Zog pov tseg

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Cov lag luam ntawm Lavxias teb sab chaw lag luam yuav twb nyob rau hauv 2020 xav tias qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo tshwm sim los ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas tsis kam yuav lub cav RD-180 thiab RD-181, hais tias cov lus piav qhia rau xyoo 2017 daim ntawv tshaj tawm ntawm NPO Energomash. Vim li cas lub foob pob hluav taws cav, paub zoo thoob plaws ntiaj teb, tau dhau los ua qhov tsis lees paub niaj hnub no tsis yog txawv teb chaws, tab sis kuj nyob hauv Russia?

Yog tias koj dhia ntawm trampoline ntev

Raws li txoj cai, Asmeskas tsis kam yuav RD-180 thiab RD-181 yog piav qhia los ntawm cov cai ntawm Asmeskas txoj cai. Cov lus piav qhia tau sau tseg tias thaum Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 12, 2017, Tebchaws Asmeskas Congress tau dhau los ntawm National Defense Authority Act for Fiscal 2018, uas qhia txog kev hloov pauv tseem ceeb rau lub tebchaws Lub Tsev Haujlwm Saib Xyuas Kev Tiv Thaiv cov txheej txheem kev yuav khoom rau pej xeem.

"Nyob rau hauv tshooj 1603 ntawm txoj cai lij choj nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab, nws tau cais qhia tias Russia kuj yog nyob rau hauv cov teb chaws poob rau hauv kev txiav npluav nyob rau hauv kev txiav txim siab. Cov kev txwv yuav tsis siv rau kev tshaj tawm ua ntej Lub Kaum Ob Hlis 31, 2022. Txawm li cas los xij, coj mus rau lub sijhawm ntawm kev tsim cov tsheb tsim tawm, cov tuam txhab Lavxias yuav pib muaj qhov tshwm sim tsis zoo nyob rau xyoo 2020,"

- sau tseg hauv daim ntawv.

Roscosmos tau tham txog qhov muaj peev xwm ntawm Teb Chaws Asmeskas tsis kam yuav Lavxias teb sab foob pob hluav taws cav thiab cov txiaj ntsig yav tom ntej rau lub sijhawm ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tom qab cov xwm txheej ntawm 2014 hauv Ukraine. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee tus neeg ua haujlwm tau hais ncaj qha txog qhov kev cia siab ntawm Energomash ntawm Asmeskas cov neeg koom tes, thaum lwm tus nyob hauv txhua txoj hauv kev tsis quav ntsej qhov tseeb.

"Hnub no, cov ntawv cog lus txawv teb chaws muab ntau tshaj li ib nrab ntawm cov nyiaj tau los, qhov seem yog tsoomfwv xaj. Qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov nyiaj tau los yog tsim los ntawm cov khoom siv foob pob hluav taws rau Asmeskas - RD-180 rau United Launch Alliance thiab RD-181 rau Orbital ATK ",

- Igor Arbuzov, CEO ntawm Energomash, tau hais thaum Lub Ib Hlis 2018.

Lawm, lub tebchaws United States kuj paub txog unenviable prospects ntawm Lavxias teb sab chaw lag luam. "Lavxias teb sab tub ceev xwm tseem tuav lub nruas," hais txog US launches RD-180 foob pob hluav taws cav rau Atlas 5 thiab hais tias Lavxias teb sab Soyuz tseem yog tib txoj kev mus txog rau ISS, American neeg sau xov xwm Matthew Bodner sau rau SpaceNews ib lub lim tiam tom qab Arbuzov cov lus., "tsis muaj kev sib tham rau pej xeem txog qhov kawg ntawm lub xeev no yuav txhais li cas rau kev lag luam hauv Lavxias teb sab."

Hauv nws cov ntawv tshaj tawm, tus neeg sau xov xwm tau sau tseg tias xyoo 2014 NASA thiab Roscosmos tau tswj hwm kev lag luam kev sib raug zoo, txawm hais tias cov lus tshaj tawm ntawm Lavxias teb sab nom tswv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov lus pom zoo hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas kom siv lub trampoline rau kev ya mus rau hauv orbit, ua los ntawm Dmitry Rogozin, uas yog tus Thawj Fwm Tsav Tebchaws. Minister ntawm tsoom fwv. Russia.

Rogozin tau teb tam sim ntawd rau Bodner daim ntawv, hu rau kev tshaj tawm boorish.

"Peb lub foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw lag luam tsis tau nyob ntawm Asmeskas. Nws tsuas yog qhov opposite,"

- Assured Rogozin. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, tus thawj coj, hais txog kev lag luam zais cia, tsis kam lees lub npe cov nyiaj uas Energomash tau txais los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas rau kev muag khoom foob pob hluav taws.

Cov nyiaj tau los thiab cov nqi

Qhov tseeb ntawm "kev ywj pheej" ntawm Lavxias teb sab foob pob hluav taws thiab chaw lag luam los ntawm cov neeg Amelikas tau nthuav tawm hauv tib daim ntawv piav qhia rau daim ntawv tshaj tawm txhua xyoo ntawm Energomash. Nyob rau hauv 2018, lub tuam txhab npaj yuav muab cov neeg muas zaub nrog peb hom fais fab units - 11 RD-180 cav, ob RD-191 cav thiab rau RD-181 cav. Ntawd yog, tawm ntawm 19 foob pob hluav taws cav, 17 yog npaj rau Tebchaws Meskas thiab tsuas yog 2 rau Russia. Tsis yog qhov xav tsis thoob, hauv cov ntaub ntawv, Energomash hu nws tus kheej "tus xa tawm ntawm cov khoom siv high-tech thiab science-intensive nrog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm nws cov nyiaj tau los ntawm US las thiab feem ntau ntawm cov nqi denominated hauv rubles".

Lub cav RD-180 muab los ntawm Energomash rau Tebchaws Meskas yog tam sim no siv hauv Atlas V foob pob hluav taws, thiab RD-181 hauv Antares. Cov ntawv cog lus tam sim no muab kev xa khoom mus txog rau thaum kawg ntawm 2019. Daim ntawv cog lus xyoo 1997 tau muab rau cov khoom siv ntawm 101 RD-180 xyaw rau tag nrho cov nqi ntawm $ 1 billion. Xyoo 2016, Tebchaws Meskas tau xaj 18 RD-180 lub cav los ntawm NPO. Tus nqi ntawm cov kev xaiv rau cov khoom ntawm 60 RD-181 xyaw, kos npe rau hauv 2014, tsis tshaj $ 1 billion.

Nws tsis yooj yim rau kwv yees tias ib qho RD-180 raug nqi rau Asmeskas sab tsawg kawg yog $ 10 lab, thaum ib qho RD-181 raug nqi tsawg kawg yog $ 15 lab. Nws kuj tseem pom tseeb tias RD-180 xa tawm raws li daim ntawv cog lus 2016 tsis tuaj yeem pheej yig dua li RD-181, yog tias tsuas yog vim tias thawj lub zog hluav taws xob yog qhov nyuaj dua thiab muaj zog dua li qhov thib ob.

Poob sijhawm

Tebchaws Asmeskas pib yuav RD-180s los ntawm Russia rau ob lub laj thawj tseem ceeb. Ua ntej, cov neeg Amelikas tau nyiam los ntawm cov yam ntxwv thiab tus nqi ntawm Lavxias teb sab cav. Qhov thib ob, nyob rau hauv txoj kev no cov koom tes nrog Western zam kev muag khoom ntawm Soviet missile technology rau Tuam Tshoj rau ib tug pittance. Yog tias Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau pom zoo yuav RD-180 los ntawm Lavxias Federation nees nkaum xyoo dhau los, tsis muaj qhov tsis ntseeg tias hnub no PRC yuav muaj lub zog zoo sib xws. Qhov teeb meem nrog kev muag khoom ntawm Soviet manned space technologies kom meej meej qhia qhov no.

Txawm li cas los xij, qhov xwm txheej niaj hnub no yog qhov txawv ntawm qhov nws tau 20 xyoo dhau los. Rov qab rau Lub Ib Hlis 2018, Arbuzov tau lees paub tias txawm tias Tuam Tshoj "tsim lub cav zoo ib yam hauv nws cov yam ntxwv rau Lavxias RD-180," Energomash tso cai rau kev koom tes nrog Celestial Empire "hauv kev tshawb fawb, kev sib pauv ntawm cov kws tshaj lij, thiab kev sib tham hauv kev daws teeb meem tshwm sim. "… Yog tias Russia muag nws cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob rau Tuam Tshoj, ces cov ntsiab lus ntawm qhov kev pom zoo yuav tsis zoo ib yam li hauv Teb Chaws Asmeskas.

Kev tsis kam lees ntawm Tebchaws Meskas los ntawm RD-180 thiab RD-181 tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm ntau qhov laj thawj.

Ua ntej, tsis muaj kev xav tau ceev rau lub foob pob hluav taws Atlas 5, uas tam sim no tau ua tiav los ntawm cov pheej yig Falcon 9 thiab Falcon Hnyav. Cov cab kuj tom kawg, los ntawm txoj kev, tsis ntev los no tau txais daim ntawv pov thawj Pentagon rau kev tso lub dav hlau tam sim ntawd mus rau txhua qhov kev txhawb nqa orbits cov tub rog xav tau.

Qhov thib ob, xyoo 2020, lub foob pob hluav taws Vulcan, uas tau tsim los hloov Atlas 5, yuav tsum ya. Tib lub sijhawm, Blue Origin's New Glenn launch tsheb yuav tsum tawm mus. Qhov thib peb, thiab tej zaum qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, Asmeskas cov foob pob hluav taws hnyav hauv kev tsim kho yuav tau txais cov tshuab methane-oxygen tshiab. Niaj hnub no, lub zog hluav taws xob uas siv roj av tau ploj mus rau hauv keeb kwm yav dhau, thiab yog tias leej twg koom nrog lawv cov kev tsim, tom qab ntawd me me aerospace startups ua haujlwm ntawm lawv tus kheej lub teeb.

Ib lo lus nug ntuj tshwm sim: pua pua lab nyiaj daus las uas Russia tau txais los ntawm Tebchaws Meskas rau lub foob pob hluav taws mus rau qhov twg? Tam sim no, nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov nyiaj no tau hais meej tsis tau qhia rau kev tsim cov phiaj xwm foob pob hluav taws. Tshaj li 20 xyoo dhau los, Moscow Cheeb Tsam Energomash tau ua tshwj xeeb hauv kev ua kom yooj yim thiab ua kom zoo dua RD-170, tshuav los ntawm Soviet super-hnyav foob pob hluav taws Energia. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, nyob rau hauv Russia, qhov xav tau ntawm cov khoom Energomash yog qhov tsis tseem ceeb: RD-171 tau teeb tsa rau ntawm Ukrainian Zenit-2 missile, thiab RD-191 - ntawm Lavxias teb sab Angara.

Los ntawm kerosene mus rau methane

Thaum Lub Rau Hli 2018, tus thawj coj ntawm Energomash, Igor Arbuzov, tau hais tias lub tshuab hluav taws xob methane-roj foob pob hluav taws muaj kev cog lus ntau dua li cov roj av siv hluav taws xob, thiab Tebchaws Meskas tau ua ntej ntawm Russia hauv kev tsim cov kev teeb tsa no.

"Lub tuam txhab Asmeskas Blue Origin muaj qib siab tshaj plaws ntawm kev npaj niaj hnub no, nws tau ua haujlwm zoo rau kev tsim lub cav BE-4, uas yuav tsum tau hloov lub cav RD-180 los ntawm peb rau Asmeskas tuam txhab ULA,"

- hais tias Arbuzov.

Tshiab Glenn Heavy Rocket Project Duab: NASASpaceFlight.com

Nws tau sau tseg tias kev ua lag luam niaj hnub xav tau pheej yig, nrog rau "cov kev daws teeb meem yooj yim tshaj plaws thiab txhim khu kev qha."

"Methane ua tau raws li cov kev cai no rau qhov loj tshaj plaws, txij li nws muaj cov khoom siv raw khoom tsim tshaj plaws, thiab tshaj li roj av hauv lub zog", - hais tias Arbuzov.

Raws li nws hais, "methane yog cov cuab yeej siv tau zoo tshaj plaws uas tso cai, siv cov peev txheej tsawg thiab kev nqis peev, los kho lub tsev kom rov qab siv cov theem", vim tias "cov roj siv tau zoo tsis muab cov pa roj carbon deposits, cov chav nyob tsis muaj kev thauj khoom zoo li thaum twg. siv lwm hom roj, piv txwv li, sib tov oxygen nrog kerosene lossis oxygen-hydrogen roj ".

Tus thawj coj tseem tau hais ntxiv tias Energomash, ua ke nrog KBKhA (Design Bureau of Chemical Automatics), tab tom ua haujlwm ntawm lub cav methane, uas tau npaj yuav tsim "hauv hlau" los ntawm 2020.

"Hnub no, qhov no yog ib qho kev tshawb fawb thiab kev ua haujlwm loj heev, vim tias tsis muaj lub tsheb tso tawm uas lub cav yuav raug teeb tsa. Yam tsawg kawg nyob rau hauv lub version ntawm tsoom fwv teb chaws qhov kev pab cuam uas muaj nyob rau niaj hnub no,"

- piav qhia Arbuzov.

Tom qab ntawd, cov lus ntawm Arbuzov tau lees paub los ntawm tus tsim qauv ntawm Energomash, Pyotr Lyovochkin, uas tau hais tias "kev tsim ua ntej tau raug tso tawm, qhov twg txhua yam kev xav tau raug txiav txim siab" rau lub zog ua haujlwm ntawm methane. Qhov tseeb, sib nrug los ntawm cov cav siv los ntawm kerosene thiab heptyl, Russia tsis muaj dab tsi.

Raws li lub taub hau ntawm scientific thiab technical council ntawm Roscosmos, Yuri Koptev, Russia yog tib lub teb chaws chaw uas tsis siv hydrogen li roj nyob rau hauv foob pob ua ntxaij cav (txawm hais tias xws li ib tug hwj chim unit tau siv nyob rau hauv lub Energia foob pob hluav taws). Piv txwv li, Atlas 5 muaj RL-10A-4-2 hydrogen engines nyob rau theem ob, thiab tag nrho cov hwj chim units ntawm American Delta 4 khiav ntawm hydrogen txhua.

Lavxias teb sab chaw lag luam paub txog nws ntau yam haujlwm uas muaj nyob rau hauv daim ntawv. Yog tias Energomash ua tsis tiav los tsim lub zog hluav taws xob ntawm methane, muag RD-180 rau Asmeskas cov neeg koom tes, ces nws tsis ntseeg tias lub cav zoo li no yuav tshwm sim thaum kev koom tes nrog Tebchaws Meskas raug txwv.

Overd nws

Qhov tseeb, qhov xwm txheej nrog Energomash yog qhov phem dua. Lub tuam txhab, tshaj tawm txog kev siv rov qab siv tau ntawm nws lub zog, hauv txhua txoj hauv kev tsis quav ntsej txog qhov ua tsis tau tiag tiag ntawm kev tsim lub foob pob hluav taws nrog lub sijhawm rov siv tau raws li cov cav ntawm RD-170 tsev neeg. Qhov laj thawj yog vim li cas ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm cheeb tsam Moscow cog tau dhau los ua kom muaj zog heev txhawm rau muab kev tsaws ntsug ntawm thawj theem, raws li SpaceX ua.

Nrog rau kev tsaws ntsug ntawm thawj theem ntawm Falcon 9, ntawm nws cuaj Merlin 1D + xyaw, tsuas yog ib lub zog hauv nruab nrab ua haujlwm, ntxiv rau, nyob rau hauv seem kawg ntawm txoj kev - ntawm qhov tsawg kawg nkaus tso cai lub zog. Cov khoom ntawm Energomash tsuas yog tsis muaj peev xwm ntawm qhov no - ib qho ntawm cov khoom tsim los ntawm Moscow cheeb tsam kev lag luam, kev ua haujlwm txawm tias lub zog tsawg kawg nkaus, yuav ua rau theem hauv huab cua kom txog thaum cov roj ntws tawm, tom qab ntawd lub foob pob hluav taws yuav ua rau nyuaj. tsaws. Tau kawg, qhov teeb meem no tuaj yeem daws tau los ntawm kev nce qhov loj ntawm thawj theem, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, qhov loj ntawm cov zis payload yuav inevitably poob.

Tseem muaj qhov kev xaiv ntawm kev txuag lub cav nrog lub tshuab raj, tab sis nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, lub foob pob ua ntxaij theem yuav ua rau ib tug nyuaj landing, tom qab uas nws rov qab siv dua yam tsis muaj kev kho loj yog tsis yooj yim sua.

Qhov tseeb, yog tias lub cav ntawm tsev neeg RD-170 tuaj yeem siv tau rau hauv lub foob pob hluav taws rov siv tau, ces tsuas yog thaum theem ntawm cov cab kuj tau txais tis. Nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no, ib tug mos landing yuav ua tau los ntawm gliding lub foob pob ua ntxaij caij. Russia lub peev xwm los ua raws li qhov project niaj hnub no ua rau muaj kev poob siab loj.

Tsis tas li ntawd, nws yuav tsum raug sau tseg tias nws yog qhov tseeb vim qhov tsis tuaj yeem siv cov khoom siv Energomash ua ib feem ntawm lub foob pob hluav taws rov siv tau uas S7 Space, uas yog tus tswv Hiav Txwv Launch, tau npaj rov pib tsim cov NK-33 thiab NK-43 foob pob hluav taws los tsim. Soyuz-5SL reusable foob pob ua ntxaij."

Kev xav

Nws hloov tawm hais tias niaj hnub Russia tsis xav tau ib tug loj tus naj npawb ntawm foob pob ua ntxaij cav, thiab kev txaus siab ntawm lub tebchaws United States thiab Tuam Tshoj nyob rau hauv lub Soviet legacy yog sai sai tuag. Qhov tseeb, vim tias tsis muaj kev thov rau nws cov khoom, Energomash cov nyiaj tau los yuav poob ntau zaus, uas tsis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau kev lag luam foob pob hluav taws.

Nyob rau hauv cov xwm txheej zoo li no, ib qho ntawm lub ntiaj teb ua lag luam ntawm cov foob pob hluav taws xob hluav taws xob khiav txoj kev pheej hmoo los ua lwm yam lag luam tsis muaj txiaj ntsig zoo li Khrunichev Center. Rogozin tau hais thaum Lub Rau Hli 2018 tias lub koom haum hauv lub xeev yuav txiav txim siab siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob methane hauv Soyuz-5, tab sis KBKhA tau hais meej meej tias tsis muaj kev kub ntxhov los tsim lub tshuab hluav taws xob tshiab. Hloov chaw, Energomash yuav mloog zoo rau kev tsim RD-191 rau Angara, thiab qhov tseeb - ntawm nag hmo cov thev naus laus zis.