilna, ib feem ntawm Alexander cov tub rog twb tuaj txog ntawm dej los ntawm St.

1812 - Napoleon cov tub rog, es tsis txhob rushing tam sim ntawd raws lub shortest strategic txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub hiav txwv mus rau St. Petersburg, uas yog "tiv thaiv" los ntawm ib tug Wittgenstein infantry corps, tam sim no nws yog tseeb vim li cas, lawv nyiam txav mus ua ke nyob rau hauv ib tug "tsim kem" tom qab. Alexander cov tub rog.

1812, Lub yim hli ntuj - tag nrho cov tub rog ntawm Alexander thiab Napoleon, raws li lub sij hawm, koom nyob ze Smolensk, uas yog ib tug tseem ceeb point ntawm txoj kev "los ntawm lub Varangians mus rau lub Greeks."

Kev saib xyuas me ntsis yog them rau Kev Sib Tw ntawm Smolensk txhua, txawm hais tias muaj lus nug tseem ceeb tshwm sim: vim li cas Bagration's flashes tau tsim nyob rau hauv ib qho chaw qhib ntawm Borodino, thiab ntawm no qhov kev tiv thaiv yog tuav los ntawm lub fortress ua twb nyob rau hauv Boris Godunov, tab sis "tsis yog phab ntsa. tsis yog lub fortifications muaj qhov tsim nyog fortifications kom haum rau artillery, yog li ntawd tiv thaiv kev sib ntaus sib tua tshwm sim feem ntau nyob rau sab nrauv. " Los ntawm txoj kev, nws yog tom qab Smolensk tias nws tawm ntawm qhov ntxoov ntxoo. Kutuzov, leej twg, rau qee yam, tam sim ntawd raws li qhov tshwm sim tau txais lub npe ntawm Serenehigh Tub huabtais ntawm Smolensk, txawm hais tias raws li lub official version ntawm lub sij hawm nws yog tus thawj coj ntawm lub rooj sib txoos ntawm cov neeg lub militia (ib tug heev tsim nyog txoj hauj lwm rau ib tug tub rog thawj coj ntawm no qeb). (saib Qee qhov tsis meej ntawm Smolensk hauv 1812 thiab Vim Li Cas Kutuzov - Tub Vaj Ntxwv ntawm Smolensk, thiab tsis yog Borodinsky?)

Kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm Borodino, uas thaum xub thawj tau pom los ntawm kuv tias yog ib hom kev tsim cov cim tsim thiab lub ntiaj teb thawj lub tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm kev tsim kho keeb kwm, tsim los ntawm kev pib ntawm Emperor Nicholas-1 txij li xyoo 1839, poob nthav tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov xwm txheej. qhov nkhaus ntawm cov dej. saib "Borodino. Oddities thiab paub tsis meej ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua."

Es tsis txhob siv daim duab qhia chaw ntawm cov keeb kwm, pab tau kos nrog cov xub, koj tsuas tuaj yeem npaj qhov chaw ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua ntawm daim ntawv qhia khoob, raws li qhov tseeb tsim muaj tseeb, ces peb yuav pom qhov tseeb tag nrho ntawm cov ntshav tom qab Borodino mus rau sab qab teb, mus rau Kaluga:

Yog xav paub ntxiv mus saib "Ib daim duab yooj yim ntawm Qhov Tseem Ceeb ntawm Tsov Rog ntawm 1812"

"Cov hluav taws nyob rau hauv Moscow" - qhov thib ob tsis tshua muaj neeg tshaj tawm virtual rov ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog (saib comic-thriller "The Great Virtual Hluav Taws ntawm Moscow hauv 1812"), los piav qhia txog 30-xyoo kev tsim kho uas ua raws li tom qab tsov rog (supposedly "rov qab"), vim hais tias los ntawm point of view of waterways nyob rau lub sij hawm ntawd tsis muaj yuav tsis muaj dab tsi tseem ceeb, tab sis los ntawm qhov point of view of land road and rail links in a straight line from St. Petersburg, nws yog obligatory los ntawm Tver, ces loj Moscow yuav tsum tau. ua raws nraim hauv qhov chaw no:

Yog xav paub ntxiv mus saib "Ancient Moscow" yog tsim los ntawm St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th"

Yog tias peb sib cav los ntawm qhov kev xav ntawm keeb kwm yav dhau los, zoo li cov neeg tawm tsam tau tawm tsam, thiab tsis yog cov phooj ywg, tom qab ntawd tom qab tshem tawm ntawm Alexander-1 cov tub rog mus rau sab qab teb, ntawm Kaluga, Napoleon muaj Txoj Haujlwm Zoo Thib Ob, hauv kuv lub tswv yim. Tsuas yog ib qho hauv ntiaj teb keeb kwm thaum nws tuaj yeem ntes peb lub peev ib zaug: "lub peev qub" Moscow, "Peb lub peev" Tver thiab "lub peev tshiab" Petersburg! Tiam sis peb tam sim no to taub yog vim li cas Napoleon tsis ua li no, thiab, raws li ib tug pre-npaj txoj kev npaj, mus tom qab Alexander tus troops nyob rau hauv thiaj li yuav koom tes ua ke zuaj lub remnants ntawm Muscovy nws cov tub rog nyob rau hauv lub qaum nce mus txog ntawm lub Oka phiab. (saib "Vim li cas Napoleon tsis mus …").

"Lub davhlau ntawm Napoleon cov tub rog" - qhov thib peb tshaj tawm virtual qhov loj ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog yog ua raws li hauv qab no: qhov kev sib ntaus sib tua tiag tiag ntawm daim duab qhia ua ntej yog hnub "dotted kab, ib qho dhau los" - qee qhov thaum muaj kev tawm tsam, thiab qee qhov thaum raug liam tias "rov qab", yog li hais tias tsis muaj duab ntxoov ntxoo ntawm kev xav tias cov tub rog tuav yeej thiab nyob. Cov neeg tuag coob los ntawm Frost thiab lwm yam zoo li sau tawm ntawm tus lej ntau dhau, uas yog, tib lub sijhawm, cov lus teb tau muab rau cov lus nug: "Qhov twg cov tub rog loj ntawm Napoleon mus yog tias nws tsis rov qab los rau Tebchaws Europe?" Ntawm no "Kev sib haum xeeb tuag ntawm Napoleon cov tub rog" yog ib qho kev pom ntawm cov tub rog uas ploj lawm raws li cov lus tim khawv ntawm cov memoirists. Txhua tus neeg uas tsis tub nkeeg tuaj yeem nyeem ntau yam memoirs txog lub nroog uas tau xaiv thiab xav tsis thoob txog lawv npaum li cas "Tsis meej pem hauv zaj lus tim khawv"Pom tau tias, phau ntawv qhia kev sau ntawv tau raug kho ob peb zaug, lossis "memoirists-pob ntseg" tsis txaus ntseeg, tab sis qhov no yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg rau cov neeg nyeem, nws kuj pom cov dab neeg dav dav hauv cov ntawv kawm hauv tsev kawm ntawv thiab tsis ua xyem xyav qhov tseeb ntawm qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws paub.

1812, Kaum Ib Hlis 14 - Lub Imperial Rescript of Emperor Alexander-1 ntawm kev tshawb fawb los ntawm cov tub rog tshwj xeeb tau tso cai ntawm kev tshawb fawb rau kev tso tseg thiab zais riam phom thiab khoom vaj khoom tsev nyob rau hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj kev sib ntaus sib tua. Los ntawm 875 artillery pieces pom thiab coj mus rau Moscow los ntawm Lub ib hlis ntuj 10, 1819, lub cim stupid Tsar Tswb thiab thiaj li nyob rau cam khwb cia. (saib "Lub Moscow Tsar Tswb raug pov rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th").

1812Kaum Ob Hlis 6 - tom qab tsov rog hauv Muscovy Kutuzov muab lub npe "Smolensk". Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 25 - raug cai thiab cim ntawm Christmas tsov rog lawm, Napoleon yog supposedly mus tsev nrog xyaum tsis muaj tub rog, txawm hais tias nyob rau hauv kev muaj tiag cov neeg ua hauj lwm pab tub rog tseem mus ntxuav thaj chaw thiab tsim tub rog nyob rau hauv. Alexander tshaj tawm tsab cai hais txog kev tsim lub Cathedral ntawm Khetos tus Cawm Seej (thawj lub tuam tsev hauv keeb kwm mob siab rau Khetos!)

1813, Lub Ib Hlis - ib ceg yog tsim nyob rau hauv St British Bible Society, renamed nyob rau hauv 1814 mus rau lub Lavxias teb sab Bible Society. Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb yog txhais phau Vajlugkub rau cov lus ntawm haiv neeg (puas yog tsis muaj feem cuam tshuam ua ntej?), tag nrho cov ntawv luam tawm tsis pub tsawg tshaj li ib nrab lab luam. Qhov nthuav tshaj plaws yog phau Vajlugkub thaum kawg tau muab txhais ua lus Lavxias tsuas yog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th. Lawv ua dab tsi tiag nyob ntawd?

1813 Xyoo, Lub Ib Hlis - "Commission on the building of Moscow" tau tsim, uas ua hauj lwm rau 30 xyoo, mus txog rau 1843. Saib: "Ancient Moscow" yog tsim los ntawm St. Petersburg nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th.

1814 cov tub rog ntawm Alexander I hauv Paris (saib "Historical riddle: txawv txav ntawm cov tub rog").

Lwm yam hais txog sau ntawv

Download tau tus sau phau ntawv "The Logistic Theory of Civilization"