Fake Atlas ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ntawm 1745
Fake Atlas ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ntawm 1745

Video: Fake Atlas ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ntawm 1745

Video: Fake Atlas ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ntawm 1745
Video: TSOV ROG RUSSIA-UKRAINE SIB TUA LOJ NYOB RAU NROOG DONBASS HNUB TIM 28/3 2024, Kaum ib hlis
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Daim ntawv qhia los ntawm thawj tsab ntawm Encyclopedia Britannica, 1768-1771, yog qhov nthuav qhia tsis yog tsuas yog qib polygraphic ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd, tab sis kuj yog lub xeev tiag tiag ntawm thaj chaw sawv cev. Koj puas tuaj yeem xav tias huab tais, tus tswv thiab lwm tus neeg sawv cev ntawm "nautical lub teb chaws", "cov thawj coj hauv hiav txwv" yuav cov ntaub ntawv tsis tu ncua rau nyiaj ntau?

Qhov tseeb hais tias cov tshaj tawm tsis tsuas yog tsis tau mus rau hauv tsev kaw neeg rau hack-ua hauj lwm, tab sis tam sim ntawd txuas ntxiv luam tawm phau ntawv encyclopedia, nce lub ntim, ntxiv rau ua pov thawj tias txhua yam yog Ameslikas ua los ntawm lawv nrog high quality, super-duper, high-end. Thawj tsab ntawm Britannica, 1768-1771, muaj peb phau ntawv, 2670 nplooj ntawv, 160 tabs nrog cov duab kos; II edition 1777-1784 ntawm 10 ntim, 8595 nplooj ntawv, 340 duab; thib peb tsab 1788-1797 - 18 phaus, 14579 pages, 542 illustrations.

Kev kawm txuas ntxiv ntawm 1771 daim ntawv qhia ntawm Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Britannica, pib hauv daim ntawv dhau los, kom yooj yim kuv rov ua ob peb daim duab qhia chaw: sab laug yog ib feem ntawm daim ntawv qhia Shokalsky (dej phiab), uas muaj kab liab cais cov dej ntws. ntawm lub Baltic thiab Dawb Hiav txwv dej phwj, thiab cov xub liab saum toj no thiab hauv qab no qhia lub ntsiab lus qhia colonization los ntawm lub hiav txwv; nyob rau sab xis ntawm tib daim ntawv qhia ntxiv cov npe ntawm kev txaus siab rau peb, muab los ntawm daim ntawv qhia los ntawm Britannica:

Lavxias teb sab basins
Lavxias teb sab basins
1771 muab cov npe ntawm Britannica rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia Shokalsky
1771 muab cov npe ntawm Britannica rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia Shokalsky

Tam sim no peb txiav tawm cov khoom seem ntawm daim ntawv qhia ntawm sab xis thiab ntxiv cov khoom seem (raws li peb tuaj yeem ua tau nrog qhov sib txawv) los ntawm 1771 Britannica daim ntawv qhia. Nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si tawg, kom yooj yim ntawm kev kawm, cov dots liab cim lub nroog nyob ze tus dej hiav txwv ntawm Baltic thiab Dawb Seas, thiab ntsuab dots cim lub nroog ze ntawm tus dej hiav txwv Dub thiab Caspian Seas:

1771 muab cov npe ntawm Britannica rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia Shokalsky
1771 muab cov npe ntawm Britannica rau ntawm daim ntawv qhia Shokalsky
1771 daim ntawv qhia los ntawm Britannica fragment
1771 daim ntawv qhia los ntawm Britannica fragment

Tam sim no peb txiav txim siab thiab kos qee cov ntsiab lus tsis yog rau kev sib tham, tab sis tsuas yog kom tau txais kev cuam tshuam nrog dab tsi cov neeg British aristocracy pom tom qab ntawd:

- tsis muaj Veliky Novgorod, ntawm Volkhov tsuas yog Ladoga qub, uas zoo li tsis muaj chaw nyob ntawm no;

- Narva yog, Revel (Tallinn) muaj, Pleskov (Pskov) ib yam nkaus, tab sis Veliky Novgorod tsis yog;

- tab sis qee qhov Novgorod pom nyob ze Smolensk, zoo ib yam li qhov chaw niaj hnub Vitebsk;

- tsis muaj Tver, uas tau hwm los ntawm cov neeg Oldenburg ua "peb lub peev thib peb".

Yog, ok, ces peb mam li xam nws tawm.

Thiab tam sim no kuv pom zoo kom muab piv rau daim ntawv qhia ntawm Asia (zoo li los ntawm qhov thib peb tsab ntawm Britannica, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los qhia meej) ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th nrog Shokalsky daim ntawv qhia ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th, them nyiaj tshwj xeeb rau kev teeb tsa ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv Pacific. Puas muaj tseeb tias kev nce qib tau pom zoo hauv 100 xyoo?

1771 daim ntawv qhia ntawm Asia los ntawm Encyclopedia Britannica
1771 daim ntawv qhia ntawm Asia los ntawm Encyclopedia Britannica
dej basins ntawm Asia ib feem ntawm Russia
dej basins ntawm Asia ib feem ntawm Russia

Xws li kev vam meej tau ua tsis tau tsuas yog vim hais tias nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 19th, geodetic kev tshawb fawb tau pib siv txoj kev triangulation es tsis txhob ntawm "pob muag" daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas thaum ub thiab ntsuas qhov deb nrog cov saw hlau.

Tsis yog, qhov kev ua tiav tseem ceeb yog nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim siab IB TUG TXIV NEEJ … Nyob rau hauv luv luv: latitude yog ntsuas tau zoo heev los ntawm lub kaum sab xis ntawm ascent ntawm lub hnub, lub hnub qub qaum teb, thiab lwm yam, tab sis lub thib ob coordinate, longitude, yog heev nyuaj rau xam.

Xyoo 1714 hauv tebchaws Askiv (Parliament, Poj huab tais?) Ib qho khoom plig loj ntawm 20,000 phaus sterling tau muab tsub rau txhua tus neeg uas daws qhov "teeb meem ntawm longitude." Astronomers tau tawm tsam dhau qhov kev suav rau cov satellites ntawm Jupiter, qhov kev hla ntawm cov hnub qub los ntawm lub hli, thiab lwm yam, tab sis tsis pom muaj kev daws teeb meem, ob qho tib si hauv qhov tseeb thiab hauv hiav txwv tiag tiag, tsis pom.

Hauv lwm lo lus, yuav luag txog thaum kawg ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th, tag nrho cov duab qhia chaw yog cov qauv ntawm ib tus thawj coj, tus thawj coj, lossis ib tus neeg txhais lus sib koom ua ke ntawm ntau qhov chaw. Txhua yam nyob ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm kev soj ntsuam, kev muaj peev xwm siv qhov no lossis cov txheej txheem ntawd thiab, thaum kawg, qhov tseeb qis ntawm cov txheej txheem nws tus kheej, uas yog vim li cas peb pom muaj qhov tsis sib xws nrog cov niaj hnub no ntawm cov duab qub qub.

Qhov "teeb meem ntawm longitude" tau daws los ntawm kev tsim ntawm Harrison's chronometer. Tab sis nws tau siv ntau xyoo ntawm kev tsim kho los ntawm thawj tus qauv ua haujlwm hauv 1734 ua ntej chronometer tau coj mus rau qhov ua tau zoo hauv xyoo 1761.

Yog li tsuas yog los ntawm 1761, cov neeg tsav nkoj thiab cov kws kos duab muaj peev xwm tsim cov longitudes thiab tsim cov duab qhia tseeb tiag tiag, tab sis rau qhov no nws tseem tsim nyog los tsim kom muaj tus lej chronometers txaus thiab mus ncig nrog lawv.

Thawj zaug, Harrison chronometer raug coj los ntawm James Cook ntawm nws txoj kev mus ncig thoob ntiaj teb xyoo 1768-1771. nyob rau ntawm Endeavor, thiab thaum nws rov qab los nws hais lus heev ntawm lub cuab yeej; Qhov yuam kev tsis tshaj 8 vib nas this hauv ib hnub (piv txwv li 2 nautical mais ntawm txoj kab nruab nrab) rau peb xyoos ntawm kev caij nkoj ntawm tropics mus rau Antarctica. Nws tsis paub meej tias cov ntaub ntawv tsis ntev los no ntawm Cook tau coj mus rau hauv tus account hauv Britannica, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog los sib piv lub sijhawm tshaj tawm cov ntim nrog lub sijhawm nws rov qab los rau Askiv, tab sis. Daim ntawv qhia xyoo 1771 los ntawm Britannica yog qhov tseem ceeb hauv qhov uas nws ua siab ncaj qhia txog cov tswv yim ntawm thaj chaw thaum ub hais txog lub ntiaj teb ua ntej "era ntawm chronometer" thiab tuaj yeem ua ib hom kev ntsuas rau kev sib piv.

Tam sim no peb rov qab mus rau kuv qhov kev xav tias Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws nyob rau hauv daim ntawv uas txhua leej txhua tus siv los nthuav qhia nws tau pib tsim tsuas yog tom qab lub conquests ntawm tsov rog ntawm 1812. Txhawm rau ua kom pom tseeb cov ntawv xaj ntawm kev ua tswv cuab, txoj hauv kev yooj yim tshaj plaws yog los tsim cov phiaj xwm kev nom kev tswv uas tsim nyog uas pom tau rau hauv lub siab ntawm cov neeg coob coob "raws li nws yog thaum ntawd / ib txwm".

IMHO xws li kev tshaj tawm zoo kawg li kev dag ntxias suav nrog lub atlas ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws ntawm 1745 ntawm nplooj ntawv npe uas nws tau sau: sowing empires, los ntawm kev mob siab rau thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm Imperial Academy of Sciences."

Los ntawm Wikipedia thiab lwm qhov chaw, peb tuaj yeem pom tias qhov no Atlas ntawm Lavxias (download Atlas, PDF, 26.66 Mb):

- ib tug tshwj xeeb ua hauj lwm ntawm lub sij hawm thaum ntxov ntawm Lavxias teb sab cartography, luam tawm nyob rau hauv 1745 los ntawm lub Lavxias teb sab Academy ntawm Sciences thiab tau lees paub tias yog thawj official atlas ntawm Lavxias teb sab teb chaws Ottoman, txij li thaum thawj zaug nws tau muab ib tug dav txheej ntawm haiv neeg lub tswv yim ntawm lub xeev tag nrho thiab txhua lub xeev. Nws yog ib qho kev sib txuas lus sib txuas ntawm cov duab qhia chaw nrog cov qauv tsim qauv. xeev;

- Kev tshaj tawm ntawm Atlas yog qhov tshwm sim ntawm 20 xyoo ntawm kev ua haujlwm los ntawm ntau tus kws kos duab kos duab uas tau ua qhov ntsuas ntsuas ntawm thaj av Lavxias los ntawm kev txiav txim siab ntawm Peter I thiab yog tus pinnacle ntawm Lavxias teb sab cartography thaum kawg ntawm thawj ib nrab ntawm lub xyoo pua 18th;

- Lub Atlas yog qhov xav tau zoo heev, thiab hauv 1749-1762 ntxiv kev ncig ntawm 25, 50, 100 daim ntawv luam tau rov luam tawm (qhov no tsis yog qee qhov 3-txhiab Britannica rau koj);

- txij li lub sijhawm Atlas ntawm Russia tau luam tawm, nws yeej tsis tau luam tawm dua;

- Lub Atlas tau luam tawm hauv Lavxias, Latin, German thiab Fabkis.

Vim li cas thiaj li ua kom yuam kev ntawm daim duab kos tsis tau rov luam dua? Tom qab tag nrho, yuav luag 50 xyoo tau dhau mus ua ntej tso tawm tom ntej. Choi lawv tau luam tawm me ntsis, thiab txawm hais tias ua ntau hom lus, nws xav tau rau leej twg? Duc, lawv cuam tshuam kev ntxhov siab hauv cov tsev qiv ntawv ntawm ntau lub teb chaws thiab sau cov qub txeeg qub teg ntawm Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, rau cov kws tshawb fawb uas yog suckers uas nrhiav tau lub atlas no nyob rau hauv lub tsev qiv ntawv thiab sau keeb kwm raws li nws yuav tsum, lawv hais tias, pom daim ntawv qhia nrog kuv tus kheej ob lub qhov muag.. Puas yog lawv tiag "phaib tsis dag"?

Yog tias ua ntej peb dig muag tsis ntseeg qhov uas tau sau los ntawm cov kws tshawb fawb, tam sim no peb tuaj yeem pom ntau yam ntawm peb lub qhov muag thiab kos cov lus xaus.

Nws yog zoo li nyob rau hauv 1745 lub npe nplooj ntawv ntawm lub Atlas tau luam tawm nyob rau hauv Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws, thiab ib feem peb ntawm ib puas xyoo tom qab, nyob rau hauv 1769, thawj daim ntawv nyiaj:

Duab
Duab
1769 5 rubles
1769 5 rubles

Tsis lom zem? Tam sim no sib piv cov xim version ntawm Atlas ntawm Russia nyob rau hauv 1745 nrog lub Shokalsky daim ntawv qhia nyob rau hauv lub lig 19th caug xyoo, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tau soj ntsuam qhov tseeb ntawm kev sib kis ntawm Pacific ntug dej hiav txwv thiab Islands tuaj:

File: Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws 1745 General Map (HQ)
File: Lavxias teb sab faj tim teb chaws 1745 General Map (HQ)
dej basins ntawm Asia ib feem ntawm Russia
dej basins ntawm Asia ib feem ntawm Russia

saib nyob rau hauv kom meej daim ntawv qhia los ntawm lub Atlas ntawm 1745 nyob rau hauv high quality

Nws tsis surprise koj? Tom qab ntawd sib piv tib daim ntawv qhia, liam los ntawm 1745 (kom yooj yim ntawm kev sib piv dub thiab dawb) nrog cov duab qhia chaw ntawm Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Britannica, thawj tsab ntawm 1771, thiab Asia (zoo li los ntawm peb tsab ntawm 1797):

Duab
Duab

Miracle atlas liam tias ntawm 1745

1771 daim ntawv qhia ntawm Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Encyclopedia Britannica
1771 daim ntawv qhia ntawm Tebchaws Europe los ntawm Encyclopedia Britannica
1771 daim ntawv qhia ntawm Asia los ntawm Encyclopedia Britannica
1771 daim ntawv qhia ntawm Asia los ntawm Encyclopedia Britannica

English maps ntawm 1771 thiab 1797.

Yog li, kuv txaus siab rau tus kheej thiab leej twg tau lawv dai ntawm pob ntseg tom qab tag nrho? British aristocrats nyob rau hauv 1771 rau lawv cov nyiaj khwv tau los 12 phaus los yog tag nrho lub ntiaj teb no dawb?

Pom zoo: