Vim li cas Solovetsky Islands tuaj yeem nyiam ntau tus kws tshawb fawb?

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Solovetsky Islands yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv lawv keeb kwm, uas khaws ntau yam secrets. Rau Solovetsky Islands tuaj ua ib lub archipelago loj, uas nyob rau sab qab teb ntawm Hiav Txwv Dawb ntawm qhov nkag mus rau Onega Bay.

Geologists tau tsim tias cov Islands tuaj so ntawm lub hauv paus ruaj khov ntawm gneiss-granite bedrocks. Vim lawv qhov chaw nyob thiab tshwj xeeb microclimate haum rau flora thiab fauna, cov Islands tuaj nyiam cov neeg coob coob thiab cov kws tshawb fawb.

Lub nyem ntawm thaj tsam ntawm Bolshoi Solovetsky Island yog peculiar. Nyob rau hauv nws nruab nrab ib feem muaj ib tug toj roob hauv pes, uas yog surrounded los ntawm lowlands nrog 500 hollow pas dej, uas ua rau 15% ntawm tag nrho cov cheeb tsam ntawm cov kob. Lub pas dej, nyob rau hauv lem, yog surrounded los ntawm tsis tu ncua ridges 20-50 meters siab, uas stretch raws ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm cov kob.

Ntau lub pob zeb tau tawg thoob plaws hauv cov kob. Xws li ib tug nyem ntawm cov kob lub struts zoo li lub mantle voj voog ntawm lub ntiaj teb, thiab ntawm qhov tod tes, nws zoo li ib tug loj labyrinth, qhov twg pob zeb thiab pas dej tais ua lub luag hauj lwm ntawm muaj zog emitters ntawm lub ntiaj teb no lub zog. Tsis tas li ntawd, ntau xyoo dhau los thiab ntau txhiab xyoo, ib qho kev sib txuas ntawm cov kab hauv av thiab qhov av tau raug tsim los ntawm cov kob, hla ntawm ntau theem, suav nrog hauv qab ntawm lub txee. Lawv tau npaj rau kev coj noj coj ua, kev lag luam thiab kev ua tub rog. Cov no yog hom Solovetsky underground labyrinths. Qee qhov ntawm lawv qhov chaw tuaj yeem qhib rau cov neeg tuaj ncig tebchaws.

Ntawm no, kwv yees li peb txhiab xyoo dhau los, muaj cov chaw teev ntuj ntawm cov neeg thaum ub, raws li pov thawj los ntawm cov chaw tshawb pom ntawm cov neeg ntawm Pob Zeb Hnub Nyoog nrog cov cuab yeej silicon, nrog rau cov labyrinths tsis meej ntawm cov pob zeb thov Vajtswv ntsuas 20-30 cm. Cov kab. ntawm labyrinths ncav cuag 20-30 m. Lawv muaj hnub nyoog ntau tshaj 3 txhiab xyoo. Nyob rau tib lub sij hawm, nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam ntawm Mount Sekirnaya, muaj pob zeb cult lug. Cov kab ntawm lawv tuaj yeem pom nyob rau hauv toj siab rau sab qab teb thiab sab hnub poob ntawm lub roob. Legends hais tias nyob rau hauv Mount Sekirnaya muaj ib lub pob zeb pyramid nrog lub qhov ntxa thiab cov nqe lus. Muaj lwm yam kev faus neeg thaum ub nyob rau sab hnub poob ntawm lub roob. Lub roob nws tus kheej, zoo li lub toj, yog npog nrog cov nroj tsuag. Nyob rau sab saum toj ntawm lub roob muaj ib lub tsev teev ntuj Orthodox thiab ib lub lighthouse. Mus txog rau xyoo pua 16th. pob zeb pagan kev cai dab qhuas vaj tse nyob rau ntawm Mount Sekirnaya thiab ntawm txog. Dawb Huv, suav nrog ntawm nws sab qaum teb sab hnub poob.

Nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia ntawm Muscovy 1542-1555 Tus kws kos duab Anthony Wood ntawm Solovetsky Island depicts nyob rau hauv me me ib tug complex ntawm pob zeb cult lug nrog lub tuam tsev, uas zoo ib yam li lub tuam tsev legendary nyob rau hauv Stonehenge (England). Nyob rau tib daim ntawv qhia, ib lub tuam tsev zoo sib xws tau piav qhia hauv Veliky Novgorod. Lawv raug rhuav tshem thaum xyoo pua 17th. fanatics los ntawm cov ntseeg Vajtswv nyob rau hauv kev sib ntaus tawm tsam pagan polytheism.

Nyob rau hauv 1432 ib tug Christian ntoo monastery tshwm nyob rau ntawm cov kob, uas hlawv ob peb zaug. Xyoo 1594, kev tsim kho ntawm Kremlin fortress tau ua tiav. Nrog nws txoj kev tsim kho, Solovki tau los ua qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm Muscovy (Russia) nyob rau sab qaum teb. Nws tau tsim los ntawm cov pob zeb loj uas hnyav txog li 11 tons. Nws cheeb tsam yog 20.6 hectares nrog qhov ntev ntawm phab ntsa nrog yees ntawm 1084 m.

Txij li thaum lub reign ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai, lub Solovetsky Monastery tau txais nyiaj ntau thiab cov khoom siv los ntawm tsars thiab nobility rau txoj kev loj hlob thiab ntxiv dag zog rau lub monastery. Lub monastery tau raug xa mus rau kev siv av nrog cov zos hauv ntau lub xeev ntawm Russia. Lub tsev teev ntuj tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo hauv kev lag luam ntsev thiab lwm yam khoom. Concentrating cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab kev coj noj coj ua muaj nuj nqis nyob rau hauv lawv txhais tes, lub tsev teev ntuj tau tsim, nce tus naj npawb ntawm hermitages, nuv ntses thiab lwm yam qauv. Txawm tias ua ntej xyoo 1917, 72 lub pas dej tau txuas nrog cov kwj dej ntawm cov kob, uas ua rau muaj kev tsim cov dej thauj. Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua XIX.nyob rau hauv lub monastery ua hauj lwm: ib tug dej zeb, ib tug fais fab nroj tsuag, ib tug sluice system nrog ib tug qhuav dock rau kev tsim kho thiab kho cov nkoj me me, ib tug pob zeb dam rau cov kob ntawm Bol. Muksalma thiab ntau ntxiv. Crafts, horticulture, thiab horticulture tau tsim rau hauv kev loj hlob. Vim lub caij ntuj sov luv luv, cov kav dej lauj kaub tais diav tau muab tso rau hauv av hauv lub vaj, los ntawm cov cua sov los ntawm cov qhov cub nyob ib sab. Lawv tseem siv tau tom qab xyoo 1920. Cov kob yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv berries, ntses, marine zaub.

Lub tsev teev ntuj muaj cov cua kub tshwj xeeb, uas nws txaus los hlawv peb lub cav ntoo hauv lub qhov cub kom sov rau ib lub lim tiam. Tom qab kev tshem tawm ntawm lub tsev teev ntuj, txhua hom ntoo raug hlawv hauv qhov cub, uas ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov cua kub tshwj xeeb.

Nyob rau hauv thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua XX. Ib qho zoo sib xws muaj nyob rau hauv Baku, qhov twg cov cua sov ntawm lub qub da dej tau nqa tawm los ntawm peb tswm ciab. Hmoov tsis zoo, ob lub pob zeb masonry thiab lub qhov cub tau ploj lawm.

Tau ntau tshaj 400 xyoo, Solovetsky Kremlin tau dhau los ua qhov chaw tseem ceeb ntawm sab ntsuj plig thiab kev coj noj coj ua. Cov ntaub ntawv keeb kwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws tau khaws cia hauv lub tsev teev ntuj vestries: cov ntawv ntawm kev hwm ntawm Veliky Novgorod, Ivan the Terrible thiab lwm tus tsars, yawg suab, thiab cov nroog loj. Cov phau ntawv nplua nuj tshaj plaws tau tsim los ntawm no. Nyob rau hauv 1835, muaj 4608 ntim nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv monastery, ntawm cov uas yog ancient sij hawm luam tawm tsis tau tsuas yog theological, tab sis kuj nyob rau hauv cov sau ntawv, cosmography, chronographs, cov tsiaj ntawv, cov ntawv kho mob, herbalists, hu nkauj sau ntawv. Kuj tseem muaj cov ntaub ntawv khaws cia ntawm no.

Nyob rau hauv lub XIX-XX centuries. ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom muaj nqis raug coj mus rau St. Petersburg, Moscow thiab lwm lub tsev teev ntuj hauv Russia. Tsuas yog cov lus nug luv luv ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov nqi kos duab xa tawm mus rau Moscow siv 72 nplooj ntawv. Lawv qhov hnyav tag nrho yog: 3,74 kg ntawm kub, 1360 kg ntawm nyiaj, 1988 pob zeb zoo nkauj. Txog rau xyoo 1993, cov khoom no tau nyob hauv lub tebchaws lub tsev cia puav pheej.

Xav tias lub tsev teev ntuj tau rov raug ntau yam kev phom sij (kev ua tub rog, kev tawm tsam, kev tshem tawm), nws tsis tuaj yeem pab tau tab sis muaj cov caches zais uas qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm cov khoom muaj tau muab zais.

Muaj laj thawj rau kev cia siab tias cov ntawv sau thaum ub thiab lwm yam ntaub ntawv keeb kwm yav dhau los thiab ntau txhiab xyoo nyob rau hauv lub qhov taub thaum ub ntawm cov kob.

Nws yog lub npe hu hais tias tag nrho cov loj monasteries ua si lub luag hauj lwm ntawm fortresses, qhov twg muaj ib txwm underground passages. Tsis muaj qhov zais cia uas nyob rau ntawm Solovetsky Islands muaj ntau-tiered rectilinear thiab lub nplhaib-zoo li hauv av. Ib txhia ntawm lawv nyob twj ywm unexplored thiab unexplored.

Los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv raug cai nws tau paub tias xyoo 1924 ib qho kev nkag hauv av hauv Transfiguration Cathedral ntawm Kremlin tau tshawb pom thiab tom qab ntawd ua phab ntsa. Yav dhau los underground passages tawm hauv Kremlin cheeb tsam nyob rau hauv ob peb txoj kev, suav nrog rau Mount Sekirnaya thiab mus rau Bolshoy Zayatsky Island. Thaum lub sij hawm Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, ib tug me nyuam tub Valentin Pikul (tus kws sau ntawv yav tom ntej) tau taug kev ncig lub qhov taub Solovetsky. Nws txawm sau ib phau ntawv sau txog Solovetsky qhov taub.

Yav dhau los, cov kab hauv av tau ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb. Thaum lub sijhawm Solovetsky cov xwm txheej (1668-1676), cov neeg ntxeev siab, nyob rau hauv Kremlin thiab xyaum ua nyob rau hauv ib qho kev thaiv, tau txais kev pab los ntawm sab nraud raws li ib tug underground passage txawm los ntawm lub Onega Peninsula. Cov kab hauv av tau ua haujlwm zoo txhua lub sijhawm ntawm hnub lossis xyoo. Thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 17th. Ib yam li ntawd, Trinity-Sergievsky Monastery (ze Moscow) tau muab txhua yam tsim nyog nyob rau hauv lub qhov taub, raug thaiv los ntawm cov tub rog Polish.

Keeb kwm ntawm Solovetsky Islands yog inextricably txuas nrog Veliky Novgorod, uas nyob rau hauv 1478 los ua ib feem ntawm Muscovy. Rau qee qhov tsis paub yog vim li cas, xyoo 1570 Ivan qhov txaus ntshai nrog ob txhais tes ntawm cov neeg saib xyuas plundered thiab poob rau hauv cov ntshav thaum ub Novgorod thiab nws ib puag ncig, suav nrog cov tsev teev ntuj. Tom qab ntawd, kev tawm tsam los ntawm cov tub rog txawv teb chaws ntawm Pomorie tau dhau los ua ntau zaus. Cov tub ceev xwm Moscow, txhawj xeeb txog dab tsi tshwm sim, muab tso rau hauv lub xyoo pua 17th. Solovetsky Monastery 90 phom. Nrog rau cov archers, cov hauj sam (yav tas los peasants) kuj raug xa mus rau kev sib ntaus sib tua posts.

Lub Solovki nrog nws Kremlin tau rov ntsib kev nyuaj ntawm kev ua tsov ua rog. Yog li, piv txwv li, lub caij ntuj no ntawm 1611, 1613-1615. Nyob rau hauv lub monastery cov pej xeem Pomor pom kev tiv thaiv los ntawm Polish-Lithuanian invaders, thiab nyob rau hauv 1658 - los ntawm kev tawm tsam ntawm Swedes. Xyoo 1668-1676. Cov phab ntsa ntawm lub monastic Kremlin tiv thaiv lub siege ntawm tsarist pab tub rog rau ntau xyoo thaum lub sij hawm nto moo Solovetsky uprising uas tawg tawm vim Nikon txoj kev hloov kho.

Solovki tau rov ceeb toom thaum ua tub rog tsis sib haum xeeb nrog Sweden (1788-1790), nrog Askiv (V-1801, VII-1854). Thaum Tsov Rog Tsov Rog Thoob Ntiaj Teb Zaum Ob, cov Islands tuaj muaj tsev kawm ntawv tub rog rau cov tub thiab lwm cov tub rog. Ntawm no mus rau hnub no koj tuaj yeem pom qhov seem ntawm trench thiab dugouts. Niaj hnub no, cov kob tseem niaj hnub cob qhia cov tub ntxhais hluas sailors ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv rau cov tub ntxhais hluas sailors, fascinated los ntawm romance ntawm hiav txwv. Nyob ze ntawm lub tsev kawm ntawv muaj ib lub monument rau nws cov tub kawm ntawv uas tuag thaum lub sij hawm Patriotic ua tsov ua rog ntawm 1941-1945.

Thaum lub sij hawm ntawm nws keeb kwm, lub monastery yuav tsum ua kom tiav lwm yam hauj lwm thiab.

Txij li thaum lub reign ntawm Ivan lub txaus ntshai, lub Solovetsky monastery ua nto moo rau nws dungeons, nyob rau hauv uas lub sij hawm sib txawv muaj kev cai dab qhuas dawb-xav, nom tswv kev tawm tsam thiab rivals, uas lub tsarist tsoom fwv hu ua tub sab, tub sab, rioters, traitors, heretics. Metropolitan Philip, princes Efim Meshchersky thiab Vasily Dolgoruky, suav Pyotr Andreyevich Tolstoy, tub ceev xwm, cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm Stepan Razin thiab ntau lwm tus neeg nyob ntawm no. Tus thawj coj kawg ntawm Zaporizhzhya Sich Pyotr Kalnishevsky, uas raug faus thaum muaj hnub nyoog 112, kuj raug kaw ntawm no.

Xyoo 1923, ntawm kev coj ntawm V. I. Lenin ntawm cov kob, Solovetsky tshwj xeeb lub hom phiaj camp (SLON) tau teeb tsa. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, muaj ntau txoj haujlwm ua haujlwm ntawm cov Islands tuaj los tsim cov chaw zov me nyuam rau kev yug tsiaj, noog, ntses, paj, vaj, thiab lwm yam.

Tam sim no, cov kob thiab Kremlin tau mus xyuas los ntawm ntau tus neeg ncig tebchaws. Yav dhau los, Peter I, Stepan Razin, kws sau ntawv Gorky, Prishvin thiab ntau lwm tus tau nyob ntawm no. Cov kob muaj ib lub tsev khaws puav pheej nplua nuj uas ua haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab kev mus ncig ua si.

Cov Islands tuaj khaws ntau yam keeb kwm zais cia thiab paub tsis meej.