Kev xa tawm ntawm cov noob nyob deb: kev tshawb fawb ntawm tus kws tshawb fawb Alexander Gurvich

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Nyob rau hauv lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav lig ntawm 1906, Alexander Gavrilovich Gurvich, nyob rau hauv nws nruab nrab-thirties twb ib tug paub zoo-paub kws tshawb fawb, tau demobilized los ntawm cov tub rog. Thaum ua tsov ua rog nrog Nyiv, nws tau ua tus kws kho mob hauv qab tub rog nyob hauv Chernigov. (Nws yog nyob ntawd Gurvich, hauv nws tus kheej cov lus, "tshem tawm ntawm kev quab yuam", tau sau thiab piav qhia "Atlas thiab sau ntawv ntawm embryology ntawm vertebrates", uas tau luam tawm ua peb hom lus hauv peb lub xyoos tom ntej).

Tam sim no nws tawm mus nrog nws tus poj niam hluas thiab tus ntxhais me rau lub caij ntuj sov mus rau Rostov lub Great - rau nws niam nws txiv. Nws tsis muaj haujlwm, thiab nws tseem tsis paub tias nws yuav nyob hauv Russia lossis yuav mus txawv tebchaws dua.

Qab ntawm Kws Kho Mob ntawm University of Munich, thesis tiv thaiv, Strasbourg thiab University of Bern. Cov tub ntxhais hluas kws tshawb fawb Lavxias twb paub ntau tus kws tshawb fawb European, nws cov kev sim tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo los ntawm Hans Dresch thiab Wilhelm Roux. Thiab tam sim no - peb lub hlis ntawm kev sib cais ua tiav los ntawm kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb thiab kev sib cuag nrog cov npoj yaig.

Lub caij ntuj sov no A. G. Gurvich xav txog cov lus nug, uas nws tus kheej tsim raws li hauv qab no: "Nws txhais li cas kuv hu kuv tus kheej biologist, thiab dab tsi, qhov tseeb, kuv xav paub?" Tom qab ntawd, txiav txim siab txog kev tshawb fawb kom ntxaws thiab piav qhia cov txheej txheem ntawm spermatogenesis, nws los txog rau qhov xaus tias lub ntsiab lus ntawm qhov tshwm sim ntawm cov khoom muaj sia muaj nyob hauv kev sib txuas ntawm cov xwm txheej sib txawv uas tshwm sim synchronously. Qhov no txiav txim siab nws "lub kaum sab xis ntawm kev pom" hauv biology.

Cov cuab yeej cuab tam luam tawm ntawm A. G. Gurvich - ntau tshaj 150 cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb. Feem ntau ntawm lawv tau luam tawm hauv German, Fabkis thiab Askiv, uas yog tus tswv ntawm Alexander Gavrilovich. Nws txoj haujlwm tau tso lub cim ci ntsa iab hauv embryology, cytology, histology, histophysiology, biology dav dav. Tab sis tej zaum nws yuav yog qhov tseeb hais tias "qhov tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj haujlwm muaj tswv yim yog lub tswv yim ntawm biology" (los ntawm phau ntawv "Alexander Gavrilovich Gurvich. (1874-1954)". Moscow: Nauka, 1970).

A. G. Gurvich hauv xyoo 1912 yog thawj zaug los qhia txog lub tswvyim ntawm "thaj chaw" rau hauv biology. Txoj kev loj hlob ntawm biological teb lub tswv yim yog lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm thiab kav ntev tshaj li ib xyoo caum. Thaum lub sijhawm no, Gurvich cov kev xav txog qhov xwm txheej ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb lom neeg tau hloov pauv ntau, tab sis lawv ib txwm tham txog thaj chaw ua ib qho tseem ceeb uas txiav txim siab txog kev coj ua thiab kev coj noj coj ua ntawm cov txheej txheem lom neeg.

Needless hais, txoj hmoo tu siab tau tos lub tswv yim no nyob rau ib nrab xyoo tom ntej. Muaj ntau qhov kev xav, cov kws sau ntawv uas tau thov kom nkag siab txog lub cev lub cev ntawm lub npe hu ua "biofield", ib tus neeg tau txais kev kho mob tam sim ntawd. Qee tus xa mus rau A. G. Gurvich, tsis muaj teeb meem nrog rau kev sim delve rau hauv lub ntsiab lus ntawm nws txoj haujlwm. Feem coob tsis paub txog Gurvich thiab, hmoov zoo, tsis tau hais txog nws, vim tsis yog lub sij hawm "biofield" nws tus kheej, los yog ntau yam kev piav qhia ntawm nws qhov kev txiav txim los ntawm AG. Gurvich tsis muaj dab tsi ua nrog nws. Txawm li cas los xij, niaj hnub no cov lus "biological field" ua rau tsis pom kev tsis ntseeg ntawm cov kws qhia ntawv sib tham. Ib lub hom phiaj ntawm tsab xov xwm no yog los qhia rau cov neeg nyeem txog zaj dab neeg tseeb ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm kev lom zem hauv kev tshawb fawb.

Dab tsi txav cov hlwb

A. G. Gurvich tsis txaus siab rau lub xeev ntawm theoretical biology thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 20th. Nws tsis tau nyiam los ntawm qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm cov noob caj noob ces, txij li nws tau paub tias qhov teeb meem ntawm "kev sib kis ntawm kev xeeb tub" yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm "kev coj ua" ntawm lub cev.

Tej zaum txoj haujlwm tseem ceeb tshaj plaws ntawm biology rau niaj hnub no yog kev tshawb nrhiav cov lus teb rau lo lus nug "me nyuam yaus": ua li cas cov tsiaj nyob hauv txhua qhov kev sib txawv tshwm sim los ntawm lub pob microscopic ntawm ib lub xov tooj ntawm tes? Vim li cas thiaj li faib cov hlwb tsis zoo li cov lumpy colonies, tab sis cov qauv thiab cov qauv zoo tag nrho ntawm cov kabmob thiab cov ntaub so ntswg? Nyob rau hauv lub mechanics ntawm txoj kev loj hlob ntawm lub sij hawm ntawd, lub causal-analytical mus kom ze tau txais los ntawm W. Ru tau txais yuav: kev loj hlob ntawm lub embryo yog txiav txim los ntawm ib tug ntau yam ntawm nruj kev sib raug zoo ua-thiab-tshuaj. Tab sis txoj hauv kev no tsis pom zoo nrog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov kev sim ntawm G. Driesch, uas tau ua pov thawj tias kev sim ua rau muaj kev sib txawv ntawm qhov tsis zoo yuav tsis cuam tshuam rau kev vam meej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus kheej ib feem ntawm lub cev tsis tsim txhua yam los ntawm cov qauv uas ib txwm muaj - tab sis lawv tau tsim! Nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, nyob rau hauv Gurvich tus kheej thwmsim, txawm nrog intensive centrifugation ntawm amphibian qe, ua txhaum lawv cov qauv pom, ntxiv kev loj hlob mus rau equifinally - uas yog, nws xaus nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev raws li nyob rau hauv cov qe tsis zoo.

Rice. 1 Figures A. G. Gurvich los ntawm 1914 - schematic dluab ntawm cell txheej nyob rau hauv lub neural raj ntawm shark embryo. 1 - pib tsim configuration (A), tom ntej configuration (B) (bold kab - pom zoo, dashed - assumed), 2 - pib (C) thiab pom configuration (D), 3 - pib (E), kwv yees (F) … Cov kab perpendicular qhia cov axes ntev ntawm cov hlwb - "yog tias koj tsim ib qho nkhaus perpendicular rau lub cell axes ntawm ib lub sijhawm ntawm kev loj hlob, koj tuaj yeem pom tias nws yuav ua ke nrog lub contour ntawm ib theem tom ntej ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm cheeb tsam no"

A. G. Gurvich tau ua ib qho kev tshawb fawb ntawm mitoses (cell divisions) nyob rau hauv symmetrical qhov chaw ntawm lub embryo tsim los yog ib tug neeg lub cev thiab ua pov thawj lub tswv yim ntawm ib tug "normalizing factor", uas lub tswvyim ntawm ib thaj teb tom qab tshwm sim. Gurvich tau tsim tias ib qho tseem ceeb tswj hwm tag nrho cov duab ntawm kev faib tawm ntawm mitoses nyob rau hauv qhov chaw ntawm lub embryo, tsis tas txiav txim siab lub sijhawm thiab qhov chaw ntawm txhua tus ntawm lawv. Undoubtedly, lub premise ntawm teb txoj kev xav tau muaj nyob rau hauv lub npe nrov Dresch mis "lub neej yav tom ntej txoj hmoo ntawm lub caij yog txiav txim los ntawm nws txoj hauj lwm tag nrho." Kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm lub tswv yim no nrog lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm normalization ua rau Gurvich rau kev nkag siab ntawm kev coj noj coj ua hauv kev ua neej raws li "subordination" ntawm cov ntsiab lus rau tag nrho ib leeg - as opposed to lawv "kev sib cuam tshuam". Hauv nws txoj haujlwm "Heredity as a Process of Realization" (1912), nws thawj zaug tsim lub tswv yim ntawm embryonic teb - morph. Qhov tseeb, nws yog ib lub tswv yim los rhuav tshem lub voj voog vicious: piav qhia qhov tshwm sim ntawm heterogeneity ntawm thawj homogeneous cov ntsiab lus raws li kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj hauj lwm ntawm lub caij nyob rau hauv spatial coordinates ntawm tag nrho.

Tom qab ntawd, Gurvich pib nrhiav kev tsim ntawm txoj cai piav qhia txog kev txav ntawm cov hlwb hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm morphogenesis. Nws pom tias thaum lub sij hawm kev loj hlob ntawm lub hlwb nyob rau hauv shark embryos, "cov axes ntev ntawm lub hlwb ntawm lub puab txheej ntawm lub neural epithelium tau taw qhia nyob rau hauv lub sij hawm twg los tsis perpendicular mus rau lub nto ntawm tsim, tab sis ntawm ib tug tej yam (15- 20 ') kaum rau nws. Lub orientation ntawm cov ces kaum yog ntuj: yog tias koj tsim ib tug nkhaus perpendicular mus rau lub cell axes ntawm ib tug muab lub sij hawm ntawm txoj kev loj hlob, koj yuav pom tau hais tias nws yuav coincide nrog lub contour ntawm ib tug tom qab theem nyob rau hauv txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cheeb tsam no "(Daim duab 1.). Nws zoo nkaus li tias cov hlwb "paub" qhov twg kom lean, qhov twg mus ncab los tsim cov duab uas xav tau.

Txhawm rau piav qhia cov kev soj ntsuam no, A. G. Gurvich tau qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm "qhov chaw quab yuam" uas ua ke nrog lub contour ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub rudiment thiab coj lub zog ntawm cov hlwb. Txawm li cas los xij, Gurvich nws tus kheej tau paub txog qhov tsis zoo ntawm qhov kev xav no. Ntxiv rau qhov nyuaj ntawm daim ntawv lej, nws tsis txaus siab rau "teleology" ntawm lub tswv yim (nws zoo li subordinate lub zog ntawm cov hlwb mus rau qhov tsis muaj nyob, yav tom ntej daim ntawv). Nyob rau hauv lub tom ntej ua hauj lwm "Ntawm lub tswv yim ntawm embryonic teb" (1922) "qhov kawg configuration ntawm lub rudiment yog xam tsis raws li ib tug txaus nyiam quab yuam nto, tab sis raws li lub equipotential nto ntawm lub teb emanating los ntawm cov ntsiab lus chaw." Hauv tib txoj haujlwm, lub tswv yim ntawm "morphogenetic teb" tau qhia thawj zaug.

Cov lus nug tau raug tsim los ntawm Gurvich kom dav thiab tag nrho tias txhua txoj kev xav ntawm morphogenesis uas yuav tshwm sim yav tom ntej yuav, qhov tseeb, tsuas yog lwm hom kev tshawb xav.

L. V. Belousov, 1970

Biogenic ultraviolet

"Lub hauv paus thiab cov hauv paus hniav ntawm qhov teeb meem ntawm mitogenesis tau muab tso rau hauv kuv qhov kev tsis txaus siab nyob rau hauv qhov tshwm sim zoo kawg nkaus ntawm karyokinesis (qhov no yog li cas mitosis raug hu rov qab rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua xeem. - Ed. Note)," sau A. G. Gurvich nyob rau hauv 1941 nyob rau hauv nws autobiographical sau ntawv."Mitogenesis" - lub sij hawm ua hauj lwm uas tau yug los nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm Gurvich thiab sai sai tau los rau hauv kev siv dav dav, yog sib npaug rau lub tswvyim ntawm "mitogenetic hluav taws xob" - tsis muaj zog heev ultraviolet hluav taws xob ntawm cov tsiaj thiab cov ntaub so ntswg, stimulating cov txheej txheem ntawm cell division (mitosis).

A. G. Gurvich tuaj mus rau qhov xaus hais tias nws yog tsim nyog los xav txog mitoses nyob rau hauv ib yam khoom nyob tsis yog raws li ib tug cais cov txheej xwm, tab sis nyob rau hauv tag nrho, raws li ib yam dab tsi sib koom tes - seb nws yog nruj me ntsis tswj mitoses ntawm thawj theem ntawm lub qe cleavage los yog seemingly random mitoses nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntawm. ib tug neeg laus tsiaj los yog tsob nroj. Gurvich ntseeg hais tias tsuas yog kev lees paub ntawm kev ncaj ncees ntawm lub cev yuav ua rau nws muaj peev xwm ua ke cov txheej txheem ntawm cov qib molecular thiab cellular nrog cov yam ntxwv saum toj kawg nkaus ntawm kev faib cov mitoses.

Txij li thaum pib ntawm 1920s AG. Gurvich suav hais tias muaj ntau yam muaj peev xwm ntawm sab nraud cuam tshuam stimulating mitosis. Hauv nws lub zeem muag yog lub tswv yim ntawm cov tshuaj hormones cog, tsim thaum lub sijhawm ntawd los ntawm German botanist G. Haberlandt. (Nws muab cov slurry ntawm crushed hlwb rau ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg thiab soj ntsuam seb cov ntaub so ntswg cell pib faib active zog.) Tab sis nws tsis tau paub meej tias yog vim li cas cov tshuaj teeb liab tsis cuam tshuam rau tag nrho cov hlwb nyob rau hauv tib txoj kev, yog vim li cas, hais tias, me me cell faib ntau. feem ntau tshaj qhov loj. Gurvich tau hais tias tag nrho cov ntsiab lus yog nyob rau hauv cov qauv ntawm lub xov tooj ntawm tes: tej zaum, nyob rau hauv cov tub ntxhais hluas lub hlwb, cov ntsiab lus saum npoo yog tsim nyob rau hauv ib txoj kev tshwj xeeb, haum rau kev xaav ntawm cov teeb liab, thiab thaum lub cell loj hlob, lub koom haum no cuam tshuam. (Yog lawm, tsis muaj lub tswv yim ntawm cov tshuaj hormones receptors nyob rau lub sijhawm ntawd.)

Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias qhov kev xav no yog qhov tseeb thiab qhov kev faib tawm ntawm qee lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb rau kev nkag siab ntawm lub teeb liab, qhov kev xav qhia nws tus kheej tias lub teeb liab yuav tsis yog tshuaj lom neeg, tab sis lub cev ntawm lub cev: piv txwv li, hluav taws xob cuam tshuam rau qee cov qauv ntawm tes. nto yog resonant. Cov kev xav no thaum kawg tau lees paub hauv qhov kev sim uas tom qab ntawd tau paub dav dav.

Rice. 2 Induction ntawm mitosis ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub hauv paus dos (kos duab los ntawm kev ua hauj lwm "Das Problem der Zellteilung physiologisch betrachtet", Berlin, 1926). Cov lus piav qhia hauv cov ntawv

Nov yog cov lus piav qhia ntawm qhov kev sim no, uas tau ua nyob rau xyoo 1923 ntawm Crimean University. Lub hauv paus emitting (inductor), txuas nrog lub noob, tau ntxiv dag zog rau kab rov tav, thiab nws cov lus qhia tau raug coj mus rau thaj tsam meristem (uas yog, mus rau thaj tsam ntawm kev loj hlob ntawm tes, qhov no kuj nyob ze ntawm lub hauv paus taub. - Ed. Nco tseg) ntawm qhov thib ob zoo sib xws hauv paus (kwv yees) tsau vertically. Qhov kev ncua deb ntawm cov hauv paus hniav yog 2–3 hli”(Fig. 2). Thaum kawg ntawm qhov raug, lub hauv paus perceiving yog precisely cim, tsau, thiab txiav mus rau hauv ib tug series ntawm longitudinal seem khiav parallel mus rau lub medial dav hlau. Cov ntu tau tshuaj xyuas nyob rau hauv lub tshuab kuaj kab mob thiab cov naj npawb ntawm mitoses raug suav rau ntawm irradiated thiab tswj sab.

Lub sijhawm ntawd nws twb paub lawm tias qhov sib txawv ntawm cov mitoses (feem ntau yog 1000-2000) hauv ob qho tib si ntawm cov hauv paus ntsiab lus feem ntau tsis tshaj 3-5%. Yog li, "ib qho tseem ceeb, kev ua haujlwm, tsis tshua muaj kev txwv tsis pub muaj nyob rau hauv cov mitoses" nyob rau hauv lub hauv paus cheeb tsam ntawm perceiving paus - thiab qhov no yog dab tsi cov kws tshawb fawb pom nyob rau hauv cov seem - indisputably ua tim khawv rau lub zog ntawm ib tug sab nraud yam. Ib yam dab tsi emanating los ntawm qhov kawg ntawm lub hauv paus inductor yuam cov hlwb ntawm lub hauv paus detector kom faib tau ntau dua (Fig. 3).

Kev tshawb fawb ntxiv kom pom tseeb tias nws yog hais txog hluav taws xob thiab tsis hais txog cov tshuaj tsis haum tshuaj. Cov kev cuam tshuam kis tau nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm ib tug nqaim parallel beam - sai li sai tau raws li lub inducing paus yog me ntsis deflected rau sab, cov nyhuv ploj. Nws kuj ploj mus thaum lub khob phaj tau muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm cov hauv paus hniav. Tab sis yog tias lub phaj tau ua los ntawm quartz, cov nyhuv tseem pheej! Qhov no qhia tau hais tias cov hluav taws xob yog ultraviolet. Tom qab ntawd, nws cov spectral ciam teb tau teem ntau yog - 190-330 nm, thiab qhov nruab nrab siv tau kwv yees nyob rau theem ntawm 300-1000 photons / s ib square centimeter. Hauv lwm lo lus, cov hluav taws xob mitogenetic pom los ntawm Gurvich yog nruab nrab thiab ze ntawm ultraviolet ntawm qhov siv qis heev. (Raws li cov ntaub ntawv niaj hnub no, kev siv zog txawm tias qis dua - nws yog nyob ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kaum tawm photons / s ib square centimeter.)

Rice. 3 Cov duab sawv cev ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm plaub qhov kev sim. Cov kev taw qhia zoo (saum lub abscissa axis) txhais tau hais tias lub preponderance ntawm mitosis ntawm sab irradiated

Ib lo lus nug ntuj: dab tsi txog ultraviolet ntawm lub hnub ci spectrum, nws puas cuam tshuam rau kev faib cell? Hauv kev sim, cov txiaj ntsig zoo li no tsis suav nrog: hauv phau ntawv los ntawm AG. Gurvich thiab L. D. Gurvich "Mitogenetic hluav taws xob" (M., Medgiz, 1945), nyob rau hauv seem ntawm cov txheej txheem kev pom zoo, nws tau qhia meej tias lub qhov rais thaum lub sij hawm sim yuav tsum raug kaw, yuav tsum tsis txhob qhib nplaim taws thiab qhov chaw ntawm hluav taws xob sparks nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov kev sim yuav tsum tau nrog cov tswj. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias qhov kev siv ntawm lub hnub ci UV yog qhov siab dua, yog li ntawd, nws cov txiaj ntsig ntawm cov khoom nyob hauv qhov xwm txheej, feem ntau yuav, yuav tsum sib txawv kiag li.

Kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov ncauj lus no tau dhau los ua hnyav dua tom qab kev hloov pauv ntawm AG. Gurvich nyob rau hauv 1925 ntawm Moscow University - nws yog unanimously xaiv tus thawj coj ntawm lub Department of Histology thiab Embryology ntawm kws qhia ntawv ntawm tshuaj. Mitogenetic hluav taws xob tau pom nyob rau hauv cov poov xab thiab kab mob hlwb, cleaving qe ntawm hiav txwv urchins thiab amphibians, cov ntaub so ntswg kab lis kev cai, hlwb ntawm malignant qog, paj hlwb (xws li cais axons) thiab cov leeg nqaij, cov ntshav ntawm cov kab mob noj qab haus huv. Raws li tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov npe, cov ntaub so ntswg uas tsis muaj fissionable kuj tawm - cia peb nco ntsoov qhov tseeb no.

Kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob hauv hiav txwv urchin larvae khaws cia hauv cov nkoj quartz kaw nyob rau hauv kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub sijhawm ntev mitogenetic hluav taws xob ntawm cov kab mob kab mob hauv 30s ntawm lub xyoo pua XX tau kawm los ntawm J. thiab M. Magrou ntawm Pasteur Institute. (Hnub no, cov kev tshawb fawb zoo sib xws nrog cov ntses thiab amphibian embryos tau ua tiav ntawm biofacies ntawm Moscow State University los ntawm A. B. Burlakov.)

Lwm lo lus nug tseem ceeb uas cov kws tshawb fawb tau tsim rau lawv tus kheej hauv tib lub xyoo: qhov kev txiav txim ntawm hluav taws xob kis tau nyob rau hauv cov ntaub so ntswg ntev npaum li cas? Tus nyeem ntawv yuav nco ntsoov tias hauv kev sim nrog cov hauv paus dos, ib qho kev tshwm sim hauv zos tau pom. Puas muaj, dhau ntawm nws, tseem ua haujlwm ntev? Txhawm rau tsim qhov no, cov qauv kev sim tau ua tiav: nrog rau hauv cheeb tsam irradiation ntawm cov raj ntev uas muaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm qabzib, peptone, nucleic acids, thiab lwm yam biomolecules, cov hluav taws xob propagated los ntawm lub raj. Kev nthuav tawm ceev ntawm qhov hu ua hluav taws xob theem nrab yog kwv yees li 30 m / s, uas tau lees paub qhov kev xav ntawm cov hluav taws xob-tshuaj lom neeg ntawm cov txheej txheem. (Hauv cov ntsiab lus niaj hnub no, biomolecules, absorbing UV photons, fluoresced, emitting ib photon nrog ib tug ntev wavelength. Lub photons, nyob rau hauv lem, tau nce mus rau tom ntej tshuaj transformations.) Tseeb, nyob rau hauv ib co thwmsim, hluav taws xob propagation tau soj ntsuam raws li tag nrho ntev ntawm cov tshuaj. ib qho khoom siv roj ntsha (piv txwv li, hauv cov hauv paus hniav ntev ntawm tib lub hneev).

Gurvich thiab nws cov npoj yaig kuj tau pom tias cov hluav taws xob ultraviolet hluav taws xob muaj zog heev ntawm lub cev tseem txhawb nqa kev faib tawm ntawm tes hauv cov hauv paus dos, ib yam li cov roj ntsha inductor.

Peb cov qauv ntawm cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm kev ua liaj ua teb lom neeg tsis sawv cev rau hauv nws cov ntsiab lus kev sib piv nrog cov teb paub hauv physics (txawm hais tias, ntawm chav kawm, nws tsis cuam tshuam lawv).

A. G. Gurvich. Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Biology thiab Cell Field Theory

Photons tab tom ua

UV hluav taws xob tuaj qhov twg hauv lub cell nyob? A. G. Gurvich thiab cov npoj yaig hauv lawv qhov kev sim tau sau cov spectra ntawm enzymatic thiab yooj yim inorganic redox cov tshuaj tiv thaiv. Rau qee lub sijhawm, cov lus nug ntawm qhov chaw ntawm mitogenetic hluav taws xob tseem qhib. Tab sis nyob rau hauv 1933, tom qab luam tawm ntawm lub hypothesis ntawm photochemist V. Frankenburger, qhov teeb meem nrog lub hauv paus chiv keeb ntawm intracellular photons tau paub meej. Frankenburger ntseeg hais tias lub hauv paus ntawm cov tsos ntawm high-zog ultraviolet quanta yog tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim ntawm recombination ntawm dawb radicals uas tshwm sim thaum lub sij hawm tshuaj thiab biochemical txheej txheem thiab, vim lawv rarity, tsis cuam tshuam rau tag nrho lub zog tshuav nyiaj li cas ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv.

Lub zog tso tawm thaum lub sij hawm recombination ntawm radicals yog absorbed los ntawm lub substrate molecules thiab yog emitted nrog ib tug spectrum yam ntxwv ntawm cov molecules. Cov txheej txheem no tau ua kom zoo los ntawm N. N. Semyonov (yav tom ntej Nobel laureate) thiab nyob rau hauv daim ntawv no tau muaj nyob rau hauv tag nrho cov tom ntej kab lus thiab monographs ntawm mitogenesis. Txoj kev tshawb fawb niaj hnub no ntawm chemiluminescence ntawm kev ua neej nyob tau lees paub qhov tseeb ntawm cov kev xav no, uas feem ntau lees txais niaj hnub no. Nov tsuas yog ib qho piv txwv: kev tshawb fawb fluorescent protein.

Ntawm chav kawm, ntau yam tshuaj bonds yog absorbed nyob rau hauv cov protein, nrog rau cov peptide bonds - nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ultraviolet (feem ntau yog - 190-220 nm). Tab sis rau cov kev tshawb fawb fluorescence, muaj ntxhiab amino acids, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tryptophan, muaj feem xyuam. Nws muaj qhov nqus siab tshaj plaws ntawm 280 nm, phenylalanine ntawm 254 nm, thiab tyrosine ntawm 274 nm. Absorbing ultraviolet quanta, cov amino acids ces emit lawv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv ntawm cov hluav taws xob theem nrab - ib txwm, nrog ib tug ntev wavelength, nrog ib tug spectrum yam ntxwv ntawm ib tug muab lub xeev ntawm cov protein. Ntxiv mus, yog tias tsawg kawg ib qho tryptophan residue muaj nyob rau hauv cov protein, ces tsuas yog nws yuav fluoresce - lub zog absorbed los ntawm tyrosine thiab phenylalanine residues yog redistributed rau nws. Lub fluorescence spectrum ntawm tryptophan residue xav tau nyob ntawm ib puag ncig - txawm tias qhov seem yog, hais, nyob ze ntawm lub ntiaj teb lossis sab hauv, thiab lwm yam, thiab qhov spectrum no txawv ntawm 310-340 nm band.

A. G. Gurvich thiab nws cov neeg ua haujlwm tau pom nyob rau hauv cov qauv kev sim ntawm peptide synthesis uas cov txheej txheem txuas nrog photons tuaj yeem ua rau cleavage (photodissociation) lossis synthesis (photosynthesis). Photodissociation cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog nrog los ntawm hluav taws xob, thaum cov txheej txheem ntawm photosynthesis tsis tawm.

Tam sim no nws tau paub meej tias yog vim li cas txhua lub hlwb tawm, tab sis thaum lub sij hawm mitosis - tshwj xeeb tshaj yog muaj zog. Cov txheej txheem ntawm mitosis yog lub zog siv zog. Ntxiv mus, yog hais tias nyob rau hauv ib tug loj hlob ntawm tes lub tsub zuj zuj thiab kev siv ntawm lub zog ua nyob rau hauv parallel nrog cov txheej txheem assimilative, ces thaum lub sij hawm mitosis lub zog khaws cia los ntawm lub cell nyob rau hauv lub interphase tsuas yog noj. Muaj kev sib cais ntawm cov txheej txheem intracellular complex (piv txwv li, lub plhaub ntawm lub nucleus) thiab lub zog-siv reversible creation ntawm cov tshiab - piv txwv li, chromatin supercoils.

A. G. Gurvich thiab nws cov npoj yaig kuj tau ua haujlwm ntawm kev sau npe ntawm cov hluav taws xob mitogenetic siv photon txee. Ntxiv rau Gurvich lub chaw kuaj mob ntawm Leningrad IEM, cov kev tshawb fawb no tseem nyob hauv Leningrad, ntawm Phystech hauv qab AF. Ioffe, coj los ntawm G. M. Frank, ua ke nrog physicists Yu. B. Khariton thiab S. F. Rodionov.

Nyob rau sab hnub poob, cov kws tshaj lij tshwj xeeb xws li B. Raevsky thiab R. Oduber tau koom nrog kev sau npe ntawm mitogenetic hluav taws xob siv cov raj photomultiplier. Peb kuj yuav tsum nco qab G. Barth, ib tug tub kawm ntawm lub npe nrov physicist W. Gerlach (tus tsim ntawm quantitative spectral analysis). Barth ua haujlwm rau ob xyoos hauv chav kuaj ntawm AG. Gurvich thiab txuas ntxiv nws txoj kev tshawb fawb hauv Tebchaws Yelemees. Nws tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo txhim khu kev qha ua haujlwm nrog cov khoom siv roj ntsha thiab tshuaj lom neeg, thiab ntxiv rau, ua ib qho tseem ceeb hauv kev ua haujlwm rau kev kuaj xyuas cov hluav taws xob tsis muaj zog. Barth tau ua qhov kev ntsuas ua ntej rhiab heev thiab xaiv cov photomultipliers. Niaj hnub no, cov txheej txheem no yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua thiab niaj hnub rau txhua tus neeg uas ntsuas qhov tsis muaj zog luminous fluxes. Txawm li cas los xij, nws yog qhov tsis quav ntsej txog qhov no thiab qee qhov kev cai tsim nyog uas tsis tso cai rau ntau tus kws tshawb fawb ua ntej ua tsov rog kom tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo.

Niaj hnub no, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb ntawm kev sau npe ntawm cov hluav taws xob superweak los ntawm cov chaw lom neeg tau txais ntawm International Institute of Biophysics (Lub Tebchaws Yelemees) nyob rau hauv kev coj noj coj ua ntawm F. Popp. Txawm li cas los xij, qee tus ntawm nws cov neeg tawm tsam tsis ntseeg txog cov haujlwm no. Lawv zoo li ntseeg tias biophotons yog cov khoom siv metabolic, ib hom suab nrov uas tsis muaj lub ntsiab lus lom neeg. "Lub emission ntawm lub teeb yog ib tug kiag li tej yam ntuj tso tshwm sim thiab nws tus kheej-pom zoo tshwm sim uas nrog ntau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv," hais txog lub physicist Rainer Ulbrich ntawm University of Göttingen. Biologist Gunther Rothe ntsuam xyuas qhov xwm txheej hauv qab no: "Biophotons muaj nyob tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg - niaj hnub no qhov no yog qhov tsis pom tseeb los ntawm cov khoom siv rhiab heev ntawm kev pov tseg ntawm niaj hnub physics. Raws li rau Popp txoj kev txhais lus (peb tab tom tham txog qhov tseeb tias chromosomes liam tias emit coherent photons. - Editor's note), qhov no yog ib qho kev xav zoo nkauj, tab sis cov lus pom zoo ntawm qhov kev sim no tseem tsis txaus kom paub txog nws qhov siv tau. Ntawm qhov tod tes, peb yuav tsum coj mus rau hauv tus account tias nws yog qhov nyuaj heev kom tau txais cov pov thawj hauv qhov no, vim hais tias, thawj zaug, qhov kev siv ntawm cov hluav taws xob photon no tsawg heev, thiab qhov thib ob, cov txheej txheem classical ntawm kev tshawb pom lub teeb laser siv hauv physics yog. nyuaj rau thov ntawm no."

Ntawm cov ntaub ntawv lom neeg luam tawm los ntawm koj lub tebchaws, tsis muaj dab tsi cuam tshuam rau lub ntiaj teb kev tshawb fawb ntau dua li koj txoj haujlwm.

Los ntawm tsab ntawv los ntawm Albrecht Bethe hnub tim 1930-08-01 rau AG. Gurvich

Tswj tsis sib xws

Regulatory phenomena nyob rau hauv protoplasm A. G. Gurvich pib xav tias tom qab nws qhov kev sim thaum ntxov hauv centrifuging fertilized qe ntawm amphibians thiab echinoderms. Yuav luag 30 xyoo tom qab, thaum nkag siab txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev sim mitogenetic, lub ncauj lus no tau txais lub zog tshiab. Gurvich ntseeg hais tias cov qauv kev tsom xam ntawm cov khoom siv substrate (ib txheej ntawm biomolecules) uas cuam tshuam rau sab nraud cuam tshuam, tsis hais nws lub xeev ua haujlwm, tsis muaj qab hau. A. G. Gurvich formulates lub physiological txoj kev xav ntawm protoplasm. Nws cov ntsiab lus yog tias cov tshuab nyob hauv muaj cov cuab yeej molecular tshwj xeeb rau lub zog cia, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tsis muaj qhov sib npaug. Nyob rau hauv ib tug generalized daim ntawv, qhov no yog ib tug fixation ntawm lub tswv yim hais tias ib tug influx ntawm lub zog yog tsim nyog rau lub cev tsis tau tsuas yog rau kev loj hlob los yog ua hauj lwm, tab sis feem ntau yog tswj lub xeev uas peb hu ua ciaj sia.

Cov kws tshawb fawb tau mloog rau qhov tseeb tias qhov tawg ntawm mitogenetic hluav taws xob yuav tsum tau soj ntsuam thaum lub zog txaus, uas tswj tau qee theem ntawm cov metabolism hauv lub neej. (Los ntawm "txo lub zog ntws" yuav tsum nkag siab txog qhov txo qis hauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem enzymatic, kev txwv ntawm ntau yam txheej txheem ntawm kev thauj mus los ntawm cov transmembrane, qhov txo qis hauv qib ntawm kev sib txuas thiab kev siv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob siab - uas yog, txhua yam txheej txheem. muab lub zog nrog lub zog - piv txwv li, nrog kev rov qab txias ntawm ib qho khoom lossis nrog kev siv tshuaj loog me me.) Gurvich tau tsim lub tswv yim ntawm labile molecular formations nrog lub zog muaj peev xwm, tsis muaj qhov sib npaug thiab sib koom ua ke los ntawm kev ua haujlwm zoo. Nws hu lawv cov hnub qub tsis sib npaug (NMCs).

A. G. Gurvich ntseeg hais tias nws yog kev tawg ntawm NMC, kev cuam tshuam ntawm lub koom haum ntawm protoplasm, uas ua rau tawg ntawm hluav taws xob. Ntawm no nws muaj ntau yam sib xws nrog cov tswv yim ntawm A. Szent-Györgyi txog kev tsiv teb tsaws ntawm lub zog raws li lub zog dav dav ntawm cov protein complexes. Cov tswv yim zoo sib xws rau kev ua kom pom tseeb qhov xwm txheej ntawm "biophotonic" hluav taws xob tau nthuav tawm hnub no los ntawm F. Popp - nws hu ua migrating excitation regions "polaritons". Los ntawm qhov pom ntawm physics, tsis muaj dab tsi txawv ntawm no. (Qhov twg ntawm cov txheej txheem intracellular paub tam sim no tuaj yeem tsim nyog rau lub luag haujlwm ntawm NMC hauv Gurvich txoj kev xav - peb yuav tso qhov kev txawj ntse no rau cov neeg nyeem.)

Nws kuj tau pom tias kev sim hluav taws xob kuj tshwm sim thaum lub substrate yog mechanically cuam tshuam los ntawm centrifugation los yog daim ntawv thov ntawm ib tug tsis muaj zog voltage. Qhov no ua rau nws muaj peev xwm hais tias NMC kuj muaj qhov kev txiav txim siab, uas tau cuam tshuam ob qho tib si los ntawm kev siv tshuab thiab los ntawm kev txwv ntawm kev khiav ntawm lub zog.

Thaum xub thawj siab ib muag, nws yog pom tau hais tias NMC, lub hav zoov ntawm uas nyob rau hauv lub influx ntawm lub zog, yog heev zoo ib yam li lub dissipative qauv uas tshwm sim nyob rau hauv thermodynamically tsis muaj qhov sib npaug systems, uas tau pom los ntawm Nobel laureate I. R. Prigogine. Txawm li cas los xij, txhua tus neeg uas tau kawm txog cov qauv no (piv txwv li Belousov - Zhabotinsky cov tshuaj tiv thaiv) paub zoo tias lawv tsis raug tsim tawm kiag li los ntawm kev paub dhau los, txawm hais tias lawv tus cwj pwm dav dav tau khaws cia. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv tsis tshua muaj siab rau qhov kev hloov me ntsis ntawm qhov tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg cov tshuaj tiv thaiv thiab cov xwm txheej sab nraud. Tag nrho qhov no txhais tau hais tias txij li cov khoom muaj sia kuj tseem tsis sib npaug, lawv tsis tuaj yeem tuav lub zog ruaj khov ntawm lawv lub koom haum tsuas yog vim qhov ntws ntawm lub zog. Ib qho kev txiav txim ib zaug ntawm qhov system kuj tseem yuav tsum tau. Qhov no Factor A. G. Gurvich hu ua nws thaj chaw lom neeg.

Hauv cov ntsiab lus luv luv, qhov kawg version ntawm kev tshawb fawb lom (cellular) zoo li qhov no. Lub teb muaj vector, tsis muaj zog, tus cwj pwm. (Nco ntsoov: lub zog teb yog ib cheeb tsam ntawm qhov chaw, nyob rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm ib qho kev quab yuam ua rau ntawm ib qho khoom sim uas muab tso rau hauv nws; piv txwv li, electromagnetic teb. ib qho vector yog muab, piv txwv li, qhov nrawm vectors ntawm cov khoom hauv cov kua txav.) Molecules uas nyob rau hauv ib qho kev zoo siab thiab yog li muaj lub zog ntau dhau los ntawm kev ua ntawm vector teb. Lawv tau txais kev taw qhia tshiab, deform lossis txav mus rau hauv thaj chaw tsis yog vim nws lub zog (uas yog, tsis yog tib yam li nws tshwm sim nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob hauv hluav taws xob), tab sis siv lawv tus kheej lub zog. Ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm lub zog no yog hloov mus rau kinetic zog; Thaum lub zog ntau dhau yog siv thiab cov molecule rov qab mus rau lub xeev tsis txaus siab, cov txiaj ntsig ntawm thaj chaw ntawm nws yuav tsum nres. Yog li ntawd, spatio-temporal ordering yog tsim nyob rau hauv lub cellular teb - NMC yog tsim, yam ntxwv los ntawm ib tug muaj zog lub peev xwm.

Hauv daim ntawv yooj yim, qhov sib piv hauv qab no tuaj yeem qhia meej qhov no. Yog tias cov molecules txav hauv lub xovtooj yog tsheb, thiab lawv lub zog ntau dhau yog roj av, tom qab ntawd qhov chaw lom neeg ua rau lub zog ntawm thaj av uas cov tsheb tsav. Ua raws li "kev nyem", molecules nrog cov yam ntxwv ntawm lub zog zoo sib xws rau NMC. Lawv, raws li twb tau hais lawm, koom ua ke tsis tsuas yog muaj zog, tab sis kuj los ntawm ib qho kev ua haujlwm, thiab muaj nyob, ua ntej, vim yog lub zog ntawm lub zog (tsheb tsis tuaj yeem mus yam tsis muaj roj av), thiab qhov thib ob, vim qhov kev txiav txim ntawm kev lom neeg. (off-txoj kev tsheb yuav tsis dhau). Tus kheej cov molecules tas li nkag mus thiab tawm ntawm NMC, tab sis tag nrho NMC tseem nyob ruaj khov kom txog thaum tus nqi ntawm lub zog txaus noj nws hloov. Nrog rau qhov txo qis hauv nws cov nqi, NMC decomposes, thiab lub zog khaws cia hauv nws raug tso tawm.

Tam sim no, xav txog tias nyob rau hauv ib cheeb tsam ntawm cov ntaub so ntswg nyob, lub zog ntawm lub zog tau txo qis: qhov kev lwj ntawm NMC tau dhau los ua khaus, yog li ntawd, kev siv hluav taws xob ntau ntxiv, qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws uas tswj mitosis. Tau kawg, mitogenetic hluav taws xob muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog thaj chaw - txawm tias nws tsis yog ib feem ntawm nws! Raws li peb nco ntsoov, thaum lub sij hawm lwj (dissimilation), lub zog ntau dhau yog tawm, uas tsis tau txav mus rau hauv NMC thiab tsis koom nrog cov txheej txheem synthesis; precisely vim hais tias nyob rau hauv feem ntau cov hlwb cov txheej txheem ntawm assimilation thiab dissimilation tshwm sim ib txhij, txawm nyob rau hauv sib txawv proportions, lub hlwb muaj ib tug yam ntxwv mitogenetic tsoom fwv. Ib yam yog cov ntaub ntawv nrog lub zog ntws: daim teb tsis ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lawv qhov kev siv zog, tab sis, tsim ib qho "spatial" nyem", tuaj yeem tswj hwm lawv cov kev taw qhia thiab kev faib tawm.

A. G. Gurvich tau ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kawg ntawm qhov kev tshawb xav teb thaum lub sijhawm ua tsov rog nyuaj xyoo. "Txoj kev xav ntawm kev lom neeg" tau luam tawm xyoo 1944 (Moscow: Soviet Science) thiab hauv phau ntawv tom ntej hauv Fab Kis - xyoo 1947. Txoj kev xav ntawm cellular biological teb tau ua rau muaj kev thuam thiab tsis nkag siab txawm tias cov neeg txhawb nqa ntawm lub tswv yim yav dhau los. Lawv qhov kev thuam tseem ceeb yog Gurvich liam tias tau tso tseg lub tswv yim ntawm tag nrho, thiab rov qab mus rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev sib cuam tshuam ntawm tus kheej cov ntsiab lus (uas yog, thaj chaw ntawm tib neeg lub hlwb), uas nws tus kheej tsis lees paub. Nyob rau hauv tsab xov xwm "Lub tswv yim ntawm" tag nrho "nyob rau hauv lub teeb ntawm txoj kev xav ntawm lub cellular teb" (Sau "Ua hauj lwm ntawm mitogenesis thiab txoj kev xav ntawm biological teb." Gurvich qhia tias qhov no tsis yog li ntawd. Txij li cov teb tsim los ntawm ib tus neeg lub hlwb txuas mus dhau lawv qhov kev txwv, thiab cov vectors teb tau suav nrog ntawm txhua qhov chaw hauv qhov chaw raws li cov cai ntawm geometric ntxiv, lub tswv yim tshiab qhia txog lub tswv yim ntawm "qhov tseeb" teb. Nws yog, qhov tseeb, ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm txhua lub hlwb ntawm ib lub cev (los yog kab mob), hloov lub sijhawm thiab muaj cov khoom ntawm tag nrho.

Txij li xyoo 1948, kev ua haujlwm tshawb fawb ntawm AG. Gurvich raug yuam kom mloog zoo nyob rau hauv lub theoretical kheej kheej. Tom qab lub yim hli ntuj lub rooj sib tham ntawm lub All-Union Agricultural Academy, nws tsis pom lub sij hawm mus ua hauj lwm nyob rau hauv lub koom haum ntawm kev sim tshuaj ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm kev kho mob Sciences (tus thawj coj ntawm uas nws tau ua txij li thaum lub koom haum tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1945). thiab nyob rau lub Cuaj Hli thaum ntxov tau thov rau Presidium ntawm Academy rau nyiaj laus. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los ntawm nws lub neej, nws tau sau ntau yam hauj lwm ntawm ntau yam ntawm biological teb txoj kev xav, theoretical biology thiab biological kev tshawb fawb methodology. Gurvich suav tias cov haujlwm no yog tshooj ntawm ib phau ntawv, uas tau luam tawm xyoo 1991 nyob rau hauv lub npe "Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Tshawb Fawb Txog Kev Tshawb Fawb thiab Kev Tshawb Fawb ntawm Cell Fields" (Moscow: Nauka).

Lub hav zoov ntawm ib qho kev ua neej nyob yog, nruj me ntsis hais lus, qhov teeb meem loj tshaj plaws, nyob rau hauv kev sib piv nrog rau qhov uas nws cov hauj lwm tseem nyob los yog yuav tsum nyob twj ywm hauv qhov ntxoov ntxoo.

A. G. Gurvich. Histological foundations ntawm biology. Jena, 1930 (hauv German)

Empathy tsis nkag siab

Cov haujlwm ntawm A. G. Gurvich ntawm mitogenesis ua ntej Ntiaj Teb Tsov Rog II tau nrov heev hauv peb lub tebchaws thiab txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub chaw soj nstuam ntawm Gurvich, cov txheej txheem ntawm carcinogenesis tau nquag kawm, tshwj xeeb, nws tau pom tias cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg mob qog noj ntshav, tsis zoo li cov ntshav ntawm cov neeg noj qab haus huv, tsis yog lub hauv paus ntawm mitogenetic hluav taws xob. Xyoo 1940 A. G. Gurvich tau txais khoom plig hauv Xeev rau nws txoj haujlwm ntawm kev tshawb fawb mitogenetic ntawm cov teeb meem mob qog noj ntshav. Gurvich's "thaj chaw" cov ntsiab lus yeej tsis nyiam qhov chaw dav, txawm hais tias lawv ua rau muaj kev txaus siab txaus siab. Tab sis qhov kev txaus siab ntawm nws txoj haujlwm thiab cov lus ceeb toom feem ntau tseem nyob sab nraud. A. A. Lyubishchev, uas ib txwm hu nws tus kheej ib tug me nyuam kawm ntawv ntawm AG. Gurvich, piav txog tus cwj pwm no yog "kev khuv leej yam tsis muaj kev nkag siab."

Hauv peb lub sijhawm, kev khuv leej tau hloov los ntawm kev ua siab phem. Ib qho txiaj ntsig tseem ceeb rau kev tsis lees paub cov tswv yim ntawm AG. Gurvich tau qhia los ntawm qee cov neeg xav tau uas tau txhais cov kws tshawb fawb txoj kev xav "raws li lawv tus kheej nkag siab." Tab sis qhov tseem ceeb yog tsis txawm tias. Gurvich cov tswv yim pom lawv tus kheej nyob rau sab ntawm txoj kev coj los ntawm "orthodox" biology. Tom qab qhov kev tshawb pom ntawm ob lub helix, cov kev xav tshiab thiab ntxim nyiam tau tshwm sim ua ntej cov kws tshawb fawb. Cov saw "gene - protein - kos npe" attracted los ntawm nws cov concreteness, zoo li yooj yim ntawm tau txais txiaj ntsig. Lawm, molecular biology, molecular noob caj noob ces, biochemistry tau dhau los ua qhov tseem ceeb, thiab cov txheej txheem uas tsis yog noob caj noob ces thiab tsis yog-enzymatic tswj cov txheej txheem hauv cov txheej txheem nyob tau maj mam thawb mus rau thaj tsam ntawm kev tshawb fawb, thiab lawv txoj kev tshawb fawb tau pib suav tias yog kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo.

Rau niaj hnub physicochemical thiab molecular ceg ntawm biology, kev nkag siab ntawm kev ncaj ncees yog neeg txawv teb chaws, uas AG. Gurvich suav tias yog cov cuab yeej tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom muaj sia. Ntawm qhov tod tes, dismemberment yog xyaum sib npaug nrog qhov tau txais kev paub tshiab. Preference yog muab rau kev tshawb fawb ntawm chemical sab ntawm phenomena. Hauv kev kawm ntawm chromatin, qhov tseem ceeb yog hloov mus rau cov qauv tseem ceeb ntawm DNA, thiab hauv nws lawv nyiam pom feem ntau ntawm cov noob. Txawm hais tias qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov txheej txheem lom neeg raug lees paub, tsis muaj leej twg muab nws lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb: feem ntau ntawm kev ua haujlwm yog tsom rau qhov sib txawv ntawm "dub" thiab "dawb", qhov muaj lossis tsis muaj protein ntau, kev ua haujlwm lossis tsis ua haujlwm ntawm cov noob.. (Nws tsis yog rau tsis muaj dab tsi uas thermodynamics ntawm cov tub ntxhais kawm ntawm biological universities yog ib tug ntawm cov feem ntau unloved thiab tsis zoo perceived ceg ntawm physics.) Peb tau poob dab tsi nyob rau hauv ib nrab ib puas xyoo tom qab Gurvich, yuav zoo npaum li cas yog qhov poob - cov lus teb yuav tau txais kev tshoov siab los ntawm yav tom ntej ntawm science.

Tej zaum, biology tseem tsis tau muab cov tswv yim hais txog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev ncaj ncees thiab qhov tsis sib xws ntawm cov khoom muaj sia, hais txog ib qho kev txiav txim siab uas ua kom muaj kev ncaj ncees. Thiab tej zaum Gurvich cov tswv yim tseem ua ntej, thiab lawv cov keeb kwm nyuam qhuav pib.

O. G. Gavrish, tus neeg sib tw ntawm biological sciences