I.S. Turgenev ua li cas thiaj muaj npe nrov thoob plaws ntiaj teb?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

2018 yog lub 200th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm lub hnub yug ntawm Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev (09.11.1818 - 03.09.1883), ib tug classic ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv ntawm lub thib ob ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.

Thaum Lub Kaum Hli 24, 2017, ntawm 39th kev sib tham ntawm United Nations General Conference ntawm UNESCO hauv Paris, nws tau txiav txim siab suav nrog hnub tseem ceeb ntawm I. S. Turgenev mus rau Daim Ntawv Teev Npe ntawm UNESCO nco txog hnub tseem ceeb rau tib neeg.

I. S. Turgenev yog thawj tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias los ua neeg ntiaj teb nto moo thaum nws lub neej. Kev txawj ntse ntawm Turgenev ua tus sau ntawv tshiab tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm cov neeg muaj npe nrov hauv Russia, Western Europe thiab Asmeskas.

Tus neeg sau ntawv ua tiav ntawm A. S. Pushkin, tus tuav ntaub ntawv ntawm "zoo thiab muaj zog" Lavxias teb sab lus, Turgenev nteg lub hauv paus ntawm Lavxias teb sab classical tshiab, yog tus tsim ntawm classical dluab uas tau los ua lub embodiment ntawm Lavxias teb sab cim, Lavxias teb sab txiv neej.

Nws tej hauj lwm tau muab txhais ua txhua yam lus nyob sab Europe thiab paub thoob plaws ntiaj teb. Hmoov tsis zoo, hauv Russia, tsis yog 150th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm AM. Gorky (1868-28-03 - 1936-18-06), los yog 200th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm I. S. Turgenev, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau yav tom ntej 100th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm A. I. Solzhenitsyn, tsis yog li ntawd dav them thiab ua kev zoo siab.

Nyob rau hauv 2018, muaj lwm yam nco txog hnub uas muaj feem xyuam rau nto moo Lavxias teb sab (Soviet) sau ntawv thiab paj huam, xws li 110th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm N. N. Nosov (1908-23-11 - 1976-26-07), 195th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm A. N. Ostrovsky (12.04.1823 -14.06.1886), 110th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm I. A. Efremov (1908-22-04 - 1972-05-10), 125th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm V. V. Mayakovsky (1893-19-07 - 1930-14-04), 100th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm V. D. Dudintsev (1918-29-07 - 1998-22-07) thiab lwm tus neeg uas tsis tau ua pej xeem sau npe, thiab leej twg, koj pom, tsis tsim nyog oblivion keeb kwm los yog tsis saib xyuas ntawm cov tub ceev xwm.

Peb txuas ntxiv cov kab lus hais txog Lub Neej Ntawm Cov Neeg Zoo Tshaj Plaws (ZhZL) thiab qhov no yog hais txog Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

“I. S. Turgenev yog ib tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias zoo tshaj plaws uas, nrog kev ua siab zoo perspicacity thiab rhiab heev, pom Russia yog cov neeg muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nrog lub zog coj ncaj ncees."

200th hnub tseem ceeb ntawm I. S. Turgenev hauv 2018 yog qhov kev tshwm sim thoob ntiaj teb. Cov haujlwm ntawm I. S. Turgenev paub nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov teb chaws thiab muab txhais ua txhua yam lus nyob sab Europe. Nws lub npe suav nrog hauv lub galaxy ntawm cov classics ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th thiab yog nyob rau hauv ib tug par nrog AS. Pushkin, L. N. Tolstoy, F. M. Dostoevsky.

Turgenev tiv thaiv tib neeg txoj cai, tawm tswv yim rau kev ywj pheej ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb hauv Russia los ntawm kev ua qhev, yog ib tus neeg sib tw ardent ntawm kev tsov kev rog, kiv puag ncig thiab lub txim tuag. Nws yog Turgenev uas yog tus tswv lub sij hawm "nihilism." Turgenev lub credo thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej:

"Qhov uas nyob mus ib txhis thiab tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj yog kos duab ua lub tswv yim zoo thiab lub tswv yim ntawm lub npe ntawm qhov laj thawj zoo."

Tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias tau tawm tsam tib neeg kev hloov pauv los ntawm kab lis kev cai, hu rau kev sib haum xeeb ntawm cov neeg koom nrog kev tawm tsam kev xav thiab tawm tsam kev tawm tsam hauv ib qho ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim. Turgenev tau tawm tswv yim rau pej xeem kev kawm thiab, nyob rau hauv cov lus ntawm Fabkis philosopher thiab kws sau ntawv Ernest Renan, yog tus cev lus rau "nrov nco qab."

Cov chaw hauv tebchaws yog qhov chaw nplua nuj tshaj plaws rau Turgenev, los ntawm qhov chaw nws kos cov khoom siv ntau rau nws txoj haujlwm. Tag nrho lub neej thiab txoj kev muaj tswv yim ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yog cim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo nrog lawv. Hauv nws cov creation, peb nrhiav thiab nrhiav cov lus teb rau ntau lo lus nug ntawm lub neej.

Luv luv biography. Qhov pib ntawm lub neej

“Kuv tau kawm ib txoj kev ntseeg los ntawm cov kev paub dhau los ntawm xyoo tas los no: lub neej tsis yog kev tso dag lossis kev lom zem, lub neej tsis muaj kev lom zem … lub neej yog kev ua haujlwm nyuaj.

Renunciation, renunciation yog tas li - qhov no yog nws lub ntsiab lus zais cia, nws txoj kev daws teeb meem: tsis ua kom tiav cov kev xav thiab kev npau suav, txawm tias lawv zoo npaum li cas, - kev ua tiav ntawm lub luag haujlwm, qhov no yog yam uas tus neeg yuav tsum tau saib xyuas; tsis ua rau nws tus kheej cov chains, hlau chains ntawm lub luag hauj lwm, nws tsis tuaj yeem ncav cuag qhov kawg ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm yam tsis tau poob; thiab nyob rau hauv peb cov hluas peb xav tias: lub freer, qhov zoo, qhov ntxiv koj yuav mus.

Nws tso cai rau cov hluas xav li ntawd; tiam sis koj txaj muag rau koj tus kheej nrog kev dag ntxias, thaum lub ntsej muag ntawm qhov tseeb thaum kawg ntsia rau hauv koj lub qhov muag. (I. S. Turgenev)

Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev yug thaum Lub Kaum Hli 28 (Lub Kaum Ib Hlis 9) hauv Orel. Raws li nws txiv (Sergei Nikolaevich, 1793 -1834) nws tau koom nrog cov qub nom tswv tsev neeg ntawm Turgenevs, paub txij thaum xyoo pua 15th. Los ntawm niam (Varvara Petrovna, 1788-1850) - mus rau tsev neeg Lutovinov, yos rov qab mus rau lub xyoo pua 17th.

Cov menyuam yaus ntawm tus kws sau ntawv yav tom ntej tau siv rau thaj av thiab thaj av ntawm Spasskoye-Lutovinovo ze lub nroog Mtsensk, Oryol xeev.

"Rudin", "Noble Zes", "Faust", "Txiv Neej thiab Tub", "Nyob rau Eve", "Ghosts", "Tshiab", "Song of Triumphant Love", prose paj huam - qhov no tsis yog ib daim ntawv teev tag nrho. Turgenev cov hauj lwm, keeb kwm ntawm creation uas yog txuam nrog Spassky-Lutovinov - tsev neeg cov cuab yeej cuab tam ntawm tus sau nyob rau hauv lub Mtsensk koog tsev kawm ntawv ntawm lub Oryol xeev.

Ivan yog tus tub thib ob hauv tsev neeg. Leej niam ntawm tus sau yav tom ntej Varvara Petrovna los ntawm ib tsev neeg muaj koob muaj npe. Nws txoj kev sib yuav rau Sergei Nikolaevich tsis zoo siab. Nyob rau hauv 1830, leej txiv tau ncaim tsev neeg thiab tuag nyob rau hauv 1834, tso peb tus tub - Nikolai, Ivan thiab Sergei, uas tuag ntxov los ntawm kev qaug dab peg.

Turgenev niam Varvara Petrovna txiav txim "kev kawm" raws li ib tug autocratic empress - nrog "tub ceev xwm" thiab "cov thawj coj" uas tau ntsib nyob rau hauv tshwj xeeb "tsev" thiab ceremoniously tshwm sim rau nws txhua txhua sawv ntxov rau ib daim ntawv qhia (txog qhov no - nyob rau hauv zaj dab neeg "Tus kheej" Master's Office, 1881).

Nws nyiam hais tias "Kuv xav tau kev tua, Kuv xav tau ib qho ntxim hlub." Nws kho nws tus tub zoo-natured thiab npau suav phem hnyav, xav coj ib tug "Lutovinov tiag" nyob rau hauv nws, tab sis nyob rau hauv vain. Nws tsuas yog ua rau tus tub lub siab raug mob, thuam cov neeg ntawm nws "kev kawm" uas nws tau koom nrog (tom qab ntawd nws yuav dhau los ua tus qauv ntawm cov poj niam capricious hauv Turgenev cov dab neeg "Mumu", 1852; "Punin thiab Baburin", 1874; thiab lwm yam.).

Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, Varvara Petrovna yog ib tug poj niam kawm ntawv thiab ib tug neeg txawv teb chaws nyiam sau ntawv. Nws tsis skimp ntawm tus cob qhia rau nws cov tub.

Txij thaum yau, Turgenev raug coj mus txawv tebchaws, tom qab tsev neeg tsiv mus rau Moscow hauv 1827, cov kws qhia ntawv zoo tshaj plaws tau qhia (ntawm lawv - tus kws sau ntawv D. N. los ntawm lub sijhawm nws nkag mus rau hauv chav hais lus ntawm Philosophy Kws qhia ntawv ntawm Moscow University hauv 1833, nws twb hais lus Fab Kis, German, Askiv thiab sau paj huam.

Nyob rau hauv 1834, Turgenev pauv mus rau St. Petersburg University, uas nws kawm tiav nyob rau hauv 1837 nrog lub title ntawm "tus tub kawm ntawv tiag" (nws tsis tau xeem rau cov neeg sib tw). Thawj qhov kev paub txog kev sau ntawv ntawm Turgenev rov qab mus rau lub sijhawm no - kev ua yeeb yam romantic hauv nqe lus "Steno" (1834, luam tawm xyoo 1913).

Xib fwb ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv P. A. Pletnev, uas tus tub hluas tau qhia zaj paj huam, pom nws tsis muaj zog imitation ntawm J. Byron, tab sis pom tias tus sau muaj "ib yam dab tsi", thiab txawm luam tawm ob zaj paj huam nyob rau hauv nws Sovremennik magazine (Turgenev cov paj huam tshwm nyob rau ntawd thiab tom qab ntawd).

Tus sau nws tus kheej tau piav qhia txog cov tub ntxhais hluas no ua "kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo, uas, nrog rau menyuam yaus tsis zoo, kev ua qhev ntawm Byron's "Manfred" tau hais. Txawm hais tias qhov pom tseeb zoo sib xws ntawm Steno thiab Manfred, uas Turgenev nws tus kheej tsis tau tsis kam lees, cov paj huam qhia txog kev tsim tawm zoo ib yam ntawm cov kev xav ntawm Shakespeare's Hamlet.

Thorny txoj kev mus rau creativity

Turgenev txoj hauj lwm poob rau lub sij hawm tom qab lub thiaj li hu ua "golden age" ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv - lub literary era ntawm Griboyedov, Pushkin, Lermontov thiab Gogol. Turgenev's prose qhia txog lub sijhawm ntawm keeb kwm kev hloov pauv hauv Lavxias haiv neeg thiab lub xeev, uas cuam tshuam feem ntau nws cov qauv kev sib raug zoo, kev nom kev tswv thiab kev xav. Kev swb nyob rau hauv Crimean Tsov rog, kev hloov kho thaum lub sij hawm reign ntawm Emperor Alexander II, lub liberation ntawm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb, lub sab ntsuj plig quest ntawm cov txawj ntse, revolutionary kev xav nyob rau hauv zej zog yog cov ntsiab lus ntawm lub neej nyob rau hauv Russia nyob rau hauv lub 1840s - 1880s.

Turgenev tsis yog ib tug ntawm cov neeg sau ntawv uas muaj kev lees paub dav tuaj sai lossis tam sim ntawd, xws li, piv txwv li, rau Dostoevsky, uas, tom qab luam tawm nws thawj phau ntawv tshiab, Cov Neeg Txom Nyem, tau los ua neeg muaj koob meej; Hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lwm tus phooj ywg ntawm Turgenev - I. A. Goncharov, V. D. Grigorovich - thaum xub thawj lawv zoo siab dua nws.

Vissarion Belinsky

Turgenev pib nws txoj hauj lwm ua ib tug kws sau paj lug: nws sau paj huam los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm 1830s, thiab nyob rau hauv 1843 nws luam tawm ib phau ntawv paj huam. Txawm li cas los xij, tus kws sau ntawv sai sai hloov mus rau prose.

Nyob rau hauv 1840s, Turgenev yog ib tug active koom nyob rau hauv lub literary voj voog ntawm V. G. Belinsky hauv St. Nws txoj hauj lwm tau cuam tshuam rau qee yam los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm "natural school" uas muaj nyob rau hauv cov neeg sau ntawv ntawm Belinsky lub voj voog.

Qhov no tau tshwm sim feem ntau hauv cov lus piav qhia ntawm kev muaj tiag, lub ntiaj teb sab nraud. Raws li ib tug thawj kws sau ntawv nrog nws tus kheej style, muaj tswv yim thiab pej xeem stance, Turgenev thawj zaug tshwm sim nyob rau hauv lub voj voog ntawm zaj dab neeg sau ntawv "Notes of a Hunter" (1847 - 1852).

Kasyan, illustration los ntawm I. S. Turgenev rau "Notes of a Hunter"

Nyob rau hauv phau ntawv no, nws qhia lub neej ntawm peasantry, yav tas los tsis paub nyob rau hauv loj cov ntaub ntawv, lub kaj lub teb chaws cim, lub zog tseem ceeb thiab tus ntsuj plig ntawm Lavxias teb sab txiv neej.

Xyoo 1838-1841 nws tau sau me me thiab pom tsawg heev ntawm qhov nws sau tsim nyog luam tawm. Txhua yam ntawm nws cov paj huam tau tshaj tawm yog "tsis muaj qhov phem tshaj" tshaj li cov kws sau paj huam nto moo tshaj plaws (ntawm chav kawm, Lermontov, Koltsov, Baratynsky tsis suav nrog tus lej no) "adorned" nplooj ntawv ntawm cov ntawv xov xwm; tab sis tsis muaj leej twg nyiam cov neeg nyeem lossis kev thuam.

Lub tswv yim tseem ceeb ntawm kev muaj tswv yim zoo li no yog qhia txog "kev nyuaj siab thiab lus nug" ntawm lub sijhawm. Cov neeg sau ntawv hluas ntawm cov xyoo ntawd, zoo li feem ntau cov neeg nyeem ntawm Otechestvennye zapiski, qhov twg Belinsky cov ntawv tau luam tawm, nkag siab zoo tias hauv nws lub qhov ncauj cov lus no yog ib qho ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo.

Nws yog nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub ntsiab lus no hais tias cov neeg thuam pom qhov guarantee ntawm kev vam meej ntxiv nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm Lavxias teb sab ntaub ntawv. Yog tias tsis muaj kev pheej hmoo loj ntawm kev ua yuam kev, peb tuaj yeem hais tias tag nrho Turgenev txoj haujlwm ntawm 1840s yog subordinated rau ib tug, siv Stanislavsky lub sij hawm, ib tug super ua hauj lwm - kev tshawb fawb rau nws tus kheej cov kev daws rau ib tug social ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv.

"Notes of a Hunter" - raws li kev xav ntawm lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo

Nyob rau hauv keeb kwm ntawm cov ntaub ntawv muaj cov phau ntawv uas qhia tag nrho cov epochs tsis tau tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev loj hlob ntawm kos duab thiab cov ntaub ntawv, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv lub zej zog tag nrho. Xws li ib phau ntawv los ua "Notes of a Hunter". Lawv yog cov lus qhia ncaj qha thiab muaj txiaj ntsig tshaj plaws ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev sau ntawv tawm tsam ntawm 1840s ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm cov lus nug ntawm serfdom, uas yog, cov lus nug ntawm txoj hmoo ntawm cov neeg qhev.

Nyob rau hauv 1845 - 1846, Turgenev tseem tsis paub meej txog nws txoj haujlwm sau ntawv thiab txawm tias

“… Kuv tau txais nws,” raws li nws tau sau rau hauv nws cov ntawv sau cia, “lub hom phiaj ruaj khov yuav tawm hauv cov ntawv nyeem tag nrho; tsuas yog los ntawm kev thov los ntawm I. I. Panaev, uas tsis muaj dab tsi los sau qhov sib xyaw seem hauv 1 qhov teeb meem ntawm Sovremennik, kuv tso nws ib tsab ntawv hu ua Khor thiab Kalinich. (Cov lus: "Los ntawm Kev Sau Ntawv ntawm Tus Neeg Tua Tsiaj" tau tsim thiab ntxiv los ntawm tib yam II Panaev txhawm rau muab pov tseg cov neeg nyeem kom indulgence.) Qhov kev vam meej ntawm tsab ntawv no tau ua rau kuv sau lwm tus; thiab kuv tau rov qab mus rau cov ntawv nyeem."

Nrog rau kev tshaj tawm ntawm txhua daim ntawv sau tshiab lossis zaj dab neeg los ntawm "Notes of a Hunter", qhov kev txiav txim siab no tau ntxiv dag zog ntxiv. Ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, mloog mus rau qhov dav ntawm tus sau lub qab ntug; Turgenev zoo li tau sau los ntawm lub neej, tab sis nws cov ntawv sau thiab cov dab neeg tsis ua rau muaj kev xav ntawm kev kawm lossis kev kos duab ethnographic, txawm hais tias nws tsis skimp ntawm ethnographic thiab "loj keeb kwm" cov ntsiab lus. Lub neej ntiag tug ntawm cov neeg tsis paub tseeb yog feem ntau muab los ntawm nws nyob rau hauv ib qho kev sib piv uas qhia tau hais tias tus sau lub zeem muag yog tag nrho ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv nws kev sib txuas nrog tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no. Ua tsaug rau qhov no, txhua daim duab, txhua ntu, nrog rau tag nrho nws tus kheej tam sim no, thiab qee zaum nws zoo li tsis muaj sijhawm lossis caij nyoog, tau txais qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov no lossis qhov ntawd hloov mus rau qhov dav dua li lub neej ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam tsim tawm hauv nws..

Nyob rau hauv "Sau ntawv ntawm ib tug neeg yos hav zoov" Turgenev feem ntau siv rau cov txheej txheem ntawm juxtaposing lub sij hawm - qub thiab tshiab. Tsis tas li ntawd, tsis muaj teeb meem dab tsi cov phab ej hais txog qhov no - txawm tias lawv qhuas cov xyoo qub lossis tsis pom zoo - tus sau qhov kev ntsuam xyuas yav dhau los yog qhov tseeb: "lub hnub nyoog kub" ntawm Lavxias teb sab nom tswv - lub hnub nyoog ntawm Catherine thiab Alexander - feem ntau yog ib puas xyoo. ntawm noble revelry, extravagance (koj tsuas yog yuav tsum nco ntsoov qhov kev lom zem thiab kev lom zem ntawm suav AG Orlov-Chesmensky, hais txog uas Luka Petrovich Ovsyannikov, ib tug txiv neej ntawm tib lub palace, hais lus), debauchery thiab khav theeb arbitrariness. Zoo, thiab tshiab, Nikolaev lub sij hawm? Txawv txawv raws li nws yuav zoo li, tab sis nws yog nyob rau lub sij hawm no uas lub xeev scribblers qw ntau dua puas tau ua ntej txog kev ua tiav ntawm kev nkag siab, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov tswv av.

Zaj dab neeg "Burmist" tsuas yog qhia txog ib tus tswv av "pom zoo" - txog Arkady Pavlych Penochkin. Turgenev tsis muaj dab tsi rau tus nyeem ntawv twv: lub npog ntsej muag ntawm "kev pom kev" tau raug torn tawm ntawm nws ob lub qhov muag. Raws li qhov tseeb, Penochkin tso nws tsuas yog rau lub sijhawm tshwj xeeb. Lub sijhawm ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm "kev tawm tsam" hauv Shipilovka yog qhov qhia tau hais tias:

"Tsis yog, tus kwv, kuv tsis qhia koj kom ntxeev siab rau kuv … nrog kuv … (Arkady Pavlych nqis mus rau pem hauv ntej, yog, tej zaum nws yuav nco txog kuv lub xub ntiag, tig mus thiab muab nws txhais tes tso rau hauv nws lub hnab ris)."

Nyob rau hauv lub disgusting daim duab no muaj ib tug generalization ntawm lub enormous hwj chim ntawm arbitrariness ntawm cov tswv tsev.

Tus Neeg Saib Xyuas Cov Lus Ceeb Toom irrefutably ntseeg tus nyeem ntawv ntawm qhov xav tau tshem tawm serfdom raws li lub hauv paus ntawm kev sib raug zoo hauv Russia; nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, lawv nyob ze rau Radishchev Txoj Kev los ntawm St. Petersburg mus rau Moscow. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm "Notes of a Hunter" nyob rau hauv lub neej muaj tswv yim ntawm Turgenev yog immeasurably zoo. Tom qab kev tshaj tawm ntawm phau ntawv no, nws tau los ua tus tsim kev lees paub ntawm Lavxias cov ntaub ntawv.

Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm I. S. Turgenev

Lub xyoo caum tom ntej tau raug cim los ntawm kev ua haujlwm siab ntawm Turgenev txoj haujlwm: pib ntawm nruab nrab-1850s, plaub zaj dab neeg thiab ob zaj dab neeg tau luam tawm los ntawm nws tus cwj mem. Kev nce siab hauv Turgenev cov haujlwm sau ntawv yog qhov tsis txaus ntseeg cuam tshuam nrog cov xwm txheej nom tswv hauv tebchaws Russia - nws cov haujlwm ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd yog cov lus teb ncaj qha rau lawv, thiab qee zaum txawm tawm ntawm cov xwm txheej lawv tus kheej, qhia meej lub siab ntawm lub sijhawm.

Xws li cov dab neeg "Rudin" (1856), "Noble Nest" (1859), "Nyob rau Eve" (1860). Cov dab neeg mob siab rau thawj tus hlub yog nyob rau lub sijhawm no ntawm kev muaj tswv yim: "Asya" (1858), "Thawj Hlub" (1860). Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, cov ntawv tshiab "Txiv thiab Cov Tub" (1862) tau tsim, uas Turgenev piav qhia txog Lavxias teb sab haiv neeg thaum lub sijhawm hloov kho lub sijhawm rau Russia nyob rau xyoo 19th - kev tshem tawm ntawm serfdom.

Kev nom kev tswv thiab pej xeem kev xav ntawm tus kws sau ntawv

Turgenev suav hais tias nws tus kheej yog ib qho kev ywj pheej maj mam, tus neeg txhawb nqa ntawm kev hloov pauv kev nom kev tswv thiab kev lag luam qeeb, coj Russia los ze zog rau cov teb chaws sab hnub poob.

Txawm li cas los xij, thoob plaws nws txoj haujlwm tag nrho, nws muaj kev khuv leej rau cov neeg tawm tsam kev ywj pheej. Nws ib txwm qhuas nws "kev paub txog tus yam ntxwv zoo", kev ncaj ncees ntawm lawv tus cwj pwm, tsis muaj kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm cov lus thiab kev ua, lub siab nyiam ntawm cov neeg sib tw tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm lub tswv yim.

Revolutionary democrats feem ntau yog cov pej xeem, txawm hais tias tseem muaj cov nom tswv ntawm lawv. Ib tug thawj - V. G. Belinsky. Nyob rau hauv lub 50s thiab 60s, lub revolutionary democrats coj los ntawm N. G. Chernyshevsky, N. A. Dobrolyubov, A. I. Herzen, N. P. Ogarev thiab lwm tus tau tshaj tawm lawv cov tswv yim ntawm nplooj ntawv Sovremennik thiab Kolokol. Lawv tau ua ke lub tswv yim ntawm kev hloov pauv neeg ua liaj ua teb nrog cov tswv yim ntawm utopian socialism. Lawv suav hais tias cov neeg peasantry yog lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv lub tebchaws; ntseeg hais tias tom qab lub abolition ntawm serfdom los ntawm lub peasant kiv puag ncig, bypassing capitalism, nws yuav los ntawm lub peasant zej zog mus rau socialism.

Turgenev qhuas lawv lub siab tawv, tab sis tib lub sijhawm ntseeg tias lawv tau nrawm heev rau keeb kwm, raug kev txom nyem los ntawm kev ua siab ntev thiab ua siab ntev. Yog li ntawd, nws tau txiav txim siab tias lawv cov dej num ua rau muaj kev puas tsuaj loj heev: lawv yog cov neeg siab ncaj thiab muaj siab ntseeg knights ntawm lub tswv yim ntxeev siab, tab sis keeb kwm, nrog rau nws txoj kev tsis txaus ntseeg, hloov lawv mus rau "knights rau ib teev".

Xyoo 1859, Turgenev tau sau ib tsab xov xwm hu ua "Hamlet thiab Don Quixote", uas yog tus yuam sij rau kev nkag siab tag nrho Turgenev tus phab ej. Piav txog hom Hamlet, Turgenev xav txog "cov neeg superfluous", noble heroes, tab sis los ntawm Don Quixote nws txhais tau tias ib tiam tshiab ntawm pej xeem cov nuj nqis - revolutionary democrats.

Ib txoj kev ywj pheej nrog kev xav txog kev ywj pheej, Turgenev xav ua tus arbiter hauv kev tsis sib haum xeeb ntawm ob lub zej zog. Nws pom qhov muaj zog thiab qhov tsis muaj zog hauv Hamlets thiab Quixotes. Nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm kev hloov ntawm ntau tiam neeg ntawm pej xeem cov nuj nqis, nyob rau hauv lub era ntawm kev hloov chaw ntawm cov nom tswv los ntawm cov pej xeem, Turgenev npau suav ntawm muaj peev xwm ntawm kev koom tes ntawm tag nrho cov anti-serf rog, ntawm kev sib sau ntawm lub liberals nrog lub revolutionary democrats. Nws xav pom kev ua siab loj thiab kev txiav txim siab ntau dua hauv "Hamlet" cov nom tswv, thiab kev ua siab ntev thiab kev xav hauv "quixote" cov neeg ywj pheej. Tsab xov xwm nthuav tawm Turgenev txoj kev npau suav ntawm tus phab ej uas tshem tawm qhov kawg ntawm "Hamletism" thiab "quixotism" hauv nws tus cwj pwm.

Nws hloov tawm tias Turgenev tus kws sau ntawv tas li nrhiav kev nce siab saum kev sib ntaus sib tua, kom rov sib haum xeeb ntawm kev sib ntaus sib tua, txwv tsis pub tawm tsam. Nws thawb tawm ntawm ib qho kev ua tiav thiab tsis txaus siab.

Cov kab ke tsuas yog muaj nuj nqis los ntawm cov neeg uas tsis muaj qhov tseeb tag nrho hauv lawv txhais tes, leej twg xav ntes nws los ntawm tus Tsov tus tw. Lub kaw lus yog tus Tsov tus tw ntawm qhov tseeb, tab sis qhov tseeb yog zoo li lizard: nws yuav tawm ntawm nws tus Tsov tus tw, thiab nws yuav khiav tawm”(Turgenev tsab ntawv rau Leo Tolstoy nyob rau hauv 1857).

Nyob rau hauv Turgenev hu rau kev kam rau siab, nyob rau hauv Turgenev lub siab xav "tshem tawm" cov contradictions thiab heev ntawm irreconcilable kev sib raug zoo tiam sis nyob rau hauv lub 60s thiab 70s, muaj ib tug zoo-tsim kev txhawj xeeb rau txoj hmoo ntawm lub tom ntej Lavxias teb sab kev cai ywj pheej thiab Lavxias teb sab kab lis kev cai. Turgenev tau ceeb toom los ntawm qhov tsis muaj tseeb, ntshai los ntawm kev tsis txaus siab ntawm qee qhov kev nce qib ntawm cov neeg txawj ntse Lavxias teb sab, npaj rau slavishly ua raws txhua qhov kev xav tshiab, tsis txaus ntseeg tig tawm ntawm qhov kev paub keeb kwm yav dhau los, los ntawm cov hnub nyoog laus.

"Thiab peb tsis lees paub nws tsis zoo li tus txiv neej dawb uas ntaus nrog rab ntaj," nws tau sau rau hauv nws cov pa luam yeeb tshiab, "tab sis zoo li tus neeg ncaws pob uas ntaus nrog nws lub nrig, thiab, tej zaum, nws kuj ntaus los ntawm tus tswv."

Turgenev branded no servile kev npaj ntawm Lavxias teb sab pej xeem tsis hwm lawv cov kev cai, nws yog ib qho yooj yim mus tso tseg cov ntsiab lus ntawm nag hmo kev pe hawm nrog cov tagged kab lus: "Ib tug tshiab tswv yug los, nrog cov laus !. … Hauv Yakov lub pob ntseg, hauv Sidor ko taw."

"Nyob rau hauv Russia, nyob rau hauv ib lub teb chaws ntawm txhua yam, revolutionary thiab kev cai dab qhuas, maximalism, lub teb chaws ntawm nws tus kheej immolations, ib lub teb chaws ntawm kev nruj kev tsiv tshaj, Turgenev yuav luag ib tug xwb, tom qab Pushkin, lub ntse heev ntawm kev ntsuas thiab, yog li ntawd, cov neeg txawj ntse ntawm kab lis kev cai, "hais tias tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias thiab tus kws tshawb fawb D. WITH. Merezhkovsky. "Nyob rau hauv qhov kev nkag siab no, Turgenev, nyob rau hauv sib piv rau cov zoo creators thiab destroyers, L. Tolstoy thiab Dostoevsky, yog peb tib neeg saib xyuas … ".

"Cov neeg ntxiv" hauv daim duab ntawm Turgenev

Txawm tias muaj tseeb hais tias cov kev lig kev cai ntawm depicting "neeg superfluous" tshwm sim ua ntej Turgenev (Chatsky A. S. Griboyedova, Eugene Onegin AS Pushkina, Pechorin M. Yu. Lermontova, Beltov AI "IA Goncharova), Turgenev muaj qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev txhais hom ntawv nyeem.

Lub npe "Superfluous person" tau kho tom qab luam tawm xyoo 1850 ntawm Turgenev zaj dab neeg "Lub Chaw Muag Khoom ntawm Ib Tug Neeg Ntxiv". "Cov neeg superfluous" tau txawv, raws li txoj cai, los ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm kev txawj ntse superiority tshaj lwm tus thiab tib lub sij hawm passivity, kev puas siab puas ntsws tsis sib haum xeeb, tsis ntseeg nyob rau hauv kev sib raug zoo nrog rau qhov tseeb ntawm lub ntiaj teb sab nraud, qhov sib txawv ntawm lo lus thiab kev ua. Turgenev tsim tag nrho cov duab zoo sib xws: Chulkaturin (Diary of Extra Man, 1850), Rudin (Rudin, 1856), Lavretsky (Noble Nest, 1859), Nezhdanov (Nov, 1877). Turgenev cov dab neeg thiab cov dab neeg "Asya", "Yakov Pasynkov", "Cov ntawv xov xwm" thiab lwm yam kuj mob siab rau cov teeb meem ntawm "tus neeg superfluous".

Lub protagonist ntawm "Chaw muag mis nyuj ntawm ib tug Extra Man" yog cim los ntawm lub siab xav mus soj ntsuam tag nrho nws cov kev xav, los sau cov slightest ntxoov ntawm lub xeev ntawm nws tus kheej ntsuj plig. Zoo li Shakespeare's Hamlet, tus phab ej pom qhov tsis zoo thiab qhov nruj ntawm nws txoj kev xav, tsis muaj lub siab nyiam:

"Kuv tau txheeb xyuas kuv tus kheej mus rau cov xov kawg, muab piv rau kuv tus kheej nrog rau lwm tus, nco qab qhov muag me ntsis, luag nyav, cov lus ntawm tib neeg … Tag nrho cov hnub dhau los hauv qhov mob no, tsis muaj txiaj ntsig ua haujlwm."

Introspection uas corrodes tus ntsuj plig muab lub hero ib unnatural Library:

"Tsuas yog tom qab kuv raug ntiab tawm ntawm Ozhogins lub tsev kuv tau mob siab kawm ntau npaum li cas tus neeg tuaj yeem rub los ntawm kev xav txog nws tus kheej txoj hmoo."

Lub inconsistency ntawm lub apathetic thiab reflective cim yog txawm ntau hais ntxiv los ntawm cov dluab ntawm tag nrho thiab muaj zog Turgenev heroines.

Qhov tshwm sim ntawm Turgenev qhov kev xav ntawm tus phab ej ntawm Rudinsky thiab Chulkaturinsky hom yog tsab xov xwm "Hamlet thiab Don Quixote" (1859) Qhov tsawg tshaj plaws "Hamletic" ntawm tag nrho cov Turgenev "superfluous neeg" yog hero ntawm "Noble Zes" Lavretsky. Ib tug ntawm nws cov cim tseem ceeb, Aleksey Dmitrievich Nezhdanov, yog lub npe hu ua "Lavxias teb sab Hamlet" nyob rau hauv lub tshiab "Nov".

Ib txhij nrog Turgenev, qhov tshwm sim ntawm "tus neeg superfluous" tau tsim los ntawm I. A. Goncharov nyob rau hauv phau ntawv tshiab Oblomov (1859), N. A. Nekrasov - Agarin ("Sasha", 1856), A. F. Pisemsky thiab lwm yam. Tab sis, tsis zoo li tus cwj pwm ntawm Goncharov, tus phab ej ntawm Turgenev tau raug ntau dua typification. Raws li Soviet txawj sau ntawv critic A. Lavretsky (I. M. Frenkel), "Yog tias peb muaj los ntawm txhua qhov chaw rau kev kawm ntawm 40s. muaj tsuas yog ib qho "Rudin" lossis ib "Noble zes", nws tseem tuaj yeem tsim qhov xwm txheej ntawm lub sijhawm hauv nws cov yam ntxwv tshwj xeeb. Peb tsis nyob hauv txoj haujlwm ua qhov no nrog Oblomov."

Tom qab ntawd, cov kev lig kev cai ntawm depicting Turgenev "cov neeg superfluous" yog ironically ua si los ntawm Anton Pavlovich Chekhov. Tus cwj pwm ntawm nws zaj dab neeg "Duel" - Laevsky yog ib tug txo thiab parody version ntawm Turgenev "tus neeg superfluous". Nws hais rau nws tus phooj ywg von Koren:

"Kuv yog ib tug poob, ib tug ntxiv."

Von Koren pom zoo tias Laevsky yog "cov khoom seem ntawm Rudin." Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nws hais txog Laevsky qhov kev thov kom yog "tus neeg tsis txaus ntseeg" hauv lub suab thuam:

"Lus nkag siab qhov no, lawv hais tias, nws tsis yog rau txim rau qhov tseeb tias lub xeev cov pob khoom tsis tau qhib rau lub lis piam thiab nws tus kheej haus thiab muag lwm tus, tab sis Onegin, Pechorin thiab Turgenev yuav tsum liam rau qhov no, uas tau tsim ib qho poob thiab ib tug superfluous."

Tom qab ntawd, cov neeg thuam coj Rudin tus cwj pwm los ze zog rau Turgenev nws tus kheej.

Tab sis tus kws sau ntawv hauv nws tej hauj lwm, ntxiv rau cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib raug zoo, qhia txog lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev hlub.

Lub tragic kev hlub ntawm Ivan Turgenev

Turgenev's "novel ntawm lub neej" tau kav plaub xyoos. Cov kws sau keeb kwm ntawm Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev tseem tsis tau pom zoo tias tus kws sau ntawv puas muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog tus neeg hu nkauj Pauline Viardot lossis tsis. Nws tau hais tias nws yug tau ib tug tub los ntawm nws, raws li lwm yam lus xaiv - ib tug ntxhais. Tab sis muaj lwm version: lawv tau txuas nrog tsuas yog kev sib raug zoo ntawm sab ntsuj plig, kev hlub, tab sis tsis yog carnal, tab sis sublime, uas tej zaum yuav plausible heev.

Nyob rau hauv 1843, 25-xyoo-laus Ivan Turgenev sau nyob rau hauv nws lub chaw muag mis nyuj: "Lub rooj sib tham nrog Polina" - thiab kos ib tug ntoo khaub lig ntawm nws. Nws thiaj li paub tau li cas tias nws yuav tsum nqa "tus ntoo khaub lig" no thoob plaws hauv nws lub neej …

Lawv hais txog nws tias nws yog "tsaus qias neeg", "soot thiab pob txha." Slouching, nrog lub cev tsis txaus ntseeg, nrog lub qhov muag pom thiab lub ntsej muag, raws li tus kws kos duab Ilya Repin, tsis tuaj yeem saib ntawm pem hauv ntej. Thiab tib lub sijhawm, nws tau txais txiaj ntsig nrog kev tshav ntuj, ntxim nyiam, kev txawj ntse thiab txuj ci. Pauline Viardot xav tsis thoob rau tag nrho Petersburg nrog nws lub suab txawv txawv, ncig xyuas nrog Italian opera. Tus neeg hu nkauj lub ntsej muag loj thiab lub cev tsis pom zoo tsuas yog nyob rau thawj lub sijhawm ntawm nws qhov tshwm sim ntawm theem: "Ugly!" Tab sis sai li sai tau thaum nws coj nws nrog nws lub qhov muag dub loj, sai li sai tau thaum nws pib hu nkauj … "Divine!" - sawv daws sighed.

Tus kws kos duab Bogomolov sau txog lawv txoj kev sib raug zoo li no:

"Nws zoo siab rau nws tus kheej, thiab tau khav theeb los ntawm tus txiv neej uas txiav txim siab ob tus cwj pwm zoo li nws thiab nws."

Nws tsis yog qhov xwm txheej uas nws hais txog cov neeg uas rau txim rau Polina, vim yog tus kws sau ntawv Lavxias tau siv sijhawm ntau ntawm nws lub neej sab nraud nws lub tebchaws. Cov kev sib tham no, uas tau nrov nrov thaum lub sijhawm kws sau ntawv tuag, ua rau Polina, tus poj niam zoo siab, muaj siab xav, poj niam, hais tias:

"Yog tias cov neeg Lavxias nyiam lub npe Turgenev, kuv tuaj yeem hais tau zoo siab tias lub npe Pauline Viardot suav nrog nws tsis ploj zuj zus, tab sis qhov siab dua."

Tab sis zoo dua li kev piav qhia rau qhov kev hlub no zoo kawg nkaus, uas kav ntev txog 40 xyoo, yog cov paj huam "Thaum Kuv Yuav Tsis Muaj", sau ob peb xyoos ua ntej nws tuag:

Thaum kuv mus, thaum txhua yam uas kuv tau tawg mus rau hauv av - Au koj, kuv tus phooj ywg nkaus xwb, Au koj, tus uas kuv hlub thiab hlub tshua heev, koj, uas tej zaum yuav muaj sia nyob rau kuv, - tsis txhob mus rau kuv qhov ntxa. … Koj tsis muaj dab tsi ua nyob ntawd …”.

Rau koj mloog ib daim vis dis aus txog Pauline Viardot thiab I. S. Turgenev: