Dub lag luam e-pov tseg

2024 Tus sau: Seth Attwood | [email protected]. Kawg hloov kho: 2023-12-16 16:06

Thaum xyoo 1980s, cov teb chaws tsim kho tau kos npe rau lub npe hu ua Basel Convention, uas txwv tsis pub xa tawm lawv cov khoom siv hauv tsev thiab hluav taws xob. Tab sis nws hloov tawm tias e-khoom siv rov ua dua ntawm qhov chaw yog ntev thiab kim. Qhov no yog li cas cov duab ntxoov ntxoo ua lag luam rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob tau tshwm sim, uas, raws li El Mundo, yog piv rau kev lag luam tshuaj.

Qhov laj thawj tseem ceeb vim li cas nws thiaj li raug txwv tsis pub xa khoom siv hluav taws xob yog cov ntsiab lus siab ntawm cov hlau lead, mercury thiab cadmium hauv nws. Tsuas yog Tebchaws Meskas tsis tau lees paub cov ntawv cog lus (tab sis lawv tau txais lawv tus kheej cov qauv). Nws tau npaj tseg tias tag nrho cov khoom siv hluav taws xob yuav rov ua dua tshiab ntawm qhov chaw uas tsis muaj pov tseg thiab "ntsuab" thev naus laus zis. Tab sis nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm kev khwv nyiaj txiag, lawv tsis pom zoo heev - nws yog tsis yooj yim sua rau recapture kev nqis peev nyob rau hauv ib tug luv luv lub sij hawm, uas txhais tau hais tias tsis muaj tub ua lag luam.

Tib lub sijhawm, Tuam Tshoj tau pib hloov pauv tshiab rau kev lag luam kev lag luam. Qhov ntim ntawm kev lag luam nce ntxiv - thiab nws yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev lag luam kom ntim cov khoom ntim nrog cov khoom hauv ib qho kev taw qhia ntawm txoj kev rov qab …

Qhov no yog li cas cov duab ntxoov ntxoo ua lag luam rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob rov ua dua tshiab tau tshwm sim nyob rau hauv peb lub ntiaj teb, uas ntau pua txhiab tus neeg ua haujlwm txhua hnub.

Teb chaws Europe siv 130 lab euros ib xyoos rau kev xa khoom ntawm lub ntiaj teb tsis tshua muaj thiab cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig uas muaj nyob hauv tib tsev neeg thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob, thiab 75% ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sab hnub poob tsuas ploj ntawm txoj kev pov tseg. Yog li nws pheej yig dua.

Tswvyim tsis meej pem

Lub khoos phis tawj qub dhau los ntawm lub nroog zoo ntawm Leeds, UK, koj yuav pom tseeb hauv qhov chaw pov tseg hauv Republic of Ghana, West Africa. Txawm hais tias txhua yam zoo li zoo nyob hauv tebchaws Askiv nrog txoj cai lij choj, los ntawm 1.4 lab tons ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg rau ntawd, txog li 1.1 lab tons tuaj yeem ploj mus rau hauv huab cua nyias.

Los ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, raws li cov kws tshaj lij, 100 lub thawv hluav taws xob pov tseg raug tshem tawm hauv ib lub lis piam - lawv muab zais rau hauv cov nkoj:

Thiab txawm hais tias cov tub ceev xwm hauv zos muaj cov yeeb yaj kiab txias ntawm lawv ntes xws li kev tsis ncaj ncees ntawm cov nkoj, qhov no yog qhov poob rau hauv lub thoob.

Feem ntau cov khoom qub thiab cov cuab yeej tsim nyog tau txais kev pab tib neeg rau lub ntiaj teb thib peb lossis cov khoom siv thib ob. Thiab, qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv no guise lawv raug xa mus rau Ghana, Is Nrias teb, Brazil … Thiab tib lub Tuam Tshoj.

Txog li ib puas lub thawv tsis raug cai nrog e-khoom khib nyiab tuaj txog ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj ntawm Hong Kong txhua hnub. Nrog rau tag nrho cov kev ntshaw, nws yuav luag tsis yooj yim sua kom taug qab lawv tag nrho ntawm 63 txhiab lub thawv tshem tawm ntawm no ib hnub. Thiab bribes txhua txoj kev, koj paub.

Yog li 56% ntawm tag nrho lub ntiaj teb cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib sau ua ke hauv ib qho chaw - Suav cheeb tsam chaw nruab nrab ntawm Guiyu hauv cheeb tsam kev lag luam ntawm Guangzhou. Kev qias neeg rov siv dua ntawm cov xov tooj thiab khoos phis tawj muab cov tswv lag luam no $ 3 nphom hauv cov nyiaj tau los ib xyoos.

Qhov twg peb e-trash tuag

Tus neeg siv nruab nrab hauv Tebchaws Meskas yuav them $ 20-25 rau kev rov ua dua lub computer. Cov nyiaj no yog sewn rau hauv kev yuav khoom, thiab ntau lub tuam txhab tseem muaj cov kev pabcuam rov ua dua tshiab. Tab sis cov kev pab cuam feem ntau yog khi rau cov neeg nruab nrab, thiab lawv twb txiav txim siab tias dab tsi muaj txiaj ntsig zoo dua rau lawv.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv lub tebchaws United States muaj tsuas yog peb lub Hoobkas rau kev ua cov xov tooj cua hluav taws xob, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau hauv 2008, thaum lub sij hawm kev soj ntsuam, 43 lub tuam txhab tau txheeb xyuas uas tau muag decommissioned saib "mus rau sab laug". Thiab kev taug qab ntawm tag nrho txoj kev ntawm cov khoom siv tsis tsim nyog tseem tsuas yog nyob rau hauv kev sim ua haujlwm.

Qhov no yog li cas "cov khoom" xaus rau hauv Guia. Ntawm no, qhov nruab nrab ntawm $ 20 yuav raug muab rho tawm los ntawm lub computer seem.

Guiyu yog lub hub tag nrho. Cov chaw pov tseg, cov tsev khaws khoom thiab cov chaw ua haujlwm tau tawg thoob plaws hauv lub nroog thiab cov zos ntawm thaj tsam ntawm 55 txhiab square kilometers.

Rau kev sib piv: thaj tsam ntawm Moscow yog "tsuas yog" 2, 5 txhiab square kilometers. Moscow thiab cheeb tsam - 49,5 txhiab square kilometers.

Cov hauj lwm ntawm no yog npaj raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm ib tug pov tseg sorting cog. Nrog ib qho "tab sis" - tsis muaj ib puag ncig tus qauv. Hauv paus. Tom qab ua haujlwm ntawm no, koj tuaj yeem poob lub raum - dhau sijhawm, thaum cadmium thiab txhuas hauv cov ntshav.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, rau 3 las ib hnub, ntau txhiab txhais tes yuav ua dab tsi hauv "peb" ntiaj teb yuav raug nqi 3 lab nyiaj rau ib txoj kab thev naus laus zis, uas cov neeg ua haujlwm txawj yuav tsum sawv.

Vim tias cov txheej txheem rau kev tshuaj xyuas tsis yog phau ntawv ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg rau hauv cov feem tseem tsis tau tsim.

Nov yog qee cov duab los ntawm zaj yeeb yaj kiab 'The E-Waste Tragedy' (Cosima Dannoritzer, 2014)

Nws tag nrho pib nrog ib tug junkyard

Ntawm no, tag nrho cov filling yog cais los ntawm cov rooj plaub: hlau thiab yas los ntawm lawv tuaj yeem muab tso rau hauv kev ncig.

Cov seem yog coj mus rau lub nroog thiab cov zos. Txhua tus siv nws, suav nrog tus kheej scooters.

Hauv cov zos, cov khib nyiab hluav taws xob yuav raug rov txheeb dua.

Thiab lawv yuav raug thauj mus rau ntau lub rooj cob qhia.

Ntawm no, piv txwv li, cov saib qub tau hais txog. Txhua tus tuaj yeem muaj 3-4 kg ntawm txhuas.

Nyob rau hauv cov zos, feem ntau, txhua yam yog feem ntau muab faib raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev nyob rau hauv lub qub Lavxias teb sab nroog.

Tab sis qhov twg peb muaj Goncharnaya Street, ntawm no yog ib tug prestigious "phaj-hlawv".

Tom qab tag nrho, boards yog cov khoom kim tshaj plaws.

Cov ntsiab lus raug tshem tawm ntawm lawv nrog txiab, tweezers lossis pliers. Thiab yog tias ib yam dab tsi tsis cuam tshuam, lub rooj tsavxwm tau muab tso rau ntawm lub qhov cub thiab lawv tos kom cov pa taws tawm mus thiab cov solder melts.

Cov kev ua haujlwm pliers yog tom qab ntawd rov ua dua thiab qhov tshwm sim tau txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus nqi thiab hom.

Ib qho "tsim" zoo sib xws tau teeb tsa hauv qhov chaw pov tseg hauv qhov qhib huab cua. Txhua txhua hnub txog li 100 qhov hluav taws kub loj kub hnyiab nyob ze ntawm Guiyu.

Lawv muab txhua yam pov tseg hauv lawv, thiab tom qab ntawd muab cov khoom muaj nqis nrog lawv txhais tes.

Tom qab ntawd lawv sift dua - thiab nws tau ua tiav yam tsis muaj pliers.

Lawv ua tib yam nrog cov xov hlau txhawm rau rho tawm tooj liab los ntawm lawv.

Los ntawm txoj kev, daim duab nrog tus menyuam tau raug coj mus rau hauv Ghana, qhov chaw pov tseg hluav taws xob loj thib ob nyob. Kuj tseem muaj neeg ua haujlwm Suav coob coob nyob ntawd.

Tom qab ntawd tag nrho cov hlau uas tsis yog-ferrous sib sau tau raug xa mus rau cov chaw ua haujlwm artisanal, qhov twg nws yog "huv" nrog kua qaub.

Los ntawm 5 txhiab lub xov tooj ntawm tes koj tuaj yeem rho tawm, piv txwv li, ib kilogram ntawm kub ntshiab thiab 10 kg ntawm nyiaj. Lawv cov nqi yuav ncav cuag 40-43 txhiab las.

$ 8 los ntawm ib lub gadget twb tsawg dua li koj tuaj yeem "scrape" tawm ntawm lub computer. Tab sis nws tseem tsim nyog: tib neeg yuav pov tseg 160 lab lub xov tooj hauv ib xyoos.

Yas kuj tseem ceeb - nws feem ntau yuav rau Foxconn, uas ua haujlwm nrog Apple, Dell, HP thiab lwm yam.

Yog li ntawd, piv txwv li, cov boards yas gutted kuj raug ntxuav: lawv nqa cov pob tawb ntxhua khaub ncaws, muab txhua yam nyob ntawd, thiab muab tso rau hauv lub thoob nrog tshuaj.

Feem ntau, thaum kawg ntawm kev ua haujlwm, txhua yam uas tseem nyob hauv cov thoob tsuas yog muab pov tseg rau hauv txoj kev kwj dej.

Cartridges los ntawm Canon, Epson, Xerox thiab lwm yam yog smashed nrog ib tug rauj thiab ces cov toner tshuav yog muab tshem tawm ntawm tes. Ntau tus neeg ua haujlwm tseem tsis tau hnov txog lub tshuab nqus tsev toner. Interestingly, tib Canon muaj ib qho kev cog qoob loo hauv Suav teb. Tab sis nws feem ntau muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau cov neeg nruab nrab hauv cov saw hlau kom muab cov cartridges rau sab.

Yog li ntawd, txhua yam, txhua yam uas tau tso tseg los ntawm kev kub hnyiab lossis siv tsis tau, cov pov tseg ze ntawm tus dej, hauv nroog thiab cov kwj dej nyob deb nroog.

Tom qab ntawd lawv muab dej los ntawm no rau kev xav tau hauv tsev:

Cov khib nyiab tiag tiag twb tsim nyob rau hauv tus dej. Tab sis cov ntses raug ntes thiab noj los ntawm no.

Tab sis cov dej haus tau coj mus rau Guia los ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom los ntawm lwm qhov chaw, tsawg kawg 60-100 mais ntawm qhov chaw khib nyiab. Thiab cov neeg muag khoom ntawm txoj kev nqa qee cov dej los ntawm lub caij nplooj ntoos hlav ntawm ko taw ntawm lub roob ze tshaj plaws.

Qhov no yog li cas $ 3 billion yog laundered ib xyoos.

Raws li kev kwv yees ntau yam, Guiyu ua haujlwm ntawm 150,000 thiab 300,000 tus neeg.

Rau kev siv: Suav lub xeev monopoly rau kev rho tawm cov thee (qhov tsim kev puas tsuaj ntau tshaj plaws, suav nrog 70% ntawm kev thov hluav taws xob sab hauv), ua haujlwm tsuas yog 210 txhiab tus neeg.

Ib tug neeg tau txais $ 3 ib hnub rau ib lub lim tiam ua haujlwm rau hnub thiab 12 teev sawv ntxov.

Ib tug neeg hauv hnub nyoog tsib caug ua haujlwm 16 teev xya hnub hauv ib lub lis piam - qhov no yog qhov koj tuaj yeem ua tau $ 650 ib hlis thiab khwv tau koj cov menyuam rau kev kawm qib siab.

Tus poj niam siv lub pob zeb thiab tsoo lub vijtsam. Nyob ze, nws tus menyuam tab tom txheeb cov kab hluav taws xob cathode los ntawm cov kab thiab cov laug cam. Los ntawm lawv koj yuav tsum tau mus rau lub plab, thiab ces hlawv tawm txhua yam uas muaj tsawg kawg yog ib co nqi.

Hauv kev nkag siab ntawm lo lus - hlawv tawm. Los ntawm lub tank, qhov twg nws tag nrho melts, acrid ntau xim pa luam yeeb yog pouring. Tab sis lawv tsis muaj ntau los poob.

Feem coob ntawm cov neeg no tuaj rau Guia ntawm lub hom phiaj. Qee tus lees tias lawv tsis ua haujlwm hauv cov chaw ua haujlwm ze lawv lub tsev, vim tias kev ua haujlwm menyuam yaus raug txwv hnyav dua nyob rau ntawd.

Thiab dab tsi tshwm sim nrog peb

Peb "tsim" nyob rau hauv Russia txog 750 txhiab tons ntawm hluav taws xob pov tseg ib xyoo - txog 3,75% ntawm lub ntiaj teb no ntim.

Thiab peb yeej tsis paub yuav ua li cas rau tag nrho cov no.

Ntau precisely, muaj cuaj factories nyob rau hauv Russia muaj peev xwm ua cov xov tooj cua electronics. Ob ntawm lawv muaj kab tsuas yog siv tshuab computer. Tab sis lawv txhua tus ua haujlwm nrog cov koom haum raug cai.

Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias koj hnov txog kev tshaj tawm ntawm ib lub khw loj "peb tshem tawm koj cov khoom qub", ces qhov no yog lub tuam txhab UKO. Tom qab ntawd nws txheeb thiab disassembles cov cuab yeej, thiab tom qab ntawd xa cov khoom rau kev ua lag luam.

Saib seb lawv ua haujlwm li cas.

Ntawm qhov nkag, txhua yam yog txheeb tawm manually - Kuv hais tias, tsis muaj lwm txoj hauv kev.

Tom qab ntawd cov rooj plaub raug nias, thiab cov laug cam raug txheeb xyuas los ntawm tus nqi (motherboard yog qhov kim tshaj plaws) thiab xa hauv hnab mus rau cov chaw tsim khoom.

Twb tau nyob ntawd, ob peb lub rooj tsavxwm yuav raug rho tawm ntawm lub hnab - thiab tag nrho cov khoom yuav raug txiav txim los ntawm lawv.

Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, UKO npaj yuav tib txoj kab ua haujlwm rau 3 lab txhawm rau txhawm rau cais cov khoom ntawm cov laug cam.

Tab sis qhov no yog Africa. Lub teb chaws nyob rau sab av loj no yog qhov thib ob loj tshaj plaws e-khoom txais tom qab Tuam Tshoj.

Cov neeg tsim khoom lawv tus kheej twb txaus siab rau thaj av African: tsawg kawg yog vim tus nqi ntawm kev ua haujlwm. Dell yuav sau e-khoom khib nyiab los ntawm teb chaws Africa ntawm nws cov nroj tsuag hauv Kenya, uas nws yuav teeb tsa 40 cov ntsiab lus sau rau cov tib neeg thoob plaws lub tebchaws: lawv hais tias, xa mus rau kev pauv nyiaj.

Kev pov tseg cov khib nyiab ntawm no los ntawm Ghana, qhov twg feem ntau ntawm cov e-khoom pov tseg, tsis tuaj yeem ua tau (koj saib hauv daim ntawv qhia), tab sis tsawg kawg nws tuaj yeem ntes mus rau cov tebchaws nyob sib ze.

Thiab yuav luag qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws txog qhov teeb meem ntawm e-khoom siv rov ua dua tshiab tau coj hauv Turkey.

Muaj ib lub tuam txhab ntiag tug, lub taub hau uas yog lub luag haujlwm rau tag nrho cov txheej txheem thoob plaws hauv lub tebchaws. Thiab zoo li yuav ua hauj lwm conscientiously.

Thiab hauv Is Nrias teb loj, qhov twg 70% ntawm e-khoom khib nyiab yog neeg txawv, muaj cov neeg ua lag luam uas daws qhov teeb meem. Piv txwv li, Attero Recycling, khaws e-khoom pov tseg los ntawm 500 lub nroog hauv 25 lub xeev thoob plaws tebchaws.

Tab sis lawv tau txais kev txhawb nqa los ntawm kev nqis peev los ntawm cov tuam txhab cov cuab yeej loj uas siv lawv cov khoom raws li cov khoom seem, vim tias qhov teeb meem ntawm e-kua pov tseg tsis tuaj yeem daws tau yam tsis muaj kev nqis peev mus ntev thiab kev cai lij choj.

Piv txwv li, nyob rau hauv Russia, kev nplua me me yog muab rau cov khoom siv hluav taws xob pov tseg txhua qhov chaw. Thiab ces, yog hais tias ib tug neeg them nyiaj rau nws.